THE PITTSBURG DISPATCH SUNDAY APRIL 10, 3892. 19 11 NEW BUCK POPE, Tlie Next Father General of the Jesuits Will Be Elect ed Next Month. WHAT HIS DUTIES ABE. Rigid Rules Laid Down by the Stern Soldier, Ignatius Loyola. -L VERY DEMOCRATIC ELECTION. rrajer. Pasting and -Corporeal Austerities That Trecede It. DELEGATION TO EOME FEOM AMERICA rWWTTEN FOB TUE DI6PATCH.J HERE is an old 5 Italian legend that says there are three Popes reigning in Borneothe "White Pope, the Bed Pope and the Black Pope. The White Pope Is the Pontifex Maximus of the universal church, Leo XIIL, the two hundred and sixty-third successor of St. Peter. Of course, the division of his authority is only legendary, hut in thetra dition the "Eed Pope" is the Cardinal Prefect of the Propaganda, the head of the missions of the Church all over the world, and hence a prelate of great influence. He is the executive chief of the Church in the United States, berause in the administra tion of ecclesiastical affairs this is still re garded as a missionary country. The present Prefect of the Propaganda is the famous Pole, Cardinal Mieceslas Ledo chowski. He might really be styled the Vice Pope, because he governs, assisted by his Council ot Cardinals, one-third of the Catholic world, or those countries in which a hierarchy has been established during the past three centuries. The Pope has su preme jurisdiction, but the practical man agement or the Church in these countries is in the hands of this great congregation. For these reasons the popular title of "The Eed Pope" (ironi his dress) is given to its head. Death or the Reigning Black Pope. The "Black Pope" (from his dress so called) is the Father General of the Jesuits. When Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish soldier wounded at the siege of Pmpeluna, de termined to found the Company or Society of Jesus, in 1534, he retained in its make-up many of the ideas of his military training. Tne Father General has supreme command ior life over this corps d'elite of the church militant. He is the "Black Pope." The office is at present vacant, for the General, Very Eev. Anthony Anderledy, died on January 18, after a term ot five Tears. He was a very famous man. Born in Switzerland in 1819, he joined the Very Rev. Thomas J. Campbell, S. J. order in 1838. Domestic political troubles drove him to the United States in 1845 and he finished his studies in St. Louis, where he was ordained a priest. For several years he was a. missionary in the diocese of Green Bay, Wis., and then returning to Europe his great abilities raised him to the highest office in the order ot which he was a member and as the old tradition justly ranks it one of the most influential in the whole Church. His American experience was of very signal service in tire success of his administration. Now his successor is to be cnosen, probably in May. The Company or Society of Jesus at present consists of 12,972 members, divided into 5,751 priests, 3,713 scholastics and 3,508 lay brothers. They make five groups which are themselves subdivided into 27 provinces. The Italian group composcl of the prov inces of Rome, 397 members; Naples, 312; Sicilv, 247. Tuiin, 453; Venice, 355, making a total of 1,764. The ErgII-h Speaking Jesuits. The seven Enslish speaking provinces are England, C85; Ireland. 267; Maryland-New "fork, 564; Missouri, 403; Canada, 240; New Orleans 195, and Zambesi, making 2,308 in all, All these provinces have certain mis sions in foreigncountries. The stage and novel cryptc-Jesuit living outside the regular houses ot the order and engaged, "in disguise," in secular pursuits, is nonsense. Equally absurd is talk about "iemale Jesuits." There-never was a woman in the order or in anyway affiliated with it. The Jesuit, on entering the order, passes two years in a novitiate, devoting all that time to spiritual exercises. He then takes the three simple vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. At the end of this term there is a period of five years of study in the languages, rhetoric, philosophy and physical science. After a satisfactory ex amination the young scholastic is sent out to teach for five or six years in the colleges of the society. He next devotes four years to the study of theology and he is then ordained a priest if his examination is satisfactory. A sec ond novitiate is then entered into, lasting about a year, in which the time is given to preaching, meditation and prayer and the cultivation of the different virtues. When all the time of probation is passed the candidate takes a fourth tow, by which he binds himself to go unreservedly as missionary wherever the Pope wishes to send him. Such Jes uits are called the "professed fathers." It is from this class that the General, the pro vincial professors of theology and superiors of the various houses of the order are taken. An Office That Xsts a .Lifetime. There are two other classes of members the "spiritual coadjutors," who make up the bulk ot the members who teach or do pastoral work, and the "temporal coad jutors," or lay brothers, to whom the man ual and minor duties are assigned. All wear the fame dress and follow the same ex terior manner of life. The General holds the office for life. All the officers under him are chosen every three years. They aie named by the General to save trouble and intrigue among the members. The rules governing the society are very detailed, precise and vigorous. They are called the "Constitution of the Society," and were drawn up by Ignatius Loyola himself. The General is the head ot the Society of Jesus, but while investing him with clearly defined and supreme authority Ignatius multiplies precautions to prevent the power from degenerating into despotism, On the l fefr If 41m !' i4 wtartif "- lfe -; gfr .dJJssslsWi r riV ii .kr,i raris I election of a new General the professed fathers and the rectors in each province as semble and elect two professed fathers, who accompany the Provincial to the General Congregation, by which the head of the so ciety ts chosen. "The General," says Ignatius, "should possess a great habit of union with God and a piety to serve as an example to his breth ren. Charitv and humility should specially characterize him. He should unite gentle ness and love of discipline, never allowing any relaxation of the rules, and yet show ing himself full of compassion for his chil dren even when obliged to reprove and cor rect them. Absolutely Deprived ot Property. "He must endeavor to be composed in his exterior, prudent in his words, wise in his judgments. He can have no private purse or annual pension, and his personal ex penses may be increased or entailed by the society, to whose decision in this matter he is bound to submit Toward the common possessions he holds the position of a trustee, and is bound to administer them not according to his o n pleasure but for the general good of the order." Several assistants belonging to different nationalities, and, likehimself.appointedby election, are assigned to the Father Gen eral, and these he consults on matters re garding the administration of the order. An admonitor is likewise elected, and his duty is to be a prudent counselor, ever at hand to advise on all that concerns the Gen eral's private conduct. In an extreme case, which has never occurred, the provinces of the society might elect deputies to depose the head of the order. The Father General hat the ap pointment of three examiners and no book can be published by any member without his approval or that of the censors dele gated by him for the purpose. The most perfect and implicit obedience Is owed to him by all the members; and he, in his turn, promises the same to the Pope. But, in order that he mav be thoroughly ac quainted with every department of the vast body intrusted to his guidance, he receives every three years from each province a cata logue of its members, recording their names, ages, capabilities, talents and progress in virtue. An Organization of Perfect Discipline. At stated intervals each local superior mnst write to the provincial to give him an account of the house under his care; and at Cardinal Jilazclla. longer intervals he, in his turn, sends a similar report to the Father General. The provinces are governed by a provincial who is assisted by consultors and by an admoni tor named by the General, and each house is governed by a superior, who also has his cohsultors and an admonitor. The great law of obedience is the secret of the perfect discipline that pervades this vast organiza tion. The coming election of the Father Gen eral is, therefore, a very important event, and it will be conducted in the following democratic manner: At the death of Father Anderledy his office was taken by the vicar, Father Luis Martin, an accomplished theo logian and writer of very high repute and an able administrator. He was born in Spain in 1846, and has been rector of the Jesuit Seminary at Salamanca and Provin cial of Castille. He will summon, probably in May, a general congregation of the order to meet at the German Hungarian College in Koine. The delegates to this convention will con sist of the provincial and two associates from each of the 27 provinces of the society all over the world. The associate delegates will be previously elected in each province at a convention made up of 50 members, in cluding the rectors and senior professed fathers. The provincials vote ex officio, as also do the Vicar General, the Procurator General, the secretary and the five "assist ants"to the General. These latter are Father Grandidier, for France; Father Hoevel, for Germanv; Father dela Torre, for Spain, and Father Whitty, a famous Irishman, for the English speaking provinces. Besides these assistants the curia of the General is composed of eight other professed fathers and ten coadjutors. The Delegation From the United States. The Provincial of the New York-Marv-land Province is the Very Eev. Thomas J. Campbell, one of the ablest and most popu lar and respected of the younger generation of the American Jesuits. He was educated at St. Francis Xavier's, afterwards taught there and at St. John's, Fordham, and was made rector of that college seven years ago. The Provincial of the Missouri Province is the Very Eev. John P. Frieden, 8. J., of St. Louis, and of the Hew Orleans Pro vince, Very Eev. William Itennely, S. J. The six associates, who, with these three, will make up the full delegation from the United States, will be chosen in a few days. When the different delegations are all as sembled in Eome the election will be pre ceded by prayer, fasting and corporal au sterities. All ambition for one' self or others is forbidden by the severest ecclesi astical penalties. The election is made after a general recep tion of the holy eucharist in communion, each vote being deposited in the name of Jesus Christ before a crucifix. The General may be of any nationality and is not al lowed to refuse the position to which he has been elected. So far among the gener als there have been 11 Italians, 5 Span iards, 3 Belgians and 1 German, Swiss, Pole, Bohemiau and Hollander, 24 in all. The Jesuits are not allowed to accept." ecclesiastical dignities. The professed fathers take an oath not to accept any bish opric or other post ot honor in the Church unless at the express command of the Pope. HenCe the small number ever promoted from their ranks. At the first sign of anv danger of this kind prayers are ordered all over the societv to prevent it. The most notable honor lately received by a Jesuit was perhaps the elevation to the College of Cirdinals of one of their most famnnM r theologians, Father Camillas Mazella, A Famoaa Son of the States. He is a citizen of the United States, and enjoys the distinction of being its resident representative in the College of Cardinals at Eome. Cardinal Mazella was born near Naples, in Italy, in 1833, and with his twin brother Ernest and a younger brother, Peter, devoted himself to the Church. He joined the Jesuits in 1857. When they were expeuea irom copies in xeuu Dy the revolutionary government he went to Lyons to teach theology, and in 1867 was sent here to the great nouse of studies which.the society maintains for its members, at Wood stock, Md. Here he was made professor of dogma, and published four luminous and exhaust ive volumes of his course of scholastic the ology. It was during his stay there that he became an American citizen. In 1878 he was recalled to Eome to take the place of Father Franzelin, who had been made a Cardinal. Much to the regret of his fellow members and against his own wish, the Pope made him a Cardinal also on June 7, 1886, and he was thus lost to the order, of which he had been so long been one of the brightest ornaments. He resides at the Gregorian Universty.of which he is the Pre fect of Studies. The "House of Studies," at Woodstock, Md., is one of the chief educational institu tions of the order in the world. Only mem bers are trained there. The present num. ber of students includes 50 in the class of philosophy and 90 in the class of theology. 8. J THEIR WOMEN TOIL While They Gorge Themselves and Sleep for Twenty Hours. THE FISHERMEN OP FAIR ITALY. Majestic Blnggards Who Know No labor Save While on the Sea. TIETLB ENERGT OP THE SOFTER SEX COBBEEPOXBEXCX OP THE DISPATCH. Chioqoia, Italy, March 15. The vast difference between acquired and natural knowledge, between cultivated and natural comprehension, between passion and emo tion, between impulse and feeling, is never more apparent than when one turns from the contemplation of inland Italian peasant character to that of the Italian fishermen. The first has nature in his labor on the hillside with his fiocks, in the vineyard where he carries his hamper of ripe grapes from the vines to the presses, or driving his herbage or flower-laden donkeys through the sweet and sunny vales; but it is nature loving and protecting; nature without menace or danger; and nature which gives the sense of peace that dulls apprehension and clothes responsibility with delight. This man is a creature of childish joys and childish passions; ot quick, hot temper and easily dried tears; of ardent and fleeting loves; of varied and variegated tastes; and of ambitions ending in gorgeous attire on festa days. In short, he is a very harlequin of wish, thought and feeling. You love him, but you fear him and never trust him; only through your knowledge of the logical sequences of his character. A Creature of Nature's Frowns. But down from the sunny hillsides and away from the tender vales, over the salt marshes and gray sands to the sea, you can in a few hours feel the change of natural environment which has been for centuries crystallizing the Italian fisherman into a creature ot almost another race. The sky is as bright above him, but his hut is on the shifting sands. The sea is blue and tender beneath him, but anon it crushes what it cherishes. His joys mask eternal menace and his outlook is toward the infinite. The type of Italian fishermen commonto poetry, painting and ong has all the berib boned, earringed and half brigandish look of the inland peasant; ana tne type exists, in port, convenient to pose for traveling dilettanti. But this sort of an Italian fisher man is a creature who has had his origin in discontent with inland environ ment or in the scourging of pov erty in overcrowded towns. The real Italian fisherman is a creature of the shore and the sea with a centuries-inherited and deathless love for thewilierness.thedanger, the loneliness and the very meagerness of his calling. He illustrates the influence of all that is grand and solitary in nature upon human character and physiognomy. The naturally large eyes , of the Italian race are in him robbed of th'eir metallic and cunning sparkle and given depth, softness and a deliberate melancholy of regard. They slowly turn upon you as if reluctant to leave the ob jects of their endless contemplation. A Disposition Bred of Danger. Their walk is measured and unconsciously dignified, and their very smile and speech are grave and melancholy. Their home loves are deep, expressionless but deathless. Their grief under the ever recurring trage- J?. rl.- M M AtfnArf4 A n H Al aa4 a- uies oi me sea is icgucu emu u.kivo ex pectant. And their hearts are ever un swervingly devout and fervent, as if they came closer through their heritage of dan ger to the very personality of all that which they deify. Every fisherman and every fisherman's male offspring are forever consigned by themselves, each other and all that love them to the protection of the "Mother of God." Prayer, invocation and supplica tion are ceaselessly on the lips of" every soul that bides besides these Italian shores to get their living and their death by the sea. The Italian fisherman has in his life none of the trivial concerns that occupy the hearts of the inland peasant His hut, usually one room, with smoke-darkened ceiling and rough, shell-plastered walls and floor, is as austere in its appointments as a monk's cell. No ornament or decpration more gaudy than a cheap crucifix or tiny shrine or cheap engraving of the thorn crowned head of Christ or the Mater Do lorosa adorns its walls. There are rude goat-skin covered couches of dried sea weed; the heavy benches along the wall, behind the heavier table with its sunken places in which to set the bowls and mugs for food; and stout chestnnt pegs set in the mortar walls for nets and clothing. Thf Hearthstone of the risherman. There are. three-legged wooden stools at either side of the fireplace. This is simplv on open space left in the inside wall crossed by a stout iron rod, from which are sus pended a half dozen pots by hooks, the fire of seaweed and driftwood being only lighted when required for cooking. There are often one or two windows which have no glass, but are covered with a bit of goat skin or sail-cloth in inclement weather. The floor is covered with a generous layer of sand which is ceaselessly being renewed for cleanliness. The fisherman himself does no work ashore beyond the mere care of his boat, if he is so fortunate as to own one. The mo ment his boat is sighted by the women folk, they all run pellmell to the wa ter's edge to take the sails and gear with the nets and fish and the wet clothing, drag ging them with all speed to the hut where the fish are cleaned and salted and packed in layers with seaweed, for market or home consumption. Their food consists of this fish, usually cut, in small pieces and boiled in a sort of thick soup with such simple condiments as their slender means can pro cure, black bread and cheap sour wine. On rare'holiday occasions they may have onions roasted in the ashes, macaroni dressed with olive oil or tiny dough cakes fried in oil something like a doughnut. If unusually well-to-do, a goat or two will be among the family possessions, and then the little ones will have their mug of milk and the older ones their balls of rich cheese for the holi day feast, or for offerings to the Tillage padre. t. Costume of the Coast Peoples. In costume the Italian fisherman has no resemblance to his inland brother. He wears a sort of Greek-like tunic, sleeveless and reaching barely to the knees. This is brought closely to his body with a broad leather belt, in the inside of which he car ries his rosary, his scapular or perhaps some holy relic for protection at sea. Eude sandals of tough fish or goat skin are bound to his feet with thongs that are crossed around the leg to the knee. His hair and beard are seldom cut or trimmed. It often has the wave of a sculptured god's and as he rarely wears any head covering, save per haps a cotton kerchief bound around his head with the ends floating in his hair, which is sometimes as blonde as a Scandina vians, his whole aspect irresistibly suggests a primitive Greek o'n the classic loneliness of his own loved shores. The women are finer, freer, simpler. They know nothing of bending over sun baked fields to till the ground with the rude implements of- a thousand years ago. Their labor, though incessant for when not caring for the harvests of the sea, they are mending nets, gathering and drying seaweed, or coaxing some meager vegeta tion from tiny rock-bound garden patches is in the salt spray and never stilled breezes of the sea. Both women and men are often seen in the streets of the larger villages on market days; but always huddled in groups by themselves, viewing askanoe the treasures of shop and stall and taking no part in the gar and busy life about them. One -would as soon expect to see a marble Aphrodite step from her pedestal and join in ft festa dance or procession as one of these shy, far coast fisherwomen. .,,., How the Fisherwomen Dress. The chief feature of the dress of the women of the Italian coast fishers is a donble skirt, the lower portion of which hangs rather scantily about their ankles. The upper skirt is often hooked up at the front and sides formings sort of bag. In this they carry seaweed, fuel, fish or shell fish from the sands; and when not in such nse it is drawn up over the shoulders and back of the head as a sort of wrap. Mother"; also wrap this skirt about their babes when needing to carry them for any distance. The material-is usually the coarsest white cotton, but if tire women can possess any sort of holiday attire, the upper skirt may be of scarlet, yellow or green, looped most gracefully above the lower skirt and sur mounted by a black cloth, or in rare in stances a coarse velvet bodice. Tbey rarely wear any foot covering and only such head covering as is supplied by the folds of the upper skirt. Although the coastwise Italian fishermen differ from the Venetian lagoon fishers, who are a hereditarily distinct class, making their living by shoal-hshing and wading in the mud tor crabs and other shell fish, in being invariably deep sea fishers, still they are never fond of long voyages and rarely pass more than three or four nights on the water at one trip. They are fond, like the Chioggian fishers, of forming small fleets of five or six craft for fishing in one locality, and keeping one of their "bragozzi" with its crew, plying back and forth with the "catches," either directly to market with fresh fish, or to their own home ports with fish for curing. Women More Energetic Than Men. The women do not shrink from even the roughest labor on the sea; and it is no un common sight to see wife and daughters handling ropes, nets and sails, cleaning or sorting fish on deck or vigorously engaged in any necessary labor of the boat. Indeed, so far as my observation goes these fisher men's wives are the propelling, active, in domitable force of their lives and liveli hood. Their movements are vigorous and even virile, while the men are phlegmatic and slow. At the tiller, in unfurling or reefing the sails, paying out or hauling in the nets, stowing away the fish, transfer ring them from their craft to the market bragozzo, in hauling the boats upon the beach, in spreading and drying the nets, in fact, in every possible manner in which they labor beside or in advance of their husbands, they lay hold of their toil with a vigor and muscular vim exhibiting tremend ous energy and force. Their reach of arm and stride of leg are remarkable and the muscles of their shoulders and Dreasts show extraordinary development. Studying them as I have often done when they" were unconscious of ob servation, their strange, gruff voices, their brawnv frames, their immense brute strength, and, above all, their savage energy of action, has prompted the thought that if any future Masaniello were to leap from among the fisher folk with the dread shout of "Morte al mal governo!" the resistless liberator would prove an Italian fisher wo man rather than an Italian fisherman. Capacity for Food and Sleep. The lethargic quality of the men is illus trated bv their inordinate capacity for food and sleep and especially the latter. The moment the fisher arrives on shore his labors which, it his quests have not been far and dangerous have already been per formed largely by women aboard his bra gozzo are at an end. His banchetto or shore-coming feast is always ready, and he betakes himself to this, while his wife cares for boat, gear and fish', with the rapacity of a half-famished dog. I have often seen a single fisherman thus.eat at one sitting more than a quart of stufa or hodgepodge stew of shredded fish and vegetables, a pound of bread, and that dearest of all delicacies to an Italian fisherman, a polenta, or chestnut flour pudding bigger than his shaggy head with a goat's milk cheese as large as his fist This done, he flings himself on his belly upon the floor of his hut or beside his habi tation in the warm sand of the shoreside street, and instantly becomes oblivious to ail worldly concerns in sleep: and he will sleep from 12 to 20 hours without changing his position. Often have I come into these little fishing villages, and, while all was bustle and activity among the women, found a score of men thus disposed in doorways or half burrowed in the sand, until it seemed as though these sea-roving sluggards were all lying in a hopeless drunken stupor, or were merely the bodies of dead fishermen cast up from the deep. They Have Their Superstitions. Several odd objects are carried by the Italian fisherman as necessary to good luck in general. A tiny paddle fashioned from a chestnut tree that has been struck bv lightning has unusual power for good, although I never could secure the reason for their faith. The figure of a little humpbacked man called a gobbo, a globe surmounted by a cross and a cock with a star in its beak are frequently painted upon the sails. All of these possess fortuitous in fluences. Another favorite good luck token is a little brass orcia or cruet of oiL It is kept carefully sealed and burnished, and a few drops are cast upon the waters if the fish are not sufficiently plentiful, or if a storm threatens the interruption of their work. But most essential of all things to these toilers of the sea is a muscino, or kitten. No bragozzo can put out from the land without this, and if such mischance should happen, all on board would surely be lost The blind faith of these folk in the ef ficacy of blessed and holy relics to appease the wrath of the sea is, indeed pathetic. Many keep themselves in a state of utter impoverishment in providing necessary amulets and charms. Not only is the fisher man's person covered with these, but his boat must also possess all possible saving power through these religious appliances. Should some great storm arise and genuine danger come, one by one these appeasitive objects are cast upon the waves with a faith that is positivelv sublime. Meanwhile his wife ashore, possessed of the same implicit and pious confidence, gives her most pre cious relics to the sea that her husband may come safe to land. And I have no doubt that when fatal disaster comes as it always does, this man sinks into the silences be neath the tempest with his last spark of vital consciousness an undimmed flame of trust and faith. Edgab LWakemah. BEAHDY SMUGGLED IN FLOWERS. The ingenious Device Discovered by French Customs Officers. The French Customs Officers who are sta tioned at the gates of Paris to guard against exciseable goods entering without paying the duty have occasionally to deal with very ingenious attempts at smuggling. Last week, for instance, an attempted fraud was laid bare which goes to show how fertile the contrabandists are in expedients. At the Menilmontant Gate a man in charge of a pony cart, in which were three large wooden boxes, attempted -to pass the barriers. "Have you anything to declare?" asked one of the officials. "Nothing," said the man, "unless Gov ernment has put a tax on cemetery wreaths," and as he spoke he drew the lid off one of the boxes, revealing a number ot the wreaths and crosses of artificial flowers so common in French burying grounds. The man was about to pass on when some thing about him aroused the suspicions of the chief official. He took the cover oft" one of the boxes; and admired .the beauty of the flowers and their remarkable fidelity to nature. Lifting one casually in his hand, he found it was remarkably heavy, and closer examination showed that when stripped oi flowers and moss it was a zinc case filled with the finest brandy. The rest of the contents of the boxes were of the same nature, and were at once confis cated. As frauds of the kind are severely punished by the Parisian authorities, the ingenious inventor of the trick will prob ably be allowed leisure enough in Mara to design something novel. Why allow bedbugs to keep you awake at night when a bottle or Bujjine will destroy thorn all In half a minute. 25 cents. A' RACE OF INVENTORS. America's Resources Not More in Her Coaland Iron .Than In THE IflGEJTUITI OF HEE PEOPLE. How the Faculty, Might Be Developed by Systematic Education. SOME EXAMPLES OF IMPROVEMENT tWEITTIJT FOB THE DISPATCH. One of the characteristics of an inventive mind is a judicious skepticism. The very fact that a method or a process dates from a distant past incites such a mind to a chal lenge; for how at a time of scant knowledge and limited experience was the best way of doing anything to be discovered? Sometimes improvement takes the form, not of abandoning some old and useless ele ment in construction, but in doing exactly the opposite of an established practice.' When buildings were first heated by steam the coils of piping were placed at the floor, since warm air, it was said, ascends. So it does. But by a new way, which finds special favor in factories, the coils are attached not to the floor but to the eeiling. Here heating by radiation is found pleas anter than heating by currents of warm air sent up from an iron surface. Besides, space is saved, and rubbish cannot gather about the pipes, with liability to burst into flame. For the most part, however, the labors of inventors do not lie in the by-paths such as these, but in the highway, where a familiar instrument or machine receives a transform ing addition, as when the carbon trans mitter raised the message of the telephone from a whisper to loudness; or when the grooved needle arm which ties up a sheaf with a yard of twine was combined with the harvester the last step in making farming a sedentary occupation. Eclipse of Knife-Edged Scales. Take for example the ordinary weighing balance. The cross beam carrying the scale pans vibrates on aknife edge. This knife edge is subject to serious injuries which impair its accuracy. The sharper it is the sooner does usage make it dull; dirt grinds its surface; rust attacks it. Yet until our day inventors have never thought of making the balance better except in using harder metal for its knife, or in more carefully shaping the angle of that knife. In the scale which Mr. Albert H. Emery of Stamford, Conn., has devised, he has dismissed the knife edge and all its liability to harm. In its stead he uses a short piece of thin, well tempered sfeel, from which the cross beam is suspended. The principle is the same as that long ago adopted in pendulum clocks, where the upper part of the pendulum wire is flattened out so thin that the bob move's to and fro with scarcely any friction certainly with much less than if it were hung from one snrface rubbing on another. In .an Emery balance, weighing 200 pounds, one portion in 2,350,000 of its load has moved the scale. The best performance of a knife-edge balance, when new, has never shown more than one-thirteenth this re sponsiveness. And the Emery scale has the further advantage of not becoming im paired in use. Its inventor has stood upon the pans of a small balance and moved his feet as if he were working a treadle. On his dismounting the scale has proved to be as accurate as before. Applied to his test ing machine Mr. Emery's thin steel plates enable him to register with the utmost pre cision the strain required either to rupture a stout steel bar or to sever ahorse hair. The OH Can Discarded. As some 200 patents testify, a favorite at tempt of inventors has been to discover means of abolishing the need for lubricants. The aim has been to find ior the rubbing surfaces of machinery a metal so smooth as to need no oiling. As long ago as 1827, Jacob Perkins, an American domiciled in England, devised an engine in which steam at a pressure of 800 pounds to the square inch was used. This pressure meant a tem perature so high as to char the lubricating oils. Perkins overcame the difficulty by making the parts in contact of an alloy which, working with less friction than iron oiled in the ordinary way, required no lubrication. Through lack of durability. the general fault in" alloys of this class, the Perkins compound failed to do away with the oil can. The gem of permanent suc cess was to come at a later day, when pow dered black lead was first employed to reduce the friction of machinery. This metals puts as smooth a polish on an axle or a bearing as on the surface of a stove. On introduction it was soon widely used, sometimes by itself, sometimes stirred into oik But a difficulty with the mixture was that it would not stay mixed a bond of some kind was needed. In seeking this bond Mr. P. H. Holmes, experimenting in a machine shop at Gardiner, Me., tried cot ton, Wool and cloth in turn, without suc cess. At length, as he was in a country producing wood pulp on a large scale, it occurred to him to blend the black lead with moist pulp and compress the mass. He was now seeking to make the metal serve as a material for bearings instead of a lubricant applied externally to bearings. In the process to which he came after a good many trials he found the best propor tions to be one part of pulp to ten parts of black lead, or graphite, tne compound being squeezed in a mold suitably perforated for drainage. After being dried by air, the bearing is saturated with linseed oil and thoroughly baked. Perfect If Not So Brittle. In its finished state it looks like graphite, but is so strengthened that it can bear se vere pressure and be used without oil or at tention. Though strong, it is somewhat brittle, and, like anti-frictional alloys, is se cured in an iron or steel casing. It has done excellent service on wagon shafts, the bearings ot cotton machinery, and the ten sion pits of cable railroads. On the axles of cars its fails, the severe blows struck in rapid locomotion especially on a rough track being too much for it Experiments are in progress which may result in giving this fiber-graphite, as it is called, more strength. Even in its present form it fur thers the economy of power in a vast vari ety of machinery, promotes cleanliness,and, whatj.is of most importance, removes the chief cause of fire in factories. A new and advantageous form in which metal or other constructive material is dis posed may lead to a decided advance in manufacture. A strip of paper rolled as a spiral tube, as in making a lamplighter, wilL illustrate a recent invention of much im portance to the engineer. Shut one end of the paper tube firmly and blow in the other. You will tighten the seams, and the paper would burst before any air could leak out between the edges in contact The prin ciple is embodied in steel tubes of a new strength and lightness. Tubes of older pat terns are made in three ways: By casting, which turns out a mass ot metal much too heavy for the strength required of it; by riveting a rounded strip, which presents surlaces easily attacked by rusts, and by lap-welding, in which a metallic ribbon is raised to a nigh temperature, wound around a core, and welded along a point running in the direction of the length of the tube. The last is the best of the three processes, but it has a serious drawback. A Marvelous Kind of Pipe. In order that the metal may retain a welding heat while being shaped and united, it has to be five times thicker than is .other wise necessary; and this not only wastes metal but adds to the cost of transportation and handling. Improvement became feasi ble when gas flames instead of furnaces were adopted to produce a welding heat Then the longitudinal seam could be abolished for spiral form. In old shapes of gas and steam pipes the seam tends to open under pressure with the new pipe it tends to close. An imperfectly joined spiral tube which 'has leaked at 20 pounds to the square inohhss become tight at 20, and remained to up to 350. A tube of this form is bat one-fifth the weight of a lap-welded one, and but one-tenth that of a cast-iron pipe of the same strength. From its stiffness under all strains, direct and oblique, it can be used as a column or a beam. It has been suggested, also, for service as a railroad tie. The importance of form is seen In a great many other products of steel' and Iron. Thus, every ploughshare or propeller is an example. In designing the teeth of wheels the complicated curves are often struck out with much mathematical refinement, the designer's purpose being to produce a tooth which will push and not grind its mate. Without anv mathematics, however, the rightaoutline'is indicated in observing how the contour of even a carelessly cut tooth is modified in actual wear. Again, in some what the same way, a current of sand and water as it courses through a pipe gives valuable hints as to how its bends may be changed for the better. Builders of yachts and ships are much concerned to find out lines giving them the highest speed, or the highest speed compatible with carrying capacity. To aid them in their quest they sometimes make a model in wax, suspend it in a frame, and measure the effort needed to propel it at various speeds through a trough of water. This is the practice of a firm of builders in Dumbarton, Scotland. Would it not be better to make a model in chalk and move it either through sand or through a mixture of water and sand? The form as modified by the abrasion might suggest the figure best suited to move with least resist ance as a ship. The Education of Ingenuity. As we observe ingenuity at work in these and kindred ways, doing old tasks with new economy, or conferring gifts distinctly new npon mankind, the question arises: Can this faculty of invention be educated? Of course in its core and essence it proceeds from an incommunicable somewhat born with a man; but cannot education do much to elicit it,in form it, direct it to needed work, keep it, from wasting itself on what has already been done, and from attempting the sheerly impossible? Undoubtedly, yes. And, al though we have as yet no distinctive college of invention as we have institutes of tech nology and academies of art and design, gifts of ingenuity are not neglected in our schools. It has become clear to the edu cators of this country that the most valu able asset America possesses is neither her iron ore nor her wheat harvest, but the dormant capacity of her children for inven tion, as for other fields of human service. To-day educational methods are, therefore, more and more addressed to a pupil's original faculty. A teacher of the best type does not pour information into the passive mind of bis scholars, but having given a child the elements of knowledge.leaves him to take the next step by an independent effort of reason or judgment One of the pioneers in this creative view of education was William George Spencer, a distinguished teacher, the father of Her bert Spencer. When, for example, he taught geometry, he did not take his classes through Euclid along the well-traveled paths, but set for his pupils problems of his own devising. The main principle of this new education is that just as a pupil gets a better idea of a wheel and axle bv making and using them than by hearing about them, or even by seeing pictures of them, so does he get a firmer grasp of the geography of America, when he outlines the contour with his own hands, tracing out the courses of its great rivers and marking the sites of its chief cities. Can't Create Edlsons and Bells. Nobody imagines that any scheme of edu cation, however wise, can implant the in tuitions, the resourcefulness of such men as Edison or Bell. But it can smooth the path of the most original mind, and in the years of mental plasticity call out the best, because theindividual powers of a youth, who otherwise would earn the stigma of dull ness, are really chargeable to the teachers who neglected to find out what was in him and draw it out at the right time. A plan of education that develops the creative faculty which every scholar pos sesses in some measure will, of course, be most gainful where that faculty exists in a notable degree. From a generation of young people educated to respect and un told their individual powers there may be expected a decided increase in the propor tion of inventors ot mark, even if the men of irrepressible genius remain as few as ever. For now that manual training is to the fore not only will suggestions for the exercise of ingennity come thicker, but the power to test their validity will be com moner. And many a capital idea has been born only to die from lack of skill to carry it to experiment An excellent example of what can be done for the education of ingenuity is afforded in the New York College for Training Teach ers, where the impulse of inventive minds is seed corn to spring up a hundred-fold in schoolrooms throughout the land. Here the men and women who are being prepared for the teaching office are shown how impor tant principles of mechanics, physics, physiology, even, can be illustrated by home-made apparatus quite within the skill of anyone to construct A valve which permits the escape of air and water in pumps and resists their inflow is made by simply cutting a short slit lengthwise in a bit of rubber tubing. A. tumbler coated with a strip of tin foil becomes a Leyden jar. A dynamo is built by joining a com mon steel magnet to a series of small electro-magnets fastened to the Bpokes of a wheel. Illnstratln; Action of the lung. The process of breathing is illustrated with a lamp chimney, a little bag of thin leather, and a piece of rubber cloth, such as dentists use. The lamp chimney stands for the chest cavity. Its upper end is tightly closed by a stopper, from which hangs the little Dag, partly filled with air, represent ing the lungs. Over the lower end of the chimney the rubber cloth is securely tied, to stimulate the diaphragm. When the rubber is seized between finger and thumb it enlarges the space in the chimney, and the little lung bag becomes inflated. When the rubber is pushed up the bag collapses, as the lungs do in the act of exhalation. Prof. Woodhull, who ha devised these and other ingenious models, has received from his students additions to them of no little merit. He finds that not only is inven tiveness cultivated by model making, but that where ingenuity does not exist the building of apparatus has great educational importance. A student takes more inter est in a principle of mechanics, physics, or physiology, when he'embodies it in a model than is possible if he only reads about it or sees somebody else illustrating it in the workship. In this college, as in other centers of the new education, there is something in the atmosphere more inciting to original work than any special feature to be observed in a classroom. The students, throughout the whole course of instruction, are impressed not with the perfection, but with the in completeness, of science. And what more valuable lesson can there be that it is every one's privilege to wrest something, be it little or much, from the limitless Unknown? George Iles. A SICK S0OK BVBAGE.- Sirs. Ewlnc Becommends a Sort of Fermen tation of Milk and Sagitr. Koumiss is a very refreshing, slightly stimulating, non-intoxicating beverage made of milk; highly commended by physicians of eminence, writes Emma P. Ewing. Sis solve about two-thirds of a half ounce cake of compressed yeat and two tablespoonfuls of granulated sugar in a quart of warm milk. Pour that into a bottle- where the temper ature does not exceed 60 degrees. Let it remain at that temperature from eight to ten hours; then lay it on its side in an ice chest or refrigerator, and in from six to ten hours ii will be ready for use. Bottles that morehave self-fastening stoppers are the most convenient to nse in making koumiss; but the corks can be fastened in without much difficulty with either twine or wire. I have made verv excellent koumiss quite frequently by lettfng the bottles when filled stand from 18 to 24 hours on the cellar floor where the temperature did not exceed 55 degrees; then laying them on their sides in the same spot and letting them remain un disturbed from 24 to 48 hoars, WBITTE2T FOB THE DISPATCH BY HENRY JAMES. SYNOPSIS OF PAKT J. In Part I., published last Sunday, the artist who tells the story describes the arrival of Mr. and lira. Monarch, who, being reduced in finances, apply as models for society illus trations. Miss Chunn. the artist's regular model. Is also Introduced. She i3 a go-easy miss, while the Monarohs are very staid and stiff in their demeanor. PAKT It was for the elucidation of a mystery in one of these works that I first tried Mrs. Monarch. Her husband came with her, to be useful if necessary it was sufficiently clear that as a general thing he would prefer to come with her. At first I wondered if this were for "propriety's" sake if he were going to be jealons and meddling. The idea was too tiresome, and if it had been confirmed it would speedily have brought our acquaintance to a close. But I soon saw there was nothing in it, and that if he accompanied Mrs. Monarch it was (in addi tion to the chance of being wanted) simply because he had nothing else to do. When sEe was away from him his occupation was gone she never had been away from him. I judged, rightly, that in their awkward situation their close union was their main comfort, and that this union had no weak spot It was a real marriage, an encourage ment to the hesitating, a nut for pessimists to crack. Tneir address was humble (I re member afterward thinking it had been the only thing abont them that was really pro fessional), and I could fancy the lamentable lodgings in which the Major would have been left alone. He could bear them with his wife, he couldn't bear them without her. He had too much tact to try and make himself agreeable when he couldn't be use ful; so he simply sat and waited, when I was too absorbed in my work to talk. But Hiked to make him talk it made my work, when it didn't interrupt it, less sordid, less special. To listen to him was to combine the excitement of going out with the econ omy of staying at home. There was only one hindrance; that I seemed not to know anv of the people he and his wife had known. I think he wondered extremely, during the term of our intercourse, who the deuce I did know. He hadn't a stray sixpense of an idea to fumble for; so we didn't spin it very fine we confined our selves to questions of leather and even of liquor (saddlers and breeches makers, and how to get good claret cheap), and matters like "good trains" and the habits of small game. His lore on these last subjects was astonishing he was a mixture of the sta tion master and the ornithologist When he couldn't talk about greater things he could talk cheerfully about smaller, and, since I couldn't accompany him into reminiscences of the fashionable world, he could lower the conversation without a visible eflort to my level. , .So earnest a desire to please was touching in a man who could so easily have knocked one down. He looked after the fire and had an opinion on the draught of the stove, with out my asking him, and I could see that he thought manv of my arrangements not half clever enough. I remember telling him that if I were only rich I would offer him a salary to come and teach me how to live. Sometimes he gave a random sigh, of which the essence was: "Give me even such a bare old barrack as this and I'd do something with it I" When I wanted to use him he came alone which was an illustration of the superior courage of women. His wife could bear her solitary second floor, and she was in general more discreet, showing by various small reserves that she was alive to the propriety of keeping our relations markedly professional not letting them slide into sociability. She wished it to re main clear that she and the Mai or were em ployed, not cultivated, and if she approved of me as a superior, where I could be kept in my place, she never thought me quite good enough for an equal. She sat with great intensity, giving the whole of her mind to it, and was capable of remaining for an hour almost as motionless as if she were before a photographer's lens. I could see she had been photographed often, but somehow the very habit that made her good for that purpose unfitted her lor mine. At hrst X was extremely pleased with her ladylike airs, and it was a satisfac tion, on coming to follow her lines, to see how good they were and how far thiy took one. But after a few times I began to find her rather irritatingly stiff;" do what I would with it my drawing looked like a photograph or a copy of a photograph. Her figure had no variety ot expression she herself had no sense of variety. You may say that this was my business, was only a question of placing her. I placed her in every conceivable position, but she man aged to obliterate their differences. She was always a lady, certainly, and, into the bargain,, was always the same ladv. She was the' real thing, but always tne same thing. There were moments when I was oppressed by the serenity of her confidence that she was the real thing. All her deal ings with me, and all her husband's, were an implication this was lucky for me. Mean while I found myself trying to invent types that approached her own, instead of matins her own transform itself in the clever. way that was not impossible, for instance, to poor Miss Chunn. Arrange as I would and take the precautions I would, she always, in my pictures came out too tali landing me in the dilemma of having represented a fascinating woman as seven feet high, which, out of respect perhaps to my own very much scantier inches,was tar from my idea of such a personage. The case was-worse with the Major no thing I could do would keep him down, so that he became useful only for the repre sentation of brawny giants. I adored variety and range, I cherished human acci dents, the illustrative note; I wanted to characterize closely, and the thing in the world I most hated was the danger of being ridden by a type. I had quarrelled with some of my friends about it I had parted company with them for maintaining that one had to be, and that if the type was beautiful (witness .Raphael and Leonardo) the subjection was" only a gain. I was neither Leonards nor Raphael; I was only a possible presumptuous young modern searcher; I held that everything was to be sacrificed sooner than character. When they averred that the haunting type in question might easily be character, I re torted, perhaps superficially: "Whose?" It couldn't be every body's, it might end in be ing nobody's. After I had drawn Mrs. Monarch a dozen times I perceived more clearlr than before that the value of such a model as Miss Charm resided precisely la the fact that she j if IL had no positive stamp, combined of course with the other fact that what she did have was a curious and inexplicable talent for imitation. Her usual appearance was like a curtain, which she could draw up, at re quest, for a kind of regular performance. This performance was simply suggestive; but it was a word to the wise it was vivid and pretty. Sometimes, even, I thought it, though she was plain herself, too insipidly pretty; I made it a reproach to her that the figures drawn from her were monotonously (Setement, as we used to say) graceful. Nothing made her more angry; it was so much her pride to feel that she could sit for characters that had nothing in common with each other. She would accuse me at such, moments of talcing away her "reputation." It suffered a certain shrinkage, this queer quantity, from the repeated visits ot my' new friends. Miss Churm was greatly in, demand, never in want of employment, so I had no scruple in putting her off occasion ally, to try them more at my ease. It was certainly amusing at first to do the real t thing it was amusing to do Major Mon arch's trousers. They were the real thing, even if he did come out colossal. It was amusing to do his wife's back hair (it was , so mathematically neat), and the particular "smart" tension of her tight stays. She lent herself especially to positions in which, the face was somewhat averted or blurred; she abounded in ladylike back views and profit perdus." When she stood erect she took naturally one of the attitudes in which, court painters represent queens and prin cesses, so that I found myself wondering whether, to dra out this accomplishment, I couldn't get the editor of the Cheaptide to publish a truly royal, romance, "A Tale of Buckingham Palace." So'metimes, how ever, the real thing and the make-believe came into contact, by which I mean that Miss Churm, keeping an appointment or coming to make one on days when I had, much work on hand, encountered her im posing rivals. The encounter was not on their part, for they noticed her no more than if she had been the. housemaid, not from intentional loftiness, but simply be cause as yet, professionally, they didn't know how to fraternize, as I could guess that they would have liked to, or at least that the Major would. They couldn't talk about the omnibus they always walked; and they didn't know what else to try she wasn't interested in good trains .or cheap claret Besides, they mtfst have felt in the air that she was amused at them, se cretly derisive of their ever knowing how. She was not a person to conceal her skepti cism if she had had a chance to show it. On the other hand, Mrs. Monarch didn't think her tidv; for why else did she take pains to say to me (it was going out of the way for Mrs. Monarch) that she didn t like dirty women? . One day when my young Iady nappened to be present with my other sisters (she even dropped in, when it was convenient, for a chat), I asked her to be so good as to lend a hand in getting tea a service withj which she was familiar, and which was one of a class that, living as I did in a small, way, with slender domestic resources, I often appealed to my models to render., They liked to lay hands on my property, to break the sitting I made them leel Bo hemian. The next time 1 saw Miss Churm after this incident she surprised me greatly by making a scene about it she accused me' of having wished to humiliate her. She hadj not resented the outrage at the time, but; had seemed obliging and amused, enjoying the comedr of asking Mrs. Monarch, who & '::Wm Can't 1 Be TTsefvlHeret sat dull and silent, whether she would have! cream and sugar, and putting an exagger-' ated simper into the question. She hadj tried intonations as if she, too, wished to pass for the real thing, till I was afraid my other visitors would take offense. , Oh, they were determined not to do this; , and their really touching patience was the measure of their great need. They would sit by the hour, uncomplaining, till I was; ready to use them; they would come back) on the chance of being wanted, and would! walk away cheerfully if they were not I used to go to the door with them to see inj what magnificent order they retreated. Il tried to find other employment for them I' introduced them to several artists. Bub they didn't "take," for reasons I could ap preciate, and I became conscious, rather anxiously, that after such disappointments; they fell back upon me with a heavier weight They did me the honor to think that it was I who was most their form. They were not picturesque enough for the painters, and in those days there were not " so many serious workers in black and white. I .Besides, they had an eye to tne great jod j. had mentioned to them they had secretly set their hearts on supplying the right'' essence for vay pictorial vindication of our( high national novelist They knew that for this undertaking I should want no cos tume effects, none of the frippery of past ages that it was a case in which every thing should be cotemporary and satirical, and, presumably, genteel. If I could work: them into it their future would be assured, for the labor would, of course, be long. , One day Mrs. Monarch came without her " husband she explained his absence by his having had to go to the City. While she sat there in her usual anxious stiffness there came at the door a knock, which I imme diately recognized as the subdued appeal of. & Tnrulcl nrtt nf work. It was followed hr'i the entrance of a young man whom I easll! 'tf l .. NsssiH-, ran ; - 5-r'
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