if IEEE i?ITTSBUE& DISPATCH, SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1890. ;- ? nothing at all for this regular mail service. In fact, the Old Dominion Steamship Com mnr't vessels tilvinj? between New York Citv, Newport News and Eichmond receive from our postal authorities for one, 'trip along the coast more than the only loE "" tance line carrying the Americanflag for 3.000 miles of service. . '" oub ExroBis sorbin. But this postal service ironly an accom paniment to other andgreater business Transactions carried opl by this company. Through a misunderstanding on my part as to the date of sajKmg, Heft Washington suddenly one moaning, arriving at Newport News in the qpsnditlon of the man who ran Tor a train f-d sank almost exhausted into a seat, whil tQe train backed leisurely on to a switcH aQd waited for an bour or so. I bad - hours more time than I wanted at jfr-'Tport News, while the fine ship Allianca" lay at her dock. It enabled 'me, however, to get an insight as to the cargo that was being taken in. The great warehouses contained acres of flour, pork and lard, which were rapidly being hidden in the hold of our ship. In addition to the cargo of general mer chandise taken on at New York, we Te ceived from the Southern port, 6.000 pack ages of flour, bacon and lard. The ship's officials say they do not ship nearly so mnch flour as formerly, the Argentines being now exporters to Brazil: but we had here just 5,500 prools of the correctness ot Mr. Blaine's statements to Mr. Fry, that we need to foster and encourage the trade with South America. COSIES FBOII THE VEST. This lard and pork, as well as the flour, is the product of the Western States, whose Representatives at Washington vote against the encouragement of this transportation that fosters trade. West Virginian mines supply here also the coal that is nsed to force these steamers both to and from Brazil. The hundreds of men who gain a livelihood by the handling of these products are voters, and it is to be hoped they will try to elect men to represent their interests. It may be said with a degree of trutb, that the prin cipal article of export is a product of the South, inasmuch as the lard is manufact ured from cottonseed. It is roughly estimated tnat pork is worth 8 cents per pound, the freight charges to Brazil being SI SO per barrel, on which the Brazilian Government charees a dutv of $3 CO per barrel, 60 per cent additional being collected and applied to the charities of the country. And this ship's capacity is 2,200 tons. In exchange for this we get from Brazil crude rubber, hides and coffee, on which that Government also levies an export duty. The sugar question is a sep arate consideration. ABOUT THE COMPACT. The Brazilian Steamship Company ii es sentially an American institution," being owned and operated entirely by American capital and energy, with headquarters in New York. The company is lortnnate in having lor its general manager Captain James M. Lachlin, who is not only a thor-oush-goiog business man, but a practical seaman himself, familiar with tbe trade, which results in the general advantage ot the traveler by this line. We were fortu nate in securing passage by the newest and best steamer,, the Allianca, commanded by the popular Captain Crossman. who runs bis ship on the correct principle that the passengers have some rights aboard which even a captain is bound to respect. One of the surprising developments to me was that so many apparently respectable people were goins to South America. Com prising our passenger list were some mis sionaries of tne I'resb.x terun and Methodist Chuiches, bound lor the Southern States of Brazil. In the party were a minister and bride, both residents of Washington City, viz: the Rev. W. A. Carrington and vite. The Rev. Mr. Waddell accompanied the party and acted aschaperoue. We had also a young irgiman en route for Bio, a teacher and preacher for the Methodist Church; also a Miss Cunningham, or Johns town. Pa., who goes to the State of Ceara in Brazil as teacher. Then there was a lidy circus rider and hosts of all kinds of people. OKE OF THE CAPTAIN'S DUTIES. L bad heard about how ocean captains fere annoyed by questions. Ctptain Cross- n.V kindly invited me to a seat alongside of a lady passenger to hU right, so that I had an opportunity of hearing his answers to many curious and amusing questions. Our captain it. a most courteous gentleman, and when he seriously assured a lady ques tioner that he guided his ship's course by certain lanamarks and expressed surprise that she had not seen certain fences and a red barn on our right, I almost forgot that I was seasick, and had to laugh. He subse quently assured me that a captain's princi pal duty aboard ship was to lie to the lady passengers, and I can testify to his ability in this direction. We got to St Thomas in five days, and though it's not an attractive place, we were right clad to see any sort of land. Twenty four hours irom St. Thomas brings our ship alongside ol the loveliest spot in the Indies, the Island of Martinique. Another day puts us into the harbor at Barbadoes, one of the important possessions of the Jinglish Government. In five days ot delightful weather we jumped over the equator and entered the "old gold" colored water of the mighty Amazon, sailing up its bosom with come such sensations as must have been ex perienced by its first explorers. J. O. Kebbet. EWORLD IN ft HILL Busy Scenes in trie Heart of Aspen Mountain Where Its Wealth of Silver Lies Hidden. PIERCED BY ELECTRIC- WIRES That Carry the Power of the Waterfalls to tbe Bamming Drills and Gleaming Lights Within. CAMPING ALONG THE FEIING PAN. Ho Sttrthag Ostiag Experiences, hit Italy of Trout tad Oust to Csjtars. ICOEKXSPOKDEKCI or TRX DIlrJLTCH.1 Mexico, Mo., September 25. Aspen is one of the few points that begins as a mining camp and ends ai a city with an evident future. It is a rare combination at a single ent (bafts hear each other's strokes, and ask away round through town How work' pro gresses only a few feet away: ! Aspen's mineral is much like Leadville's a sort ordirty gravel.'wthTidVanirthen some hard ore. It is there in great abund ancein "pockets," or-'iblankets" never, they say, In a truerfissdre the limestone on each side being different. 'If Is hard toTnelt, on account of much sulphate "of baryta, and requires expensive flaxes."' Here the Denver ana Bio Grande and Colorado Midland Railroads each bare a terminus. The latter cutting up through the Frying' Pan canyon on the 4 STEEPEST GRADES EYEB KSOWH to an ordinary railroad, climbs in bold Zs and Ws tbe Saguache range, and glide into Denver the shorter by 135 milesf Much has been written about Colorado railroad passes, but this is one ot the most thrilling rides this grand State affords. It was away up here on-this. road, a mile and a half in the air that I pitched my tent lor the summer at a little i point called Thomasville. We did not exactly luxuriate, but we avoided the heat and we're certainly not troubled with the drouth, for the ther mometer rarely reached 0; and It rained much of the time. It was a quiet nook 40 miles over the range from Leadville so fresh and unfreqnented that noiwagou road led into town, and men rode in for, supplies down the railroad track. A large tront tream or a large stream for tront ran within 30 feet of my tent Jap, and the ever lasting bills shut us prettywell in. We STORIES OF CARLYLE. Parson Milburn's Reminiscences of the Great .Scotch Writer. v APPRECIATED IN AMERICA FIRST. England Frowned on Sartor Besartus and Kept It Ont of Print. HOW HIS WIFE BECAME ESTEANGED 1J &&- ON THE SIDE OF ASPEN MOUNTAIN. point that of a hill on each side full of mineral; that of a trio of mountain stream lets, brawling with power down to a small river almost at a common point; that of a wide valley a perfect plane fertile and healthful. Easily the second mining camp in the State a rival of Butte City as the second in the world it is at the same time a city with a cultured population. Aspen Mountain, on which tbe mines are more largely developed, looks like a giant ant hill. High above tbe city it hangs the insignia of its success, the source of its growth and profit. Beneath its stony bosom 1,200" men delve for their could not see tbe snow, but covered by three blankets, mv overcoat and a water-proof, I realized every morning about 3 o'clock that it was not far off perhaps on my tent. Ugh! but we did nearlv freeze at night. Our beds, made of spruce boughs, were as hard as Mother Earth's, bosom itself. I overheard two miners, sitting on a log hav ing a Sunday chat: "Bill, what are yon going to do to-mor row "Same as to-dav," said No. 2. "TJhl O!" replied No. 1, "I must have a I must have a bed to- softer job tbau this. morrow. I thought: "If yon had my bed would gladly go back to your log." yon THE LEEK DT WALES. Aa I'opulir n tlio Tlii.t'e In Scotland or tbe shamrock in Iiclnnd. In some parts of Her Majesty's dominions the leek is held in but slight regard. That cannot, however, be affirmed of Wales, for there it is an object of profoundest favor; and as the crowning incidentof her presence at the National Eisteddfod, tbe Queen of Boumania was presented with a silver leek. On each recurring anniversary of St. David's Day, on the 1st ot March, the national em blem is conspicuous evidence among the natives of the principality. On the oritrin of the custom, some light is professedly thrown bv a few lines found in an old MS. in the British Museum, and of which the following, orthography included, is a copy: I like tbe leeke above all herbs and flowers. When first we wore the same the field was ours. Tbe leeke is white and greene. whereby is meant That llritaines are both stout and eminent; Next to tbe lion and the unicorn. Tbe leeke the fairest emblyu that is worne. To matters of patriotism, as a taste, criti cism must be sparingly applied; hut, after all, if the Scotch have their thistle, with its defiant motto, and the Irish the shamrock, with the Trinity-teaching virtues ascribed to it by St Patrick, why should the Welsh be denied tbe leek? A SCENE TS THE CAMP. bread and other men's silver, and up and down its broad slope hundreds of others, with wagon team and donkey train, plod their weary way. Higher above away out of sight lies Tclirrelotte Park, another rich region. One can scarcely feel it is there, but the sJtretch of electric wire, and dizzy trail, the slow creep of the ore buckets on the cable tramway, bringing down ore and taking up supplies, almost, it " seems, into the skies, is an earnest that something is vet beyond. TWINKLING LIGHTS AT MIDNIGHT. It is a thrilling sight At any time, and one The stream in which I angled was called the Frying Pan. I do not know.why unless it was "out of the Frying Pan Into the fire" or almost: for after a fellow has measured his length in a mountain stream, he gets very close to ablaze, or wants to. Getting wet was not half so difficult its' setting fish. It was "as easy as falling off a Ipg" several times with me. A moist moss-covered bowlder makes a fine substitute for the los. It may be that the force of gravity does de crease as you go up inversely as the square of the distance. The books say so; but I could not perceive any difference a mile and a half up when I slipped and sat suddenly on a bowlder. It seemed to have the same THE ELDEK DUMAf? COOK. Dertu of the Man Who Often Get Up Meals on Short Cash. PallllsltllndKet.3 At Lie Puy, near Dieppe, there has died an old Bussian named Vasili, who in his time obtained considerable celebrity as the cook of the elder Dumas. His position in the household of the great fir'ionist was by no means a sinecure, for it is recorded that, when the extravagant and open-banded autbor of "Monte Cristo" was hard up, Vasili bad to concoct culinary dishes on next to nothing. Pcre "Vasili was always equal to tbe occasion, and was always punctual to the minute with his courses. When the great Alexandre died at bis villa at Be Puy in 1870, Vasili was paid off handsomely by Alexandre Dumas fils. He then retired from private employment, and opened a restaurant near the abode ot his former master. This establishment was pat ronized by tourists chiefly ont of curiosity. How to Wear a Care. Boston Traveller. 1 Xoung man, why don't you wesr your stick correctly7 Prince George turns bis upside down, grasps it about three inches from tbe ferrule, leaving the knob quite in the background, much as a child would grasp a hobby-horse, only with tbe horse's bead aft instead of fore. rcoBKssroxDEXCx or tub DisriTcm.j Washington, September 27. I had a long talk last night with the Bev. Dr. W. H. Milbnrn, tbe blind Chaplain of Con gress, about Thomas Carlyle. Dr. Mil burn was intimately "associated with Car lyle during the six years which he spent in Europe. These years were scattered through the most stirring periods of Carlvle'a life, and the Doctor's acquaintance beginning in 1857, when Carlyle was at the beginning of bis prime, extended from that time on until 1876, a few years before his death. I asked Dr. Milbnrn how he became acquainted with Carlyle. He replied: "I bad a letter of introduction to him from Judge Mitchell King, of Charleston, S. C. King was a fellow Scotchman, and be and Carlyle bad long been friends. Now you must know that in England a letter of introduction means much more than it does with us. It is in the nature of a draft drawn by one person upon the courtesy and hospitality of another. It must be honored by an invitation to at least one meal at the gentleman's house, with presentation to his family and a few hours of social Inter course. Here we give letters of introduc tion to anybody and everybody, and few of them have more than a mere passing sig nificance. HONORED HERE FIBST. "Mr. Carlyle was then famous as a man of letters, and he was deluged with intro ductions. Like Thackery, he had been a long time in securing public recognition, and it is a singular fact that he was appre ciated and honored in America before he was in England. Here his populantv was almost boundless, and this fact explains why so many going abroad sought the per sonal acquaintance of one whom they so greatly admired. But tbe truth is, Carlyle tired of it, so many called npou him from little apparent motive save sheer curiosity. He once wrote of the United States, 'a nation of 20,000,000 of people, chiefly bores.' "These Americans who intruded them selves upon him were to a large extent men and women of one idea people with 'isms,' vegetarians and entbushsts upon one sub ject or another. They thought to get a bear ing from Mr. Carlyle and find in him an encouraging and sympathetic friend. But they were disappointed in this.for he was not in any broad sense a philanthropist. These drafts upon his patience msde him somewhat irritable, and gave to many of his American visitors the impression that he was brusque and testv to a most nnnleas.int degree. A WABM WELCOME. "Mr. Carlyle seemed to feci that a letter of introduction from his old friend. Judge King, meant something, and both he and his wife received me with warm-hearted cor diality. My welcome could not have been more sincere and hospitable. I believe one reason why he seemed to like me was that I smoked with him a thine which most of his guests from Boston and other parts of New England did not do. You know that is; I presume you do that a pipe is a won derful promoter of sociability. I was with Carlyle many times and I never saw even a sign of the brnsqueness ot which I had heard Americans complain. "Thomas Carlyle had," continued Dr. Milbnrn, "a number of Americans among nis intimate mends, rie liked .Longfellow, and he was especially fond of Emerson. Longfellow noticed his work in the English reviews long before he had gained a great reputation as an author. The first copy of Sartor Besartus that came to America was brought by Longfellow. It wasmadeupof clippings from aVcwer' Magazine, in which a part of the book was first published. Longfellow cut these out, be had tbem bound and brought them over to America with him. He once told me that it was he who once called Emerson's attention to Carlyle, and through him Emerson began to read those strong reviews which emanated from Carlyle's pen. ff&k . i S--- -fjjj llteljlli,,!, , . i ALONG THE rBYING PAN. feels stirred at so much of the beautiful, the practical and the energetic, but at 12 o'clock, when the midnight shift comes off and each tired miner, gnided by his mining lamp, threads his way home, so suddenly do they emerge from shaft and tunnel and shed that the hill fairly twinkles with living lights, and it looks as thongh old Cadmus bad again sown the dragon's teeth and front tbe earth men had sprung up at bis bidding. Thus outwardly. "-Beneath in tunnel, shaft and incline tbe scrape of shovel, stroke of pick, the clank ot hammer the rumblo of the ore car, the hum ot elec-' trie drill make bp a world within the hilf almost as interesting as that without. From dynamos away round tbe mountain's side, where water power is abundant, come copper wires not larger than my pencil, and nerve the mountain's heart with cower and lieht. and over slenderer threads miners in differ- i tendency to drive the spinal column through the roof of the head that it has 'at sea-level. Thus I chased the trout around. I could not catch him much, but Tcaa .talk of him behind his back and call bimThard names in a language he cannot understand. In constant contact with hundreds' of men talking trout, I never once heard bni called "speckled beauty." I cannot explain it. To me it was tbe most wonder'ul phenome non of the climate. But 1 will, call him that if he does not treat me betted when I go again. James Newton. Basket Exposition Tl.ltora Do not fail to call at Lies' popular gallery, 10 and 12 Sixth street, and have ypnr picture taken. Good work, low prices, prompt de livery. Cabinet photos $1 'per dozen.- (.(TSJB EMERSON AND CABLYLE. "He had learned to admire him before he went to Europe, and while at Borne he fell in with a mau who knew Carlyle, and got a letter to him. Emerson took this letter and went to Scotland and called upon Carlyle at Craigenpnttock." He spent some time here with Carlyle, and tbe two lay out UDon the bills among the trees and overlooked the country where Wordsworth walked. They became qnite intimate, and Emerson left Scotland with an increased admiration for Carlyle. I think, but I am not sure, that he took a copy of Sartor Besartus in the extracts from the magazine home with him, and that he published these in Boston, and that this was the first publication ot Sartor Besartus. "It was certainly better appreciated in America than in England, and it was not until after our literary circles were talking about it that the English took it up. I have chatted with Carlyle about its writing, and he has told me of the troubles he had in get ting a publisher. He carried tbe manu script from one printing house to another in vain, and finally got tbe editor of Fraser to -publish it as a serial. The editor found it not at all popular with his subscribers, and he at once began to receive protests against the continuance of its publication. a nobleman's pbotest. "Finally one of the noblemen wrote him and asked him whether he was going to keep on publishing the writings of 'That tailor through all eternity.' You know Sartor Besartus is a book on tne Philosophy of Clothes, and it was from this that the no pieman gave it its title. The man was an influential man, and this settled tbe ques tion. TJcon this tbe magazine stopped issu ing the work, and it was thrown back Into Carlyle's bands until Emerson took ii td America. "Sartor Besartus was the first wok of Carlyle in the style in which ho acquired his fame. He had prior to this written in the classical English of the day, and his articles possessed high literary merit and were accepted by tbe reviews. He got his latter style largely through the reading of theGermawrand cut ,himseif entirely free from the hidebound restraints of ordinary classical English." 'What was youridea of Carlyle's appear ance?" I asked. "Carlyle," replied the blind parson, "was Ull and rather gaunt in appearance, grow ing thinner in flesh with advancing years. He had a bead like Daniel Webster's, cov ered with a luxuriant growth of shaggy, iron-gray .hair, which hung down like a fringe over bis broad forehead. He was somewhat careless as to dress. a wondeefdl voice. "To one who is blind the voice is the only means of recognition. No doubt I appre ciated more than could a person with sight Carlyle'swonderfnl voice. It bad, I think, greater compass and flexibility than any other voice I have known. From the soft, tender flow of pathos and sympathy it rose to the full vibrant tones of force and elo quence, and still higher up to those of in dignation and rage. When deeply inter ested he would unconsciously fall into the chanting or entoning style of delivery so often heard among the Scotch people. It is a characteristic of all classes. When I first heard It I was nonplussed to under stand tbe origin of such a custom, orperhaps I should say habit. I learned upon a sub sequent visit to Scotland that ever since the days of John Knox the ministers of that country have intoned their sermons. It be came fixed in the ears of the peasants until the whole people fell into that way of speakiug. All tbe strong emotions of the human heart love, grief, rage naturally take cadences as they find expression in words. This universal manner of speech in that conntry illustrates the power of the Scotch pulpit over the popular ear and heart. A FASCINATING TALKEB. "Carlyle, who sprang from the peasant classes o'l Scotland, was a most fascinating and entertaining talker. He, drew around him in intimate social relation the brightest and best people of Great. Britain, to say nothing of other countries. Generally speaking, literary men in England at that time were only tolerated by what we may term the upper classes. They were not welcomed in society except as 'lions,' so to speak. On this account Carlyle often re fused to accept invitations from dukes and lords. 'If they want to see me let them come to my house,' he was wont to say. He even carried this feeling so far as to decline an invitation from the Queen to visit Windsor Castle. Knowing his peculiarity in this respect the Queen took no offense at his refusal, but she was so earnest in her deaire to meet him that she invoked the aid of Dean Stanley, who was Carlyle's warm personal friend. He arranged a meeting at the deanery of Westminster, where Carlyle was presented to the Queen or the Qneen was presented to Carlyle, which ever way you choose to pnt it. MEETING TICTOBIA. Carlyle was a commoner in the fullest sense of tbe world. He had little reverence for mere royalty the person who wore the crown must be worthy to command his respect. I do not imagine that he consid ered it a great act of condescension on the part of the Queen to meet him. In the presence ol the sovereign, etiquette requires that all remain standing until the Queen gives the signal to take seats. Let me tell yon how Mr. Carlyle managed it. The ladies and gentlemen of the company were in the drawing room, the presentations had been made and the Queen graciously ex pressed her pleasure at meeting one so dis tinguished in letters. Carlyle thanked her for her kind words and added: "But I am getting to be an old man now; suppose we all sit down and talk it over," himself setting the example. In going, to and taking seats at dinner pre cedence, based npon official rank or partic ular grade of nobility, is a most important and delicate question. Even General Grant, unless a dmnerwas given in his special honor, would have been compelled to sit at the foot of the table even below the Amer ican Minister, for when he was in England he was onlv a private citizen. Carlvlont. tended few dinners, but when he did accept sucu an luvnauon ne always led tne march to the dining room, was recognized as a king, and so took precedence of everybody. HIS UNHAPPY WIFE. "This lionizing of Carlyle was indirectly one of the chief causes of his wife's nnhap piness. Lady Ashburton conceived a great admiration for Carlyle and he became a part of the literary circle which surrounded her. He became lascinated with Lady Ashburton, and though I am sure that he was trne to his wife and that Lady Ashburton was true to her husband, still the fact that he -was in vited to many places where hii wife was not was one of the causes of her misery. Jane Welsh Carlyle was a most extraordinarv woman. She was intellectually the peer o"f any woman of her time, but the English nobility who feted Carlyle, merely tolerated her and she felt that her admittance to their society was only upon sufferance. "Mrs. Carlyle was far the superior of a. nomas oanyie in culture and refinement. He was a peasant with the ideas of a peasant in regard to woman. His mother whom he esteemed was an ignorant woman who had washed the clothes of her family and brewed and baked for them. Mrs. Carlyle was brought up with pientv ot servants about her, and was rematkabfy sensitive in feel ing. After she was married she discovered, that Carlyle expected her to do the same things that his mother bad done and she murmured not, bnt attempted to do tbem. PATIENT IN HEB TBOUBLE. In the days of their poverty she did all the I ABOUT THE MAGNET. The Peculiar Form of Energy Stored Up in it is Magnetism, AHD IS KNOWN ONLY BY EFFECTS. Lines of Force and Bow They Act In Rela tion to Each Other. THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMPASS , nraimit ron tot dispatch.! A magnet is a piece of iron or steel having the property of attraction for iron. Magnets are both natural and artificial. In tbe nat ural state they are called load-stones. In the artificial state they are called steel or permanent magnets, and temporary or elec tro magnets. A permanent magnet is made of steel, and when once magnetized it re tains its magnetism as its name implies. An electro magnet is a piece of soft iron forming a core to an electric coil. It might well be likened to a spool of thread, when the spool wonld represent the iron eore or magnet proper, and tbe thread the electric wire. The" iron core is magnetized, or made mag netic, during such time only as there is an electric current flowing through the wire coil. Let us first study the permanent or steel magnet and its properties. We do not know what magnetism is, except that it is a form of energy, and therefore a condition oi things In fact, magnetism is simply a name given to a certain condition ot things which we recognize by its properties. For example, when we see a piece of steel at tract bits of iron, we call the steel a magnet, and in this way distinguish it from a piece of steel that will not attract bits of iron. ONLY KNOW 'IS EFFECTS. But as far as magnetism itself is con cerned," we do not know what it is any more than we do what gravity or electricity are. However, this fact does not hinder our studying magnetic laws. We do not know what gravity is, and yet we know all about its laws, and, recognizing its effects, we say "gravity did this or that." If we wished to we might call gravity magnetism and mag netism gravity, for all tbe difference it wonld make. They both possess the profit of attraction. However, we wish to distin guish between the attraction ot the earth for all things, and the attraction of magnet ized steel lor bus of iron, so we call one kind of attraction gravity and the other magnetism. Now, as a magnet possesses the power of attracting to itself bits of iron that are some little distance away, we might easily im agine that a magnet must in some way effect the space surrounding it. In fact this is actually found to be the case, and is shown in the following manner, LINES OF 70BCE. Take a good bar magnet (a bar magnet is straight, but most steel magnets have the shape of a horseshoe), lay it on a table, and place over it a flat piece of glass. If we then sift fine iron filings over the surface of the glass, the filings will arrange themselves in curved lines reaching from pole to pole, and, in fact, it is found that these lines radiate out from each pole on all sides, much like the lines or grooves of a mnskmelon, only there are a great many more ol them. These line are called "lines of lorce," but what they are we do not know. We onlv know of their existence by experiment, and recog nize them by their effect. Now. as a matter of fact, these lines of force have a closed circuit; that is, they start out from one pole into the span around the magnet, and, curving toward the other pole, they re-enter then and so return through the magnet to the starting point. It must not be understood here that there is anything like a motion or a current con- surface. They are called the magnetic poles of the earth, and do not correspond to tbe geographical poles, although tbe magnetic and geographical poles are very near each other. In the olden times, before people had ever heard of such things as "lines of force." Tbey called the North Pole of the earjh "the North Bole," because the north pole of a magnetic needle pointed toward it But as a rqatter of fact, we know from our study oi magnets and lines ol lorce, mat wua magnets, free to move, unlike poles, point toward each other. A CONFUSION OF NOMENCXiATUBE. So that if we call the bine point of our magnetized needle north, the so-called North Pole of the earth mnst be south, or if fve still call it north, we must call the blue enu ot lueneewe sonth;ior, according to our law, they cannot both have the same name. However, as it would cause confusion to make any change in such old and well-established names, they are allowed to stand, so that when talking on such a subject as this, care must be taten to avoid any mis understanding, and for that reason we often hear this expression, "The north seeking pole." By this is meant the pole of a mag net which points to the so-called North Pole of the earth. We have now made a short study of per manent magnets, and shown one great use' that can be made of its "lines of forces." In our next article we shall continue in this line of thought under the head of "Elec tricity and Its Generation," and, alluding to electro-magnets, shall study another use and wonderiul property of magnetic lines of force. Scibe Facias. THE BRAIN WOBBLES. Liquids Besponsible for llany Odd Post-Frandia! Remarks. QUEEN VICTORIA'S STIMULANTS. THE ELECTRICAL WORLD. Applications or the air.terloua Cnrrent In All Fields ofMfr. wmnmr ron thi dispatch. LtEUTKlTANT BBADLET A. FlSKE Shows in a recent lecture on "Electricity In Warfare" that the modern warship Is the most intricate, tremendons and powerful maenme existing, and this is owing mainly to tbe marvelous adaptation she has been able to make of tbe powers of electricity. As tbe fate of a nation may, at a crisis, depend upon a single shot, not a thing can be neglected which will contribute to the speed, endurance and effectiveness of the ship. 8be must be nnder instantaneous and absolute control at all times. She mnst respond at once to the will of her captain, and her whole strength and power mnst be his, as though it were a part of bim. Ensconced in his coming tower he mnst be the brain of tbe gigantic hodr. Electric wires must, like nerves, convey instant tidings to him from ber innermost recesses and electric wires flash back from him the inev itable command. The enemy beine in sight, the captain must, at each instant, know her exact distance and direction so that he can givo the necessary orders to tbe gnnnery offi cer, wbo has the guns nndor his personal di rection, and who keeps them always bearing on the enemy and always correctly elevated for the distance, so that they Will bo read; to Are as soon as loaded. An Old Legend That Accounts for fiord hansen Brandy Stills. PB0SPEB1TI BKIKGS IKTEHPEEAKCB work about the house, and Carlyle uncon- nected with thess closed "lines ot force." scionslv imDOsed nnon her TT .. .,., I Thev are sinmlv thin: and now let m e scionsly imposed upon her. He was very irritable, and his stomach was such that he wns often in a bad humor. He would eat no bread but that which his wife baked, and be said no marmalade agreed with him except that which she made with her own hands. He often wounded her feelinss without knowing it, and he was filled with remorse when his eyes were opened by her diary, which he first saw after her deatb. He authorized the publication of tbe diary more from a wish fo do justice to her memory than anything else, and be gave it over into Fronde's hands with the injunction to pub lish it if he thought that justice demanded it, bnt, if he published it, to put it word for word and line for line as it was written. When Mrs. Carlyle married him it was one of her ambitions to be able to aid him in his literary work. The two did work for a short time alter their marriage. They did some translations together, but Carlyle found that he must be alone to do his best work. The law of genius is solitude, and as he went on with his literary labors the dis tance between the two increased, and he gradually came to do all his work by him self. Fbank G. Cabpenteb. CLEVER PAKLOB THICK. Splitting nn Apple or Fear Without Tonch. lnB it With tbe Band. tit. Louis rost-DIsnatch. How can a knife be held so accurately underneath a pear that, when the string is lighted, the fruit falls upon the knife in such a manner that it is cnt in two? It is not necesjary to have a plumb-line in order to find the cutting point, but it can be easily done, by dipping the pear into water. A few drops will trickle down irom the pear and fall into one and the same place. This spot must be accurately marked, but so that it is only visible to the initiated, who can make all these preparations be fore doing the trick before his audience, letting them find the " 0 Sr -AiH II iv CiMnvtuptnrl n Ban pear already suspended from the wall or a chandelier. Tnen have someone in the au dience light tbe thread, and in falling the pear will be split In two parts. This little experiment can also be made with two knives crossing each other. A" few trials will soon demonstrate where the knives must be crossed in order to split the pear into four pieces, which may be caught in tbe fall with a tea-tray or a plate. It is needless to say that the fruit must be soft, and the knives -well sharpened or order to make the trick successful. Birth ei Cbarapacnr. vDom Perignon, a plons monk, made sun dry discoveries as the result of thonght and judgment, among them being the invention of corks. Bnt his greatest "find," for which he has most credit, was the discovery of champagne. Like many other inventions, it was accidental. A closely corked bottle exploded and oharapsgne was born, They are simply thin; and now let us see what use we can make of them. LINES OF TWO MAGNETS. Although, these lines have no motion, they seem to have a direction, for if we bring two magnets near to each other, so that one magnet is free to move, that is, if we take two bar magnets and lay one on tbe table and suspend the other over it with a string, the hanging magnet will always set it sell parallel to tne otner magnet in snch a way that the north or positive pole of one magnet will be over the south or negative pole of the other. In other words, unlike poles seem to attract each other. But if we examine this a little further we find that the lines of force of the two mag nets are parallel to each other and in tbe same direction. That is, if we imagine the direction of the lines to be out of the north pole and into the sontb, the lines of the two magnets will then be parallel and in the same direction, for tbe lines will pass out of the north pole of one magnet into the south pole of tbe other, and out of the north pole of this back into the south pole of the first again. If we reverse the poles of the two magnets, so that the lines of force are opposed to each other, we will STRAIN THE LINES out of their natural position, just like stretching a rubber band or bending a spring, and if we let go of the suspended magnet, rubber band and spring, all will return to their natnral positions, and iu doing so, can be made to do an amount of work exactly equal to the work or energy expended in straining these things out of their natural positions. Suppose now that we have two magnets and onlv know the poles of one of tbem; it would be a very small matter to find tbe other, and not only to find them, but at once tell which one was north and which south. Suppose that the unknown magnet were round like a ball, and it is just as easy to make a magnet this shape as any other. We can now explore the space surrounding the magnetic ball and find out all about it To do this all we need is a small steel needle, well magnetized and suspended from the middle by a fine thread. Now, remembering this rule, that a magnet free to move will set itself parallel to tbe lines of force of anv other magnet near it and in such a way that the lines of force ol the two magnets will have the same direction, let us suspend onr little exploring magnet over the magnetized ball. MTSTEBT OF THE DIP. At first it will twist and vibrate back and forth, but finally it will come to rest nar- ailel to the lines of force of the ball magnet and in snch a way that the lines coming out of the north pole of tbe ball will pass into the sonth pole of tbe needle, and from the north pole of the needle into the sonth pole of the ball. If the needle comes to rest in a position tangent to the ball it will be jnst naif way between the two poles of the call, ii tut? UCCUJU U1JJ3 a JUUC, Jb will ue nearer one pole of the ball than the other, and if the needle dips to such an extent that it points to the center of the ball it is directly over one of the poles. And in each case the north pole of tbe needle will point toward the south Dole of the ball, so that the lines of force may pass from tbe norm poie oi one magnet to tbe sonth pole of the other. Now.it is exactly in this manner that we are enabled to find our way about on the surface of tbe earth, for although the earth is not a magnetized iron ball, yet it has the properties of a mig net and will cause a suspended magnetized needle to behave just as our magnetized ball did. POLES OF THE EABTH. In fact, a compass is nothing more nor less than a suspended magnetized needle. If such a magnet be suspended free to move in any direction and then carried about to different parts of tbe earth, it will be found that at tbe equator the needle will be hori zontal and point North and South, but as we approach the north pole from the equator the needle will "dip" more and more till at last we shall find a point near tne North Pole of the earth where the needle will point straight up and down. There are two such points on the earth's A new process of bleaching by electricity has been devised for the textile trades. By its use the need of bleaching ponder is done away with. The current is taken direct from the dynamo to electrodes placed in a wooden tank containing a solution consisting of calcined magnesia, hTdro-chlorle acid, and water. TJp to this time the solution has no bleaching prop erties; m other words, no chlorine is present. After, however, passing a current of a specific voltage and amnerase throngh the solution for 100 boars, it exhibits .25 of 1 per cent of fixed chlorine, which bleaches yarn and tow in as many hours as it has hitherto taken days, with out Impairing tbe strength of tbe material. . While electric motors are rapidly coming into general nse for many purposes, one of their latest applications is to excavating machinery. Electricity is easily transmitted to a distance, and its use Is therefore found economical for excavating and dredging in many daces where the great cost of fuel or water wonld otherwise do a uar to sucti operations. The electric motor excavator is now In active work. It is found that its power is sufficient to dig cemented gravel, and it possesses such elasticity as to materially relieve the shocks winch are the chief cause of breakages in excavating machinery: it automatically adjusts itself to work, pulling bard at a slow speed while the uipper is loaning iisen on me oanic. working quickly and easily while swinging and returning to the dipper; and it. moreover, does away with a fireman and all the annoyances inseparable from the use of steam. Considerable attention has been paid of late to the subject of subterranean mines, and they seem likely to play an important part In the military operations of the future. They can be advantageously sown in places over which the enemy is expected to pass, especially in tbe approaches to a fort or otber Intrenched position. Tbe mines may be fitted either with percussion fuses or electrical connections, so that they can be exploded by an operator with in the intrenebments at any required moment. Tbe result of the explosion of a series of these mines in tbe midst of an advancing recimens can oe easuy imagined. good deal has been written on the souring? of milk during a thunderstorm, and some in teresting experiments on the relation of elec tricity to this phenomenon have been under taken in Italy. It was found that tbe passage of an electric current- directly through the milk, not only did not hasten, but actually de layed acidulation, milk so treated not becom ing soar until from the sixth to tbe ninth day, whereas milk not so electrified became mark edly acid on tbe third day. When, however, tbe surface of a quantity of milk was brought under tbe balls of a Holtz machine tbe milk soon became sour from the ozone generated, The latest arrival among small engines for household and otber uses is the electric motor' and its special fitness for a wide range of appli cation is being daily more and more recognized. In capacity the electric motor is now made to range from small fractions of a horse-power nn to relatively large sizes, so as to meet the re quirements otthe constantly increasing num ber of usen. Borne of the very small sizes, de signed especially for such light work as run ning sewing machines, jewelers' and dentists' lathes and drills, etc, have been arranged to work with battery currents, and the outfits would seem to offer every possible convenience for the accomplijlm'.nt of satisfactory work. .. It seems likely that before long steps will be taken to remove what has always been a source ot dissatisfaction, tbe anomaly of a nominal candle-power for electric lights differing widely from the actnat iltuminatln? power which ex ists iu the supply of current from electric light ing stations, vr. jjoun iseu. in aiscussing this question recently at Cape May, says: "Wo know only too well that the candle-powers of arc lamps are quite different from the real. The whole subjeec is In a tangle, which at first seems almost hopeless. It has not been spe cially important in tbe early staees of electric lighting, because people did not look so closely then into the actual conditions under which the light they purchased should be given; but as tbe electric lighting business comes more and more down to close competition and hard commercial lines, it becomes more and more necessary to look after these things, and to de fine just what we mean by the lights which wo contract to furnish, and to arrange someway by which there shall bo general consent as to the meaning of tbe terms wbich we nse." t A PROJECT of considerable magnitude for power distribution is now nnder consideration In Saxony, Germany. It is proposed to establish near tbe city of Dresden an immense eloctrio llsbt station to furnish high tension cnrrent for light and power to 16S small towns and villages In the territory circumscribed by tbe towns Meissen, Freiberg, Flrna, Scbandau, Sebnltz and Badeberg. Asnoui.AB phenomenon of tbe lightning flash is that its chief effects are observable only at tbe points of its entrance and exit. Thus a flash which entered a schoolroom in jured only the first and last child on the form, those between escaping unhurt. The most effective treatment of lameness and otber ail ments due to lightning is tbe application alter nately to the bead, trnnk and limbs, of a large horseshoe magnet In case of a quito recent stroke, the clothing should be unlastened, the patient laid with tbe head hib, and quietness and fresh air should bo secured. If conscious ness does not return, the bead should be ex posed to a stream of. cold water. At tbe recent convention of the British As sociation 'one of the speakers said he was in a position to bear witness to tbe value of the range-finder. Some years ago a friend of his bad occasion to make a survey of some land, but had been tbreatened with vio lence by those opposed to bis operations. For this reason be had been unable to measure tbe ground in the usual way with tne cnam, out ne had arrived at a sufficiently close approxima tion by using his theodolite and adopting prin ciples almost identical with those carried out In designing tbe rance-finder. Tbe powers of tbe range-finder have been Infinitely increased in this conntry by tbe application to it of elec tricity. Tbe electricial range-finder is em plejed not only by all the modern war vessels, bnt also by an increasing number of American aaaronaatvsMeU. Even with the best after-dinner speakess, logic is apt to become mixed unless the glow of the occasion arises solely from having consumed a sufficiency of good food, without the emollient influences of alcoholio liquids. I do not mean to say that such speakers are, as the phrase goes, "under the influence of liquor," but the Biblical de scription of wine "that maketh glad the heart of man," neatly and concisely ex presses tbe satisfying sense of power which the good things of the table, when taken in conj nnction with liquids, bring about, says a writer in the New York Saturday Review. The man who has dined fears nothing, either physical or moral, and be will charge at a difficult and abstruse point of argument as boldly as at the Boman pnncb. Presumably a great many of the foolish things that have been written, as well as said, are due to such a state of things. It is said tbat when Jules Verne wishes to write one of bis wildly erratic and imagina tive romances he goes to bed, smokes for dear life and does not neglect the bottle. This suits hisjstyle of literature, since iu very charm arises from its wildness and utter improbability. But the ordinary writer, who has the ordinary matters of everyaay me lor nis tneme, does not write any tbe better for the presence of this forced imagination and power. The natural tendency is to go into extremes, and so be come laughable, instead of telling. Quite frequently it is due to this that tbe fluent pen becomes fluid, and that a man who naturally writes with great strength, vigor and cleverness becomes simply verbose and vapid, tbe charm of a strengthful style eing pouea oy a superfluity ot ponderous adjectives and rashly ventured opinions. When post-prandial perspicacity merely takes the form oi words, little harm is, as a rule, done by this misplaced confidence in one's own ability; but when it is inscribed on paper, and tben takes shape in printer's ink, it is apt to leave large room for doubt as to the complete sobriety or sanity of the writer. The Xiesend or Brandy. There is an old German legend, prevalent to this day in tbe duchy ot Saxe-Meiningen, which details circumstantially his Satauto Majesty's claim to the invention of brandy. Tbe monarch of the infernal regions so the story goes was once fairly ontwitted by a Steinbach man, -who tricked the great enemy of mankind into entering an old beech tree, where he found himself trapped without power of escape, and did not regain his freedom till the tree was cut down. As soon as he was liberated, Old Nick rushed frantically to his dominions to see how things had fared during bis absence. To his dismay he found hell empty. Cast ing about him for some means ot refilling Pandemonium with lost souls, he hit upon the idea of inventing brandy. Delighted with this happy thought, he hurried at once to the city of Nordhausen, and set up a distillery there, which was so successful that all the rich men of the place came to him to learn this new art of brandy-making, and in due time, abandoning their otber business, became distillers themselves. And thns, says the chronicler of tbe legend, it happened tbat to tbe present day there is no other place in the world where there is so much of brandy burned as at Nordhausen. Snbitltnte for AlcohoL A stimulant of some sort should always have place in the family medicine chest,, Many people are prejudiced against all alco holic stimulants; therefore, some substitute mnst be found. The aromatic spirit of am monia is equally as good in any case as either of these, and is far better in some cases, for it is much quicker in its action. It is also very often efficacious in headache; and in cases of difficult breathing there is no better stimulant. Ladies are the most frequent victims of "fainting spells," and to not a lew of them alcohol is exceedingly unpleasant. The aromatic spirit of am monia is an admirable substitute, and really should take precedence in the treat ment of such attacks. Tbe dose is one-half a teaspoonful, well diluted. It is always a good plan to pnt one teaspoonful of the am monia into a wineglassful of water, and ad minister half the quantity at one dose. If in 15 or 20 minutes further stimulation is needed, what remains in the cup may be given. Counterfeiting; a Favorltp. Blending is quite a fine art, but risky. The late Mr. Charles Tovey, says Charles Cooper in Longman, was preparing the wine list for a civic dinner, and fonnd tbat a sup ply ol 1820 port, upon which he had reckoned, had given out. Now, two of his guests were men in the wine trade, who, ha knew, were looking forward specially to this 1820 wine. So to hemor them he set to work to match it, and by blending some 1834, which at that time had not been long in bottle, and was insufficiently matured, with a white port, sound and astringent, which had been in the cellars of a county family for generations, be produced so exact an imitation of the 1820 wine that the critics were fairly taken in. But mark the sequel. He was so pleased with his success that he laid down a dozen of the blended wine and kept it for 12 months, only to find at the end of that time that is was worthless a nondescript abso lutely without character. Tho moral of which little story and it is always well to conclude with a moral is that no man's judgment about wine is infallible, and that the best-intentioned host will take pleasure in deluding you about the contents of his cellar whenever he can. Prosperity and Intemperance. Aid. Bichardson drew attention th otber day, says tbe Newcastle, England Chronicle, to the apparent relative connec tion between industrial prosperity and in creased intemperance on the part of the peo ple. Newcastle is not tbe only place in which this experience obtains. From a Glasgow cotemporary we learn that the number of "drunks" charged at the police court in that city yesterday was 209, as against 167 on the same date last year; while the total, all offenses being inclnded, was 609, compared with 398 last year. It is true that "one swallow does not make a summer." The multiplication of such ex amples of the growth of drinking habits, as that afforded in Newcastle, seems, however, to warrant the deduction wbich Aid. Bichardson and others are disposed to draw from it Qneen Victoria Stlmnlant. Queen Victoria, writes Annie Wakeman, eats moderately, but her food must be of tho finest quality. Her wines are of the rarest, although of late years the Queen's medical man bas prohibited ber indulging in Bur gundy, claret or port wine, ol which she was once moderately fond, and ot which she is a dainty judge. Champagne was never her favorite wine, and she drinks it usually la deference to the preference of guests, for the Queen is mistress of the arts of tact and deli cacy as hostess. Latterly a little Scotch whisky in appollinaris water is her usual beverage. Affected Tbem Serloualy. Boston Herald. First bootblack Soy, Jack, I Jes red dot dere's a lot ui $5 counterfeits going round. Second bootblack Is dot so? Well, we'vtl got ter be fly and not take any, eh? y t- "tornkfarttt-'Ftiftr A j&&t aL-"'-' -' W9Q?MlBu3
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers