if
IEEE
i?ITTSBUE&
DISPATCH,
SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 28, 1890.
;-
?
nothing at all for this regular mail service.
In fact, the Old Dominion Steamship Com
mnr't vessels tilvinj? between New York
Citv, Newport News and Eichmond receive
from our postal authorities for one, 'trip
along the coast more than the only loE ""
tance line carrying the Americanflag for
3.000 miles of service. . '"
oub ExroBis sorbin.
But this postal service ironly an accom
paniment to other andgreater business
Transactions carried opl by this company.
Through a misunderstanding on my part as
to the date of sajKmg, Heft Washington
suddenly one moaning, arriving at Newport
News in the qpsnditlon of the man who ran
Tor a train f-d sank almost exhausted into a
seat, whil tQe train backed leisurely on to
a switcH aQd waited for an bour or so. I
bad - hours more time than I wanted at
jfr-'Tport News, while the fine ship
Allianca" lay at her dock. It enabled
'me, however, to get an insight as to the
cargo that was being taken in. The great
warehouses contained acres of flour, pork
and lard, which were rapidly being hidden
in the hold of our ship.
In addition to the cargo of general mer
chandise taken on at New York, we Te
ceived from the Southern port, 6.000 pack
ages of flour, bacon and lard. The ship's
officials say they do not ship nearly so mnch
flour as formerly, the Argentines being now
exporters to Brazil: but we had here just
5,500 prools of the correctness ot Mr.
Blaine's statements to Mr. Fry, that we
need to foster and encourage the trade with
South America.
COSIES FBOII THE VEST.
This lard and pork, as well as the flour, is
the product of the Western States, whose
Representatives at Washington vote against
the encouragement of this transportation
that fosters trade. West Virginian mines
supply here also the coal that is nsed to
force these steamers both to and from Brazil.
The hundreds of men who gain a livelihood
by the handling of these products are voters,
and it is to be hoped they will try to elect
men to represent their interests. It may be
said with a degree of trutb, that the prin
cipal article of export is a product of the
South, inasmuch as the lard is manufact
ured from cottonseed.
It is roughly estimated tnat pork is worth
8 cents per pound, the freight charges to
Brazil being SI SO per barrel, on which the
Brazilian Government charees a dutv of
$3 CO per barrel, 60 per cent additional
being collected and applied to the charities
of the country. And this ship's capacity is
2,200 tons. In exchange for this we get
from Brazil crude rubber, hides and coffee,
on which that Government also levies an
export duty. The sugar question is a sep
arate consideration.
ABOUT THE COMPACT.
The Brazilian Steamship Company ii es
sentially an American institution," being
owned and operated entirely by American
capital and energy, with headquarters in
New York. The company is lortnnate in
having lor its general manager Captain
James M. Lachlin, who is not only a thor-oush-goiog
business man, but a practical
seaman himself, familiar with tbe trade,
which results in the general advantage ot
the traveler by this line. We were fortu
nate in securing passage by the newest and
best steamer,, the Allianca, commanded by
the popular Captain Crossman. who runs
bis ship on the correct principle that the
passengers have some rights aboard which
even a captain is bound to respect.
One of the surprising developments to me
was that so many apparently respectable
people were goins to South America. Com
prising our passenger list were some mis
sionaries of tne I'resb.x terun and Methodist
Chuiches, bound lor the Southern States of
Brazil. In the party were a minister and
bride, both residents of Washington City,
viz: the Rev. W. A. Carrington and vite.
The Rev. Mr. Waddell accompanied the
party and acted aschaperoue. We had also
a young irgiman en route for Bio, a
teacher and preacher for the Methodist
Church; also a Miss Cunningham, or Johns
town. Pa., who goes to the State of Ceara in
Brazil as teacher. Then there was a lidy
circus rider and hosts of all kinds of people.
OKE OF THE CAPTAIN'S DUTIES.
L bad heard about how ocean captains
fere annoyed by questions. Ctptain Cross-
n.V kindly invited me to a seat alongside
of a lady passenger to hU right, so that I
had an opportunity of hearing his answers
to many curious and amusing questions.
Our captain it. a most courteous gentleman,
and when he seriously assured a lady ques
tioner that he guided his ship's course by
certain lanamarks and expressed surprise
that she had not seen certain fences and a
red barn on our right, I almost forgot that I
was seasick, and had to laugh. He subse
quently assured me that a captain's princi
pal duty aboard ship was to lie to the lady
passengers, and I can testify to his ability
in this direction.
We got to St Thomas in five days, and
though it's not an attractive place, we were
right clad to see any sort of land. Twenty
four hours irom St. Thomas brings our ship
alongside ol the loveliest spot in the Indies,
the Island of Martinique. Another day
puts us into the harbor at Barbadoes, one of
the important possessions of the Jinglish
Government. In five days ot delightful
weather we jumped over the equator and
entered the "old gold" colored water of the
mighty Amazon, sailing up its bosom with
come such sensations as must have been ex
perienced by its first explorers.
J. O. Kebbet.
EWORLD IN ft HILL
Busy Scenes in trie Heart of Aspen
Mountain Where Its Wealth
of Silver Lies Hidden.
PIERCED BY ELECTRIC- WIRES
That Carry the Power of the Waterfalls
to tbe Bamming Drills and
Gleaming Lights Within.
CAMPING ALONG THE FEIING PAN.
Ho
Sttrthag Ostiag Experiences, hit Italy of
Trout tad Oust to Csjtars.
ICOEKXSPOKDEKCI or TRX DIlrJLTCH.1
Mexico, Mo., September 25. Aspen is
one of the few points that begins as a mining
camp and ends ai a city with an evident
future. It is a rare combination at a single
ent (bafts hear each other's strokes, and ask
away round through town How work' pro
gresses only a few feet away: !
Aspen's mineral is much like Leadville's
a sort ordirty gravel.'wthTidVanirthen
some hard ore. It is there in great abund
ancein "pockets," or-'iblankets" never,
they say, In a truerfissdre the limestone on
each side being different. 'If Is hard toTnelt,
on account of much sulphate "of baryta, and
requires expensive flaxes."' Here the Denver
ana Bio Grande and Colorado Midland
Railroads each bare a terminus. The latter
cutting up through the Frying' Pan canyon
on the
4
STEEPEST GRADES EYEB KSOWH
to an ordinary railroad, climbs in bold Zs
and Ws tbe Saguache range, and glide into
Denver the shorter by 135 milesf Much has
been written about Colorado railroad passes,
but this is one ot the most thrilling rides
this grand State affords.
It was away up here on-this. road, a mile
and a half in the air that I pitched my tent
lor the summer at a little i point called
Thomasville. We did not exactly luxuriate,
but we avoided the heat and we're certainly
not troubled with the drouth, for the ther
mometer rarely reached 0; and It rained
much of the time. It was a quiet nook 40
miles over the range from Leadville so
fresh and unfreqnented that noiwagou road
led into town, and men rode in for, supplies
down the railroad track. A large tront
tream or a large stream for tront ran
within 30 feet of my tent Jap, and the ever
lasting bills shut us prettywell in. We
STORIES OF CARLYLE.
Parson Milburn's Reminiscences of
the Great .Scotch Writer. v
APPRECIATED IN AMERICA FIRST.
England Frowned on Sartor Besartus and
Kept It Ont of Print.
HOW HIS WIFE BECAME ESTEANGED
1J
&&-
ON THE SIDE OF ASPEN MOUNTAIN.
point that of a hill on each side full of
mineral; that of a trio of mountain stream
lets, brawling with power down to a small
river almost at a common point; that of a
wide valley a perfect plane fertile and
healthful. Easily the second mining camp
in the State a rival of Butte City as the
second in the world it is at the same time a
city with a cultured population.
Aspen Mountain, on which tbe mines are
more largely developed, looks like a giant
ant hill. High above tbe city it hangs the
insignia of its success, the source of its
growth and profit. Beneath its stony
bosom 1,200" men delve for their
could not see tbe snow, but covered by three
blankets, mv overcoat and a water-proof,
I realized every morning about 3 o'clock
that it was not far off perhaps on my tent.
Ugh! but we did nearlv freeze at night.
Our beds, made of spruce boughs, were as
hard as Mother Earth's, bosom itself. I
overheard two miners, sitting on a log hav
ing a Sunday chat:
"Bill, what are yon going to do to-mor
row
"Same as to-dav," said No. 2.
"TJhl O!" replied No. 1, "I
must have a
I must have a bed to-
softer job tbau this.
morrow.
I thought: "If yon had my bed
would gladly go back to your log."
yon
THE LEEK DT WALES.
Aa I'opulir n tlio Tlii.t'e In Scotland or
tbe shamrock in Iiclnnd.
In some parts of Her Majesty's dominions
the leek is held in but slight regard. That
cannot, however, be affirmed of Wales, for
there it is an object of profoundest favor;
and as the crowning incidentof her presence
at the National Eisteddfod, tbe Queen of
Boumania was presented with a silver leek.
On each recurring anniversary of St. David's
Day, on the 1st ot March, the national em
blem is conspicuous evidence among the
natives of the principality. On the oritrin
of the custom, some light is professedly
thrown bv a few lines found in an old MS.
in the British Museum, and of which the
following, orthography included, is a copy:
I like tbe leeke above all herbs and flowers.
When first we wore the same the field was
ours.
Tbe leeke is white and greene. whereby is
meant
That llritaines are both stout and eminent;
Next to tbe lion and the unicorn.
Tbe leeke the fairest emblyu that is worne.
To matters of patriotism, as a taste, criti
cism must be sparingly applied; hut, after
all, if the Scotch have their thistle, with its
defiant motto, and the Irish the shamrock,
with the Trinity-teaching virtues ascribed
to it by St Patrick, why should the Welsh
be denied tbe leek?
A SCENE TS THE CAMP.
bread and other men's silver, and up
and down its broad slope hundreds of others,
with wagon team and donkey train, plod
their weary way. Higher above away out
of sight lies Tclirrelotte Park, another
rich region. One can scarcely feel it is
there, but the sJtretch of electric wire, and
dizzy trail, the slow creep of the ore buckets
on the cable tramway, bringing down ore
and taking up supplies, almost, it " seems,
into the skies, is an earnest that something
is vet beyond.
TWINKLING LIGHTS AT MIDNIGHT.
It is a thrilling sight At any time, and one
The stream in which I angled was called
the Frying Pan. I do not know.why unless
it was "out of the Frying Pan Into the fire"
or almost: for after a fellow has measured
his length in a mountain stream, he gets
very close to ablaze, or wants to. Getting
wet was not half so difficult its' setting fish.
It was "as easy as falling off a Ipg" several
times with me. A moist moss-covered
bowlder makes a fine substitute for the los.
It may be that the force of gravity does de
crease as you go up inversely as the square
of the distance. The books say so; but I
could not perceive any difference a mile and
a half up when I slipped and sat suddenly
on a bowlder. It seemed to have the same
THE ELDEK DUMAf? COOK.
Dertu of the Man Who Often Get Up Meals
on Short Cash.
PallllsltllndKet.3
At Lie Puy, near Dieppe, there has died
an old Bussian named Vasili, who in his
time obtained considerable celebrity as the
cook of the elder Dumas. His position in
the household of the great fir'ionist was by
no means a sinecure, for it is recorded that,
when the extravagant and open-banded
autbor of "Monte Cristo" was hard up,
Vasili bad to concoct culinary dishes on
next to nothing. Pcre "Vasili was always
equal to tbe occasion, and was always
punctual to the minute with his courses.
When the great Alexandre died at bis
villa at Be Puy in 1870, Vasili was paid off
handsomely by Alexandre Dumas fils. He
then retired from private employment, and
opened a restaurant near the abode ot his
former master. This establishment was pat
ronized by tourists chiefly ont of curiosity.
How to Wear a Care.
Boston Traveller. 1
Xoung man, why don't you wesr your
stick correctly7 Prince George turns bis
upside down, grasps it about three inches
from tbe ferrule, leaving the knob quite in
the background, much as a child would
grasp a hobby-horse, only with tbe horse's
bead aft instead of fore.
rcoBKssroxDEXCx or tub DisriTcm.j
Washington, September 27. I had a
long talk last night with the Bev. Dr. W.
H. Milbnrn, tbe blind Chaplain of Con
gress, about Thomas Carlyle. Dr. Mil
burn was intimately "associated with Car
lyle during the six years which he spent in
Europe. These years were scattered through
the most stirring periods of Carlvle'a life,
and the Doctor's acquaintance beginning in
1857, when Carlyle was at the beginning of
bis prime, extended from that time on until
1876, a few years before his death. I asked
Dr. Milbnrn how he became acquainted
with Carlyle. He replied:
"I bad a letter of introduction to him
from Judge Mitchell King, of Charleston,
S. C. King was a fellow Scotchman, and
be and Carlyle bad long been friends. Now
you must know that in England a letter of
introduction means much more than it does
with us. It is in the nature of a draft
drawn by one person upon the courtesy and
hospitality of another. It must be honored
by an invitation to at least one meal at the
gentleman's house, with presentation to his
family and a few hours of social Inter
course. Here we give letters of introduc
tion to anybody and everybody, and few of
them have more than a mere passing sig
nificance. HONORED HERE FIBST.
"Mr. Carlyle was then famous as a man
of letters, and he was deluged with intro
ductions. Like Thackery, he had been a
long time in securing public recognition,
and it is a singular fact that he was appre
ciated and honored in America before he
was in England. Here his populantv was
almost boundless, and this fact explains
why so many going abroad sought the per
sonal acquaintance of one whom they so
greatly admired. But tbe truth is, Carlyle
tired of it, so many called npou him from
little apparent motive save sheer curiosity.
He once wrote of the United States, 'a
nation of 20,000,000 of people, chiefly
bores.'
"These Americans who intruded them
selves upon him were to a large extent men
and women of one idea people with 'isms,'
vegetarians and entbushsts upon one sub
ject or another. They thought to get a bear
ing from Mr. Carlyle and find in him an
encouraging and sympathetic friend. But
they were disappointed in this.for he was
not in any broad sense a philanthropist.
These drafts upon his patience msde him
somewhat irritable, and gave to many of his
American visitors the impression that he
was brusque and testv to a most nnnleas.int
degree.
A WABM WELCOME.
"Mr. Carlyle seemed to feci that a letter
of introduction from his old friend. Judge
King, meant something, and both he and
his wife received me with warm-hearted cor
diality. My welcome could not have been
more sincere and hospitable. I believe one
reason why he seemed to like me was that I
smoked with him a thine which most of
his guests from Boston and other parts of
New England did not do. You know that
is; I presume you do that a pipe is a won
derful promoter of sociability. I was with
Carlyle many times and I never saw even a
sign of the brnsqueness ot which I had
heard Americans complain.
"Thomas Carlyle had," continued Dr.
Milbnrn, "a number of Americans among
nis intimate mends, rie liked .Longfellow,
and he was especially fond of Emerson.
Longfellow noticed his work in the English
reviews long before he had gained a great
reputation as an author. The first copy of
Sartor Besartus that came to America was
brought by Longfellow. It wasmadeupof
clippings from aVcwer' Magazine, in
which a part of the book was first published.
Longfellow cut these out, be had tbem
bound and brought them over to America
with him. He once told me that it was he
who once called Emerson's attention to
Carlyle, and through him Emerson began
to read those strong reviews which emanated
from Carlyle's pen.
ff&k . i
S--- -fjjj llteljlli,,!, ,
. i
ALONG THE rBYING PAN.
feels stirred at so much of the beautiful, the
practical and the energetic, but at 12 o'clock,
when the midnight shift comes off and each
tired miner, gnided by his mining lamp,
threads his way home, so suddenly do they
emerge from shaft and tunnel and shed
that the hill fairly twinkles with living
lights, and it looks as thongh old Cadmus
bad again sown the dragon's teeth and front
tbe earth men had sprung up at bis
bidding. Thus outwardly. "-Beneath in
tunnel, shaft and incline tbe scrape of
shovel, stroke of pick, the clank ot hammer
the rumblo of the ore car, the hum ot elec-'
trie drill make bp a world within the hilf
almost as interesting as that without. From
dynamos away round tbe mountain's side,
where water power is abundant, come copper
wires not larger than my pencil, and nerve
the mountain's heart with cower and lieht.
and over slenderer threads miners in differ- i
tendency to drive the spinal column through
the roof of the head that it has 'at sea-level.
Thus I chased the trout around. I could
not catch him much, but Tcaa .talk of him
behind his back and call bimThard names
in a language he cannot understand. In
constant contact with hundreds' of men
talking trout, I never once heard bni called
"speckled beauty." I cannot explain it.
To me it was tbe most wonder'ul phenome
non of the climate. But 1 will, call him
that if he does not treat me betted when I
go again. James Newton. Basket
Exposition Tl.ltora
Do not fail to call at Lies' popular gallery,
10 and 12 Sixth street, and have ypnr picture
taken. Good work, low prices, prompt de
livery. Cabinet photos $1 'per dozen.-
(.(TSJB
EMERSON AND CABLYLE.
"He had learned to admire him before he
went to Europe, and while at Borne he fell
in with a mau who knew Carlyle, and got a
letter to him. Emerson took this letter and
went to Scotland and called upon Carlyle at
Craigenpnttock." He spent some time here
with Carlyle, and tbe two lay out UDon the
bills among the trees and overlooked the
country where Wordsworth walked. They
became qnite intimate, and Emerson left
Scotland with an increased admiration for
Carlyle. I think, but I am not sure, that
he took a copy of Sartor Besartus in the
extracts from the magazine home with him,
and that he published these in Boston, and
that this was the first publication ot Sartor
Besartus.
"It was certainly better appreciated in
America than in England, and it was not
until after our literary circles were talking
about it that the English took it up. I have
chatted with Carlyle about its writing, and
he has told me of the troubles he had in get
ting a publisher. He carried tbe manu
script from one printing house to another in
vain, and finally got tbe editor of Fraser to
-publish it as a serial. The editor found it
not at all popular with his subscribers, and
he at once began to receive protests against
the continuance of its publication.
a nobleman's pbotest.
"Finally one of the noblemen wrote him
and asked him whether he was going to
keep on publishing the writings of 'That
tailor through all eternity.' You know
Sartor Besartus is a book on tne Philosophy
of Clothes, and it was from this that the no
pieman gave it its title. The man was an
influential man, and this settled tbe ques
tion. TJcon this tbe magazine stopped issu
ing the work, and it was thrown back Into
Carlyle's bands until Emerson took ii td
America.
"Sartor Besartus was the first wok of
Carlyle in the style in which ho acquired
his fame. He had prior to this written in
the classical English of the day, and his
articles possessed high literary merit and
were accepted by tbe reviews. He got his
latter style largely through the reading of
theGermawrand cut ,himseif entirely free
from the hidebound restraints of ordinary
classical English."
'What was youridea of Carlyle's appear
ance?" I asked.
"Carlyle," replied the blind parson, "was
Ull and rather gaunt in appearance, grow
ing thinner in flesh with advancing years.
He had a bead like Daniel Webster's, cov
ered with a luxuriant growth of shaggy,
iron-gray .hair, which hung down like a
fringe over bis broad forehead. He was
somewhat careless as to dress.
a wondeefdl voice.
"To one who is blind the voice is the only
means of recognition. No doubt I appre
ciated more than could a person with sight
Carlyle'swonderfnl voice. It bad, I think,
greater compass and flexibility than any
other voice I have known. From the soft,
tender flow of pathos and sympathy it rose
to the full vibrant tones of force and elo
quence, and still higher up to those of in
dignation and rage. When deeply inter
ested he would unconsciously fall into the
chanting or entoning style of delivery so
often heard among the Scotch people.
It is a characteristic of all classes. When
I first heard It I was nonplussed to under
stand tbe origin of such a custom, orperhaps
I should say habit. I learned upon a sub
sequent visit to Scotland that ever since the
days of John Knox the ministers of that
country have intoned their sermons. It be
came fixed in the ears of the peasants until
the whole people fell into that way of
speakiug. All tbe strong emotions of the
human heart love, grief, rage naturally
take cadences as they find expression in
words. This universal manner of speech in
that conntry illustrates the power of the
Scotch pulpit over the popular ear and
heart.
A FASCINATING TALKEB.
"Carlyle, who sprang from the peasant
classes o'l Scotland, was a most fascinating
and entertaining talker. He, drew around
him in intimate social relation the brightest
and best people of Great. Britain, to say
nothing of other countries. Generally
speaking, literary men in England at that
time were only tolerated by what we may
term the upper classes. They were not
welcomed in society except as 'lions,' so to
speak. On this account Carlyle often re
fused to accept invitations from dukes and
lords. 'If they want to see me let them
come to my house,' he was wont to say.
He even carried this feeling so far as to
decline an invitation from the Queen to
visit Windsor Castle.
Knowing his peculiarity in this respect
the Queen took no offense at his refusal, but
she was so earnest in her deaire to meet him
that she invoked the aid of Dean Stanley,
who was Carlyle's warm personal friend.
He arranged a meeting at the deanery of
Westminster, where Carlyle was presented
to the Queen or the Qneen was presented to
Carlyle, which ever way you choose to
pnt it.
MEETING TICTOBIA.
Carlyle was a commoner in the fullest
sense of tbe world. He had little reverence
for mere royalty the person who wore the
crown must be worthy to command his
respect. I do not imagine that he consid
ered it a great act of condescension on the
part of the Queen to meet him. In the
presence ol the sovereign, etiquette requires
that all remain standing until the Queen
gives the signal to take seats. Let me tell
yon how Mr. Carlyle managed it. The
ladies and gentlemen of the company were
in the drawing room, the presentations had
been made and the Queen graciously ex
pressed her pleasure at meeting one so dis
tinguished in letters.
Carlyle thanked her for her kind words
and added: "But I am getting to be an old
man now; suppose we all sit down and talk
it over," himself setting the example. In
going, to and taking seats at dinner pre
cedence, based npon official rank or partic
ular grade of nobility, is a most important
and delicate question. Even General Grant,
unless a dmnerwas given in his special
honor, would have been compelled to sit at
the foot of the table even below the Amer
ican Minister, for when he was in England
he was onlv a private citizen. Carlvlont.
tended few dinners, but when he did accept
sucu an luvnauon ne always led tne march
to the dining room, was recognized as a
king, and so took precedence of everybody.
HIS UNHAPPY WIFE.
"This lionizing of Carlyle was indirectly
one of the chief causes of his wife's nnhap
piness. Lady Ashburton conceived a great
admiration for Carlyle and he became a part
of the literary circle which surrounded her.
He became lascinated with Lady Ashburton,
and though I am sure that he was trne to
his wife and that Lady Ashburton was true
to her husband, still the fact that he -was in
vited to many places where hii wife was not
was one of the causes of her misery. Jane
Welsh Carlyle was a most extraordinarv
woman. She was intellectually the peer o"f
any woman of her time, but the English
nobility who feted Carlyle, merely tolerated
her and she felt that her admittance to their
society was only upon sufferance.
"Mrs. Carlyle was far the superior of
a. nomas oanyie in culture and refinement.
He was a peasant with the ideas of a peasant
in regard to woman. His mother whom he
esteemed was an ignorant woman who had
washed the clothes of her family and brewed
and baked for them. Mrs. Carlyle was
brought up with pientv ot servants about
her, and was rematkabfy sensitive in feel
ing. After she was married she discovered,
that Carlyle expected her to do the same
things that his mother bad done and she
murmured not, bnt attempted to do tbem.
PATIENT IN HEB TBOUBLE.
In the days of their poverty she did all the I
ABOUT THE MAGNET.
The Peculiar Form of Energy Stored
Up in it is Magnetism,
AHD IS KNOWN ONLY BY EFFECTS.
Lines of Force and Bow They Act In Rela
tion to Each Other.
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE COMPASS
, nraimit ron tot dispatch.!
A magnet is a piece of iron or steel having
the property of attraction for iron. Magnets
are both natural and artificial. In tbe nat
ural state they are called load-stones. In
the artificial state they are called steel or
permanent magnets, and temporary or elec
tro magnets. A permanent magnet is made
of steel, and when once magnetized it re
tains its magnetism as its name implies. An
electro magnet is a piece of soft iron forming
a core to an electric coil. It might well be
likened to a spool of thread, when the spool
wonld represent the iron eore or magnet
proper, and tbe thread the electric wire.
The" iron core is magnetized, or made mag
netic, during such time only as there is an
electric current flowing through the wire
coil.
Let us first study the permanent or steel
magnet and its properties. We do not
know what magnetism is, except that it is a
form of energy, and therefore a condition oi
things In fact, magnetism is simply a
name given to a certain condition ot things
which we recognize by its properties. For
example, when we see a piece of steel at
tract bits of iron, we call the steel a magnet,
and in this way distinguish it from a piece
of steel that will not attract bits of iron.
ONLY KNOW 'IS EFFECTS.
But as far as magnetism itself is con
cerned," we do not know what it is any more
than we do what gravity or electricity are.
However, this fact does not hinder our
studying magnetic laws. We do not know
what gravity is, and yet we know all about
its laws, and, recognizing its effects, we say
"gravity did this or that." If we wished to
we might call gravity magnetism and mag
netism gravity, for all tbe difference it
wonld make. They both possess the profit
of attraction. However, we wish to distin
guish between the attraction ot the earth
for all things, and the attraction of magnet
ized steel lor bus of iron, so we call one
kind of attraction gravity and the other
magnetism.
Now, as a magnet possesses the power of
attracting to itself bits of iron that are some
little distance away, we might easily im
agine that a magnet must in some way
effect the space surrounding it. In fact this
is actually found to be the case, and is
shown in the following manner,
LINES OF 70BCE.
Take a good bar magnet (a bar magnet is
straight, but most steel magnets have the
shape of a horseshoe), lay it on a table, and
place over it a flat piece of glass. If we then
sift fine iron filings over the surface of the
glass, the filings will arrange themselves in
curved lines reaching from pole to pole, and,
in fact, it is found that these lines radiate
out from each pole on all sides, much like
the lines or grooves of a mnskmelon, only
there are a great many more ol them. These
line are called "lines of lorce," but what
they are we do not know. We onlv know of
their existence by experiment, and recog
nize them by their effect.
Now. as a matter of fact, these lines of
force have a closed circuit; that is, they
start out from one pole into the span around
the magnet, and, curving toward the other
pole, they re-enter then and so return
through the magnet to the starting point.
It must not be understood here that there is
anything like a motion or a current con-
surface. They are called the magnetic poles
of the earth, and do not correspond to tbe
geographical poles, although tbe magnetic
and geographical poles are very near each
other.
In the olden times, before people had ever
heard of such things as "lines of force."
Tbey called the North Pole of the earjh
"the North Bole," because the north pole of
a magnetic needle pointed toward it But
as a rqatter of fact, we know from our study
oi magnets and lines ol lorce, mat wua
magnets, free to move, unlike poles, point
toward each other.
A CONFUSION OF NOMENCXiATUBE.
So that if we call the bine point of our
magnetized needle north, the so-called
North Pole of the earth mnst be south, or if
fve still call it north, we must call the blue
enu ot lueneewe sonth;ior, according to our
law, they cannot both have the same name.
However, as it would cause confusion to
make any change in such old and well-established
names, they are allowed to stand,
so that when talking on such a subject as
this, care must be taten to avoid any mis
understanding, and for that reason we often
hear this expression, "The north seeking
pole." By this is meant the pole of a mag
net which points to the so-called North Pole
of the earth.
We have now made a short study of per
manent magnets, and shown one great use'
that can be made of its "lines of forces." In
our next article we shall continue in this
line of thought under the head of "Elec
tricity and Its Generation," and, alluding
to electro-magnets, shall study another use
and wonderiul property of magnetic lines of
force. Scibe Facias.
THE BRAIN WOBBLES.
Liquids Besponsible for llany Odd
Post-Frandia! Remarks.
QUEEN VICTORIA'S STIMULANTS.
THE ELECTRICAL WORLD.
Applications or the air.terloua Cnrrent In
All Fields ofMfr.
wmnmr ron thi dispatch.
LtEUTKlTANT BBADLET A. FlSKE Shows in
a recent lecture on "Electricity In Warfare"
that the modern warship Is the most intricate,
tremendons and powerful maenme existing,
and this is owing mainly to tbe marvelous
adaptation she has been able to make of tbe
powers of electricity. As tbe fate of a nation
may, at a crisis, depend upon a single shot, not
a thing can be neglected which will contribute
to the speed, endurance and effectiveness of
the ship. 8be must be nnder instantaneous
and absolute control at all times. She mnst
respond at once to the will of her
captain, and her whole strength and
power mnst be his, as though it were a
part of bim. Ensconced in his coming tower
he mnst be the brain of tbe gigantic hodr.
Electric wires must, like nerves, convey instant
tidings to him from ber innermost recesses and
electric wires flash back from him the inev
itable command. The enemy beine in sight,
the captain must, at each instant, know her
exact distance and direction so that he can
givo the necessary orders to tbe gnnnery offi
cer, wbo has the guns nndor his personal di
rection, and who keeps them always bearing
on the enemy and always correctly elevated for
the distance, so that they Will bo read; to Are
as soon as loaded.
An Old Legend That Accounts for fiord
hansen Brandy Stills.
PB0SPEB1TI BKIKGS IKTEHPEEAKCB
work about the house, and Carlyle uncon- nected with thess closed "lines ot force."
scionslv imDOsed nnon her TT .. .,., I Thev are sinmlv thin: and now let m e
scionsly imposed upon her. He was very
irritable, and his stomach was such that he
wns often in a bad humor. He would eat no
bread but that which his wife baked, and be
said no marmalade agreed with him except
that which she made with her own hands.
He often wounded her feelinss without
knowing it, and he was filled with remorse
when his eyes were opened by her diary,
which he first saw after her deatb. He
authorized the publication of tbe diary more
from a wish fo do justice to her memory than
anything else, and be gave it over into
Fronde's hands with the injunction to pub
lish it if he thought that justice demanded
it, bnt, if he published it, to put it word for
word and line for line as it was written.
When Mrs. Carlyle married him it was
one of her ambitions to be able to aid him in
his literary work. The two did work for a
short time alter their marriage. They did
some translations together, but Carlyle
found that he must be alone to do his best
work. The law of genius is solitude, and as
he went on with his literary labors the dis
tance between the two increased, and he
gradually came to do all his work by him
self. Fbank G. Cabpenteb.
CLEVER PAKLOB THICK.
Splitting nn Apple or Fear Without Tonch.
lnB it With tbe Band.
tit. Louis rost-DIsnatch.
How can a knife be held so accurately
underneath a pear that, when the string is
lighted, the fruit falls upon the knife in
such a manner that it is cnt in two? It is
not necesjary to have a plumb-line in order
to find the cutting point, but it can be easily
done, by dipping the pear into water. A
few drops will trickle down irom the pear
and fall into one and the same place. This
spot must be accurately marked, but so that
it is only visible to the initiated, who can
make all these preparations be
fore doing the trick before his
audience, letting them find the
" 0
Sr -AiH II iv
CiMnvtuptnrl n Ban
pear already suspended from the wall or a
chandelier. Tnen have someone in the au
dience light tbe thread, and in falling the
pear will be split In two parts. This little
experiment can also be made with two
knives crossing each other. A" few trials
will soon demonstrate where the knives
must be crossed in order to split the pear
into four pieces, which may be caught in
tbe fall with a tea-tray or a plate. It is
needless to say that the fruit must be soft,
and the knives -well sharpened or order to
make the trick successful.
Birth ei Cbarapacnr.
vDom Perignon, a plons monk, made sun
dry discoveries as the result of thonght and
judgment, among them being the invention
of corks. Bnt his greatest "find," for which
he has most credit, was the discovery of
champagne. Like many other inventions,
it was accidental. A closely corked bottle
exploded and oharapsgne was born,
They are simply thin; and now let us see
what use we can make of them.
LINES OF TWO MAGNETS.
Although, these lines have no motion,
they seem to have a direction, for if we
bring two magnets near to each other, so
that one magnet is free to move, that is, if
we take two bar magnets and lay one on tbe
table and suspend the other over it with a
string, the hanging magnet will always set
it sell parallel to tne otner magnet in snch a
way that the north or positive pole of one
magnet will be over the south or negative
pole of the other. In other words, unlike
poles seem to attract each other.
But if we examine this a little further we
find that the lines of force of the two mag
nets are parallel to each other and in tbe
same direction. That is, if we imagine the
direction of the lines to be out of the north
pole and into the sontb, the lines of the
two magnets will then be parallel and in
the same direction, for tbe lines will pass
out of the north pole of one magnet into
the south pole of tbe other, and out of the
north pole of this back into the south pole
of the first again. If we reverse the poles
of the two magnets, so that the lines of
force are opposed to each other, we will
STRAIN THE LINES
out of their natural position, just like
stretching a rubber band or bending a
spring, and if we let go of the suspended
magnet, rubber band and spring, all will
return to their natnral positions, and iu
doing so, can be made to do an amount of
work exactly equal to the work or energy
expended in straining these things out of
their natural positions.
Suppose now that we have two magnets
and onlv know the poles of one of tbem; it
would be a very small matter to find tbe
other, and not only to find them, but at
once tell which one was north and which
south. Suppose that the unknown magnet
were round like a ball, and it is just as easy
to make a magnet this shape as any other.
We can now explore the space surrounding
the magnetic ball and find out all about it
To do this all we need is a small steel
needle, well magnetized and suspended
from the middle by a fine thread. Now,
remembering this rule, that a magnet free
to move will set itself parallel to tbe lines
of force of anv other magnet near it and in
such a way that the lines of force ol the two
magnets will have the same direction, let
us suspend onr little exploring magnet over
the magnetized ball.
MTSTEBT OF THE DIP.
At first it will twist and vibrate back and
forth, but finally it will come to rest nar-
ailel to the lines of force of the ball magnet
and in snch a way that the lines coming
out of the north pole of tbe ball will pass
into the sonth pole of tbe needle, and from
the north pole of the needle into the sonth
pole of the ball. If the needle comes to rest
in a position tangent to the ball it will be
jnst naif way between the two poles of the
call, ii tut? UCCUJU U1JJ3 a JUUC, Jb will ue
nearer one pole of the ball than the other,
and if the needle dips to such an extent
that it points to the center of the ball it is
directly over one of the poles.
And in each case the north pole of tbe
needle will point toward the south Dole of
the ball, so that the lines of force may pass
from tbe norm poie oi one magnet to tbe
sonth pole of the other. Now.it is exactly
in this manner that we are enabled to find
our way about on the surface of tbe earth,
for although the earth is not a magnetized
iron ball, yet it has the properties of a mig
net and will cause a suspended magnetized
needle to behave just as our magnetized
ball did.
POLES OF THE EABTH.
In fact, a compass is nothing more nor
less than a suspended magnetized needle.
If such a magnet be suspended free to move
in any direction and then carried about to
different parts of tbe earth, it will be found
that at tbe equator the needle will be hori
zontal and point North and South, but as
we approach the north pole from the
equator the needle will "dip" more and
more till at last we shall find a point near
tne North Pole of the earth where the
needle will point straight up and down.
There are two such points on the earth's
A new process of bleaching by electricity
has been devised for the textile trades. By its
use the need of bleaching ponder is done away
with. The current is taken direct from the
dynamo to electrodes placed in a wooden tank
containing a solution consisting of calcined
magnesia, hTdro-chlorle acid, and water. TJp
to this time the solution has no bleaching prop
erties; m other words, no chlorine is present.
After, however, passing a current of a specific
voltage and amnerase throngh the solution for
100 boars, it exhibits .25 of 1 per cent of fixed
chlorine, which bleaches yarn and tow in as
many hours as it has hitherto taken days, with
out Impairing tbe strength of tbe material.
.
While electric motors are rapidly coming
into general nse for many purposes, one of their
latest applications is to excavating machinery.
Electricity is easily transmitted to a distance,
and its use Is therefore found economical for
excavating and dredging in many daces where
the great cost of fuel or water wonld otherwise
do a uar to sucti operations. The electric
motor excavator is now In active work. It is
found that its power is sufficient to dig
cemented gravel, and it possesses such elasticity
as to materially relieve the shocks winch are
the chief cause of breakages in excavating
machinery: it automatically adjusts itself to
work, pulling bard at a slow speed while the
uipper is loaning iisen on me oanic. working
quickly and easily while swinging and returning
to the dipper; and it. moreover, does away with
a fireman and all the annoyances inseparable
from the use of steam.
Considerable attention has been paid of
late to the subject of subterranean mines, and
they seem likely to play an important part In
the military operations of the future. They
can be advantageously sown in places over
which the enemy is expected to pass, especially
in tbe approaches to a fort or otber Intrenched
position. Tbe mines may be fitted either with
percussion fuses or electrical connections, so
that they can be exploded by an operator with
in the intrenebments at any required moment.
Tbe result of the explosion of a series of these
mines in tbe midst of an advancing recimens
can oe easuy imagined.
good deal has been written on the souring?
of milk during a thunderstorm, and some in
teresting experiments on the relation of elec
tricity to this phenomenon have been under
taken in Italy. It was found that tbe passage
of an electric current- directly through the
milk, not only did not hasten, but actually de
layed acidulation, milk so treated not becom
ing soar until from the sixth to tbe ninth day,
whereas milk not so electrified became mark
edly acid on tbe third day. When, however,
tbe surface of a quantity of milk was brought
under tbe balls of a Holtz machine tbe milk
soon became sour from the ozone generated,
The latest arrival among small engines for
household and otber uses is the electric motor'
and its special fitness for a wide range of appli
cation is being daily more and more recognized.
In capacity the electric motor is now made to
range from small fractions of a horse-power nn
to relatively large sizes, so as to meet the re
quirements otthe constantly increasing num
ber of usen. Borne of the very small sizes, de
signed especially for such light work as run
ning sewing machines, jewelers' and dentists'
lathes and drills, etc, have been arranged to
work with battery currents, and the outfits
would seem to offer every possible convenience
for the accomplijlm'.nt of satisfactory work.
..
It seems likely that before long steps will be
taken to remove what has always been a source
ot dissatisfaction, tbe anomaly of a nominal
candle-power for electric lights differing widely
from the actnat iltuminatln? power which ex
ists iu the supply of current from electric light
ing stations, vr. jjoun iseu. in aiscussing this
question recently at Cape May, says: "Wo
know only too well that the candle-powers of
arc lamps are quite different from the real.
The whole subjeec is In a tangle, which at first
seems almost hopeless. It has not been spe
cially important in tbe early staees of electric
lighting, because people did not look so closely
then into the actual conditions under which
the light they purchased should be given; but
as tbe electric lighting business comes more
and more down to close competition and hard
commercial lines, it becomes more and more
necessary to look after these things, and to de
fine just what we mean by the lights which wo
contract to furnish, and to arrange someway
by which there shall bo general consent as to
the meaning of tbe terms wbich we nse." t
A PROJECT of considerable magnitude for
power distribution is now nnder consideration
In Saxony, Germany. It is proposed to establish
near tbe city of Dresden an immense eloctrio
llsbt station to furnish high tension cnrrent for
light and power to 16S small towns and villages
In the territory circumscribed by tbe towns
Meissen, Freiberg, Flrna, Scbandau, Sebnltz
and Badeberg.
Asnoui.AB phenomenon of tbe lightning
flash is that its chief effects are observable
only at tbe points of its entrance and exit.
Thus a flash which entered a schoolroom in
jured only the first and last child on the form,
those between escaping unhurt. The most
effective treatment of lameness and otber ail
ments due to lightning is tbe application alter
nately to the bead, trnnk and limbs, of a large
horseshoe magnet In case of a quito recent
stroke, the clothing should be unlastened, the
patient laid with tbe head hib, and quietness
and fresh air should bo secured. If conscious
ness does not return, the bead should be ex
posed to a stream of. cold water.
At tbe recent convention of the British As
sociation 'one of the speakers said he was
in a position to bear witness to tbe
value of the range-finder. Some years ago a
friend of his bad occasion to make a survey of
some land, but had been tbreatened with vio
lence by those opposed to bis operations. For
this reason be had been unable to measure tbe
ground in the usual way with tne cnam, out ne
had arrived at a sufficiently close approxima
tion by using his theodolite and adopting prin
ciples almost identical with those carried out
In designing tbe rance-finder. Tbe powers of
tbe range-finder have been Infinitely increased
in this conntry by tbe application to it of elec
tricity. Tbe electricial range-finder is em
plejed not only by all the modern war vessels,
bnt also by an increasing number of American
aaaronaatvsMeU.
Even with the best after-dinner speakess,
logic is apt to become mixed unless the glow
of the occasion arises solely from having
consumed a sufficiency of good food, without
the emollient influences of alcoholio
liquids. I do not mean to say that such
speakers are, as the phrase goes, "under the
influence of liquor," but the Biblical de
scription of wine "that maketh glad the
heart of man," neatly and concisely ex
presses tbe satisfying sense of power which
the good things of the table, when taken in
conj nnction with liquids, bring about, says
a writer in the New York Saturday Review.
The man who has dined fears nothing, either
physical or moral, and be will charge at a
difficult and abstruse point of argument as
boldly as at the Boman pnncb.
Presumably a great many of the foolish
things that have been written, as well as
said, are due to such a state of things. It
is said tbat when Jules Verne wishes to
write one of bis wildly erratic and imagina
tive romances he goes to bed, smokes for
dear life and does not neglect the bottle.
This suits hisjstyle of literature, since iu
very charm arises from its wildness and
utter improbability. But the ordinary
writer, who has the ordinary matters of
everyaay me lor nis tneme, does not write
any tbe better for the presence of this forced
imagination and power. The natural
tendency is to go into extremes, and so be
come laughable, instead of telling.
Quite frequently it is due to this that tbe
fluent pen becomes fluid, and that a man
who naturally writes with great strength,
vigor and cleverness becomes simply verbose
and vapid, tbe charm of a strengthful style
eing pouea oy a superfluity ot ponderous
adjectives and rashly ventured opinions.
When post-prandial perspicacity merely
takes the form oi words, little harm is, as a
rule, done by this misplaced confidence in
one's own ability; but when it is inscribed
on paper, and tben takes shape in printer's
ink, it is apt to leave large room for doubt
as to the complete sobriety or sanity of the
writer.
The Xiesend or Brandy.
There is an old German legend, prevalent
to this day in tbe duchy ot Saxe-Meiningen,
which details circumstantially his Satauto
Majesty's claim to the invention of brandy.
Tbe monarch of the infernal regions so the
story goes was once fairly ontwitted by a
Steinbach man, -who tricked the great enemy
of mankind into entering an old beech tree,
where he found himself trapped without
power of escape, and did not regain his
freedom till the tree was cut down.
As soon as he was liberated, Old Nick
rushed frantically to his dominions to see
how things had fared during bis absence.
To his dismay he found hell empty. Cast
ing about him for some means ot refilling
Pandemonium with lost souls, he hit upon
the idea of inventing brandy. Delighted
with this happy thought, he hurried at
once to the city of Nordhausen, and set up
a distillery there, which was so successful
that all the rich men of the place came to
him to learn this new art of brandy-making,
and in due time, abandoning their otber
business, became distillers themselves.
And thns, says the chronicler of tbe legend,
it happened tbat to tbe present day there is
no other place in the world where there is so
much of brandy burned as at Nordhausen.
Snbitltnte for AlcohoL
A stimulant of some sort should always
have place in the family medicine chest,,
Many people are prejudiced against all alco
holic stimulants; therefore, some substitute
mnst be found. The aromatic spirit of am
monia is equally as good in any case as
either of these, and is far better in some
cases, for it is much quicker in its action.
It is also very often efficacious in headache;
and in cases of difficult breathing there is
no better stimulant. Ladies are the most
frequent victims of "fainting spells," and
to not a lew of them alcohol is exceedingly
unpleasant. The aromatic spirit of am
monia is an admirable substitute, and
really should take precedence in the treat
ment of such attacks. Tbe dose is one-half
a teaspoonful, well diluted. It is always a
good plan to pnt one teaspoonful of the am
monia into a wineglassful of water, and ad
minister half the quantity at one dose. If
in 15 or 20 minutes further stimulation is
needed, what remains in the cup may be
given.
Counterfeiting; a Favorltp.
Blending is quite a fine art, but risky.
The late Mr. Charles Tovey, says Charles
Cooper in Longman, was preparing the wine
list for a civic dinner, and fonnd tbat a sup
ply ol 1820 port, upon which he had
reckoned, had given out. Now, two of his
guests were men in the wine trade, who, ha
knew, were looking forward specially to this
1820 wine. So to hemor them he set to work
to match it, and by blending some 1834,
which at that time had not been long in
bottle, and was insufficiently matured, with
a white port, sound and astringent, which
had been in the cellars of a county
family for generations, be produced so
exact an imitation of the 1820
wine that the critics were fairly taken in.
But mark the sequel. He was so pleased
with his success that he laid down a dozen
of the blended wine and kept it for 12
months, only to find at the end of that time
that is was worthless a nondescript abso
lutely without character. Tho moral of
which little story and it is always well to
conclude with a moral is that no man's
judgment about wine is infallible, and that
the best-intentioned host will take pleasure
in deluding you about the contents of his
cellar whenever he can.
Prosperity and Intemperance.
Aid. Bichardson drew attention th
otber day, says tbe Newcastle, England
Chronicle, to the apparent relative connec
tion between industrial prosperity and in
creased intemperance on the part of the peo
ple. Newcastle is not tbe only place in
which this experience obtains. From a
Glasgow cotemporary we learn that the
number of "drunks" charged at the police
court in that city yesterday was 209, as
against 167 on the same date last year; while
the total, all offenses being inclnded, was
609, compared with 398 last year. It is
true that "one swallow does not make a
summer." The multiplication of such ex
amples of the growth of drinking habits, as
that afforded in Newcastle, seems, however,
to warrant the deduction wbich Aid.
Bichardson and others are disposed to draw
from it
Qneen Victoria Stlmnlant.
Queen Victoria, writes Annie Wakeman,
eats moderately, but her food must be of tho
finest quality. Her wines are of the rarest,
although of late years the Queen's medical
man bas prohibited ber indulging in Bur
gundy, claret or port wine, ol which she was
once moderately fond, and ot which she is a
dainty judge. Champagne was never her
favorite wine, and she drinks it usually la
deference to the preference of guests, for the
Queen is mistress of the arts of tact and deli
cacy as hostess. Latterly a little Scotch
whisky in appollinaris water is her usual
beverage.
Affected Tbem Serloualy.
Boston Herald.
First bootblack Soy, Jack, I Jes red dot
dere's a lot ui $5 counterfeits going round.
Second bootblack Is dot so? Well, we'vtl
got ter be fly and not take any, eh?
y
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