firft instance he had heard of, in which the pream ble has b#en adduced tor futlia purpose. In Ins opinion the preamble only Itates tue objects ol the confederation, and the fubfequeut clauses de. .;;.-nate the exprefj powers by which tliofe objects are'to be obtaine.i and a mean i-> proposed thro which to acquire t})ofe ihat may be lound Itiil re quiiuo, more fully to effect the purposes of the confederation. It is faiJ, " there is a field of legislation yet urn :plored," —He had often heard this language but he confefled lie did not underltand it.—ls fhcre, laid he, a fmgie blade of grafs—ls there ■any property in exiltence in the United States, which is not fulijeit to legislation, either of the particular States, or of the United States ? He contended that the exercise of this power 011 the part of the United States, involves, to all intents and purposes, every power which an individual Hate may exercise. On this principle he denied the l ight of Congress to make use of a Bank to facilitate the collection oi taxes. He did not, however admit the idea,that the inftitutioii would conduce to that objec r t : The bank notes are to be equal to gold and silver, and consequently will be as diiHcult to obtain as the specie. By jneans of the objetfis of trade on which gold and silver are employed, there will be an influx of those articles—hut paper being fubltituted, will fill those channels, which would otherwise be oc cupied by the precious metals—This, experience lhews is the uniform effedt of such a fubltitution. The right of Congress to regulate trade, is ad duced as an argument in favor of this ofcreating a corporation —but what has this bill to do with trade ? Would any plain man suppose that this bill had any thing to do with trade ? Hp noticed the observation refpecfung the uti lity of Banks to aid the government with loans .—He denied the necessity of the institution to aid the government in this refpecft—Great Britain, he observed, did not depend on such institutions —lhe borrows from various sources. " Banks it is said, are to pay the in terest of the public debt," —then they ought to be established in the places where that inteieft is paid—but can any man fay, that the bank notes will circulate at par in Georgia. From the ex example of Scotland we know that they cannot be made equal to specie, remote from the place, where ihey can be immediately converted into coin—they mutt depreciate in cafe of a demand for specie—ami if there is no moral certainty that the intei elb can be paid by these bank bills, ■will the government be juflified in depriving it felf of the power of ettablifliing banks in differ ent parts of the union ? We reason (laid he) and often with advantage xVom Britifti models, but in the present instance there is a great dissimilarity of circumstances. The bank notes of Great-Britain do not circulate ■universally ; to make the circumttances parallel, it ought to have been afl'umedasa fac f t that banks are elVablifhed in various parts of Great-Britain, at which the interest of the national debt is paid —but the faift is, it is only paid in one place. The clause of the conititution which has been so often recurred to, and which empowers Con gress to dispose of its property, he fuppoled re ferred only to the property lefc at the conclusion of the war, and has no reference to the monied property of the United States. The clause which empowers Congress to pass all laws necessary, &c. has been brought forward repeatedly by the advocates of the bill ; he no ticed the several conllruiTtionsof this clause which had been offered ; the conclusion which he drew from the commentary of the gentleman from Maflachufetts, Mr. Gerry, was that Congress may do what they please—and recurring to the opin ion of that gentleman in 1787 ; he said the pow ers of the constitution were then dark, inexpli cable and dangerous—but now, perhaps as the result of experience they are clear and luminous ! The conftructions'of the constitution, he avert ed, which have been maintained on this occasion go to the subversion of every power whatever in the several States—but we are told for our com fort that the judges will recftify our mistakes ; how are the judges to determine in the cafe ; are they to be guided in their deciiions by the rules of expediency ? It has been alked that if those minute powers of the constitution were thought to be neceflary, is it fuppofable that the great and important pow er on the table was not intended to be given ? Mr. Madison interpreted this circumstance in a quite different way, viz. il" it was thought lie ceflary to fpecify in rhe constitution, those mi jiure powers, it would follow that more impor tant powers would nave been ■ explicitly granted had they been contemplated. Tlie Western Territory business he observed, was a cafe J'ui generis, and therefore cannot be cited with propriety : Well Point, so often men tionetl he laid, was purchased by the United States pursuant to law—and the consent of the Stare of New York is fuppo'ed, if it has not been exp efsly gi anted ; but on any occasion does it follow that one violation of the coujftitution is to be juftified by another ? The permanent residence bill, conceived Was entirely irrelative to the fabjecl ; but lie conceived it might be jultified on truly conlh tutional principles. . The act veiling in the Piefident of the Lnited States ilie power of removability has been quo ted ; he recapitulated in a few words his ica lons for being in favor of that bill. The bank of North-America, he said, he had opposed, as he conlidered the institution as a vio lation of the confederation. The State of Mas sachusetts he recollected voted with him on that occasion. The bank of North America was how ever the child of necelfity—as soon as tlie war was over, it ceased to operate as to continental purposes. But, asked he, are precedents in war, tojultify violations of private and Stare rights, in a time of peace ? and did the United States pass laws to punifti the counterfeiting the noles of that bank ! They did nor, being convinced of the invalidity of any such law—the bank there fore took flielter under the authority of the State. The energetic adniiniltratioii of this govern ment is said co be connected withthisinlhtution. Mr. Madison here stated the principles on which he conceived this government ought to be ad ministered—and added, other gentlemen may have had other ideas on the fubjetft, and may have consented to the ratification of the conflitu tioh on different principles and expectations— but he considered the enlightened opinion and affection of the people, the only solid basis tor the support of this government. Mr. Madison then stated his objections to the several parts of the bill : '( he firft article he ob jected to, was the duration—A period of twenty years, he observed, was to this ccuiury as a per iod of a century in thehiftoryof other countries —there was no calculating for the events which might take place : He urged the ill-policy of granting so long a term, from the experience of the government in refpecft to some treaties, which tho found inconvenient, could not now be altered. The different claffesof the public creditors, he observed, were not all put on an equal footing by thii bill ; but in the bill for the disposal of the Western Territory, this had been thought eflential : The holders of 6 per cent, securities, will derive undue advantages—Creditors at adif tance, and the holders of 3 per cent, securities, ought to be considered—as the public good is most elfentially promoted by an equal attention to the interest of all. I admit, said he, that the government ought to consider itfelf as the trustee of the public on this occasion, and therefore should avail itfelf of the best disposition of the public property. In this view of the fubjedi, he objected to the bill, as the public, he thought, ought to derive greater advantages from the inftirution than those proposed. In cafe of a universal circula tion of the notes of the proposed bank, the pro fits will be so great that the government ought to receive a very considerable sum for granting the charter. There are other defects in the bill, which ren der it proper and necell'ary in my opinion, that it Ihould undergo a revision and amendment be fore it passes into a law : The power vested by the bill in the executive to borrow of the bank, he thought was objecftionable—and the right to establish subordinate banks, he said, ought not to be delegated to any fee of men under heaven. The public opinion has been mentioned : If the appeal to the public opinion is suggested with sincerity, we ought to let our constituents have an opportunity to form an opinion 011 the fubjedi. He concluded by faying, he ftiould move for the previous question. The previous question, " Shall the main ques tion now b: put," being determined in the affir- mauve, Mr. Gerry rose to reply to Mr. Madison—but the house discovering an impatience to have the main question put —after a few remarks, he wa ved any further observations. WARSAW, (Poland) February 1. WE have received accounts that a body of Ruffians have eroded the Danube, near If mail, in order to attack the army of the Grand Vizier at Schunila ; and it is said that Gen. Ri bas is 011 his way to Warna with his fleet. Re ports state, that the Ruffian grand fleet at Sebaf tapole lias failed, in order to meet liini, and that they wiH proceed to Constantinople. PARIS, February 14 A Schism, to all intents and purposes, reigns in this Republic ; the non-juring clergy are countenanced by the minority, and the ("wearing prietlsare Supported by the ruling party ; — both equally contemning the niiniltei s of the oppolite creed. I lie Pope has written a circular letter of con dolance to tlie difpoilefled Bifliops of France — lie invites them into the papal dominions, and makes them a tender of his belt offices. Ail infurre«ftion is ready to break out at Gejie va ; there are two parties : Cue willies to fee eoua 822 lity reign amongall the citizens as 111 France ; the other would have the republic under the French government. The latter, it is thought, will prevail. M. de Mirabeau, ihevounger, hadrni fed a company of volunteers at Yverdun, in Swit zerland, which, in attempting to enter Neufcha tel, was cut to pieces by the inhabitants of the town ; he narrowly escaped with his life. LONDON, February 8 ACCORDING to letters from Amsterdam. by the ]alt mails, a stop has been put there,' by authority, to the loan which was negotiating commillion for a Northern Power. We learn from Breli. that they have for tlicfe fix weeks part, had very blowing weather, which fometimcs might be called a hurricane ; thatthe lightning had fallen four times upon the (hips in the road, but happily no damage was done to any of them, molt of the eiedtric matter having been carried off by the conductors. Feb. 17, Though the Impeachment against Mr. Mailings is carried in the Houl'e of Com mons, and the fame Committee as before ap pointed to conduct the trial, it still rests with the House of Lords, "Whether they think a difio lution of Parliament abates the Impeachment or not f" If they (hould agree in the affirmative, the trial drops of course, for then it will be the opi nion of the Court. We hear that the French Ambaffadur, agree able to his inftrucftions from the King of France, has applied to the Court of London, to relealc Lord G. Gordon from the pains and penalriej of his sentence in Newgate, for his publication in 1786, reflecting 011 the then arbitrary govern ment of Fiance, the Baflile, and Letters de Ca chet. The result of the Ambafl'ador's applica tion he has communicated to Lord George in his diplomatique quality ; and we are very forty to add, that the joint and direlt request of the K'-ig of France himfelf and the National Affeni bly, the Representatives of a free people, in their great character of restorers of liberty, has been refufed at St. James's ! ! The settlement of she Canada business will not wait for the arrival of Lord Dorchester, who is not expedted home so soon as has been gene rally ftatecl ; all the documents relative to that business have been already received, with his Lordftiip's opinion thereon. The arrival of the Swallow packet from Ma dras, is looked for in the course of three weeks, with dispatches from Gen. Meadows, of the ut 1110ft importance; between whom and Tippoo Saib a decisive atftion was immediately expeded when the Houghton Eaft-Indiamen failed for England on the i qth of last Sept. Tippoo was at that period comingdown with his whole force from the Mysore couutry to attack the Britifli army, M. Brouillet, a member of the National Af fenibly of France, has proposed a scheme for the abolition of the barbarous cuiVom of duelling— He proposes that the Aflerobly fliould ifl'ue a solemn declaration : I. That honor, as well as virtue, being personal, no citizen can be de prived of it but by his own act, and that it can in no cafe depend on the caprice of another.—< 2. That every citizen, convicted of having giv en an affront to another, by words, gestures, or threats, will be profecured and puuifhed as a disturber of the public peace.—3. That every person who Jliall flrike another (hall be declared infamous.— 4. That the laws againit duelling (hall continue in force, and be executed withtlie utmost Rigour.— 5. That those arc to be con sidered as disgraced, who, in contempt of the law, dare to give a challenge.—And, 6. That it cannot be dilhonorable to refufe a challenge, as true honor consists in submission to the laws. An ingenious gentleman who owed a friend some money, invited him to dine with him, and plied him so briskly with good wine, that the creditor generously forgave the debt. The other calls this a new method of i.i<iuiD-ating a Motion of Mr. Burke in the Hoafe of Commons, Feb- ruary 14. " That in consideration of the long period of time elapsed in the trial of Warren Hastings, Esq. it is now neceflary for the obtaining of speedy judgment, to carry up 110 further charges except l'uch as relate to bribes, pensions, and pre sents." Mr. Fox seconded the motion. Several amendments being moved and ne S 3 ' tived, Mr. Burke's motion was put and carries without a division. After Mr. Burke's original motion was putaiia carried, the following were also carried : Resolved, That a Meflage befent to the Lords, to acquaint their Lordlhips that this House i* ready to proceed upon the impeachment of War ren Hastings, Esq. late Governor Gen. of Bengal» now depending before the Lords in parliament and to requelt that their Lordships will appoint a convenient day for the further hearing of the fame. ~ Kefolved, That Mr. Burke do carry the W* Me flags.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers