INSTRUCTING THE PUPIL. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE OLD AND NEW SCHOOL TEXT-BOOKS. Tli© Striking Changes Which Have Oc cur red—Klm© of 1 thmtiutlon—Dangling© liooks Popular—Decline or Ilie "lllglier Head era"—The Development of luHto. In the last 20 years, educator!! note, striking changes have taken place in school text-books, particularly those tor elementary schools. One of the most notaina of the differences be tveeu the text-book of today and that o'i the earlier period lies in illustra tion. rublishers, complying with the demands of the "new education," have employed all the wealth of modern processes in making attractively and accurately pictorial almost every subject of study to which the application of illustrations is at all possible—and in some instanoes pictures arc found in books where they occasion distinct surprise. For in stance, it would not seem that the subject of English composition cried aloud for illustration, yet in some of the most recent text-books on the sub ject pictures are a feature. To the representatives of American public schools at the Paris Exposition, it was made plain that, in illustration and in general effectiveness, the Unittd States led the world in the making of text-books. They them selves saw nothing to equal the pro duction of this country, and their ob servation was confirmed by the com ment of foreign teachers when examining the American exhibit. Frequent exclamations of astonish to have fallen from them, fol lowed by the wish that books of such character were at their disposal. Ad miration appeared to proceed es pecially from the teachers of central and eastern Europe—Russians and Austrians being conspicuous among the landers. The books upon which illustration is most lavished are primers and early readers, geographies, national histo ries, histories, and all works for the teaching of science. No pains have been spared to make the pictures not only beautiful, but correct. For in stance, when a place is pictured, it is no longer, as in the older tekt-books, either from the sketch of some trav eler or purely from the imagination, but from photographs taken on the spot. Illustrations in color are becom ing more and more in vogue in books intended for the youngest children. All these results are in striking con trast to the attempts at illustration made in the older books, for, of course, such attempts have been made from the time of Oomenious, whose "Orbis Plctus" is one of the curiosities of edu cational literature. But 20 yearsago the idea of the abundant illustration of today had not been conceived, and pro cesses had not been invented, devel oped. and brought to the point of the present cheapness—for school text books must not be expensive. Hence, such illustrating as was dono was with more or less crude wood-engrav ing, and the effort made today to se cure truth In the representation of ob jects was not deemed essential. In no class of text-books has a greater change taken place than in geographies. The old geographies were little more than bald-presenta tions of political divisions of the world's surface and of lists of names of places. The new geographies show an entirely different conception of the subject. They seek to exhibit man as acting upon his environment and as acted upon by it. Consequently, the new geography is full both of history and of science. Much of the change in general in text-books is attributed to a wide spread adoption of the method of in duction in presenting knowledge to the child. Tills has not only radically af fected the treatment of nearly all branches of study, but has created a new class of text-books for the teach ing of the vernacular, called "language books." It is adapted to very young children, and is meant to teach them how to think and to form sentences, and serves as an introduction to for mal grammar. The popularity of works of this type is very great; they are used universally throughout the coun try. The idea originated with German educators. A change in instruction is leading to the decline of the higher readers — the "fifth" and "sixth," as they were called —and the substitution of com plete pieces of literature for the frag ments which the readers contained. Publishers have responded to the new trend by bringing out small volumes, each containing one or more complete poems or essays, and annotated for the special lise to which they are to be put. Dr. William H. Maxwell, the superintendent of schools in New York City, was one of the first to discard the advanced readers, and on this subject he says: "The memoriter method of learning—the committing to memory of the text-books —found its counterpart in the roto method of elo cutionary drill on the fragments of the school reader. I'he method of study ing a complete piece of literature, on the other hand, is, or ought to be, sol fettling quite different. It does not neglect elocutionary drill, but it role gates it to a subordinate place; it makes it a means to an end, not an end in itself. Is aer-vs an understanding of the matter and an appreciation of literary beauty. It shows tho child how to read. It aims at producing im portant effects on the mind and char acter of the reader. It is content with nothing less than the development of a taste, founded on understanding, for what is good in literature." Some of the associate superintend ents in New York City agree that in mechanical as well as substantial re spects tho text-books of the present day are superior to those of two dee- [ ades ago. Others believe them to be much better in conception, substance, | arrangement, and in attractiveness to the eye, but no better in the purely \ mechanical respects of paper and binding.—New York Post. SHEEP FED BY ELECTRICITY. An Ui>-tO"l>nto liiTentlon for Farmers Now on Trlul In IViii-lilguii. A man named McNair haß devised a system of pasturing sheep by elec tricity and experiments are being made with it at the agriultural ex periment station of Michigan at Lan sing. In recent years nearly every town of any size has been provided with an electric generating plant and frequently the wires are strung along country roads from town to town. This fact led Mr. McNair to attempt the use of electricity on the farm. For sheep feeding he devised a curfous pen some 15 feet square, built of wire and mounted on broad, flat wheels. This pen is designed to run in any pasture, even though it be hilly. Wires connect it with a small motor stationed at one side of the pasture, this, in turn, being connect ed with the electric wires from which power is derived. A turn of a button and the pen slowly creeps across the field. That is the essence of the in vention. Two lambs and part of the time an old ewe have been pastured in the pen during the summer at the station at Lan3ir.g. The field is planted with lucerne, growing thick and heavy. The pen is so arranged that it crawls tho full length of the pasture in one month, traveling about two feet an hour; at the end of this time it is switched around and travels back again. As it moves the sheep eat every bit of fodder, eagerly cropping next tho forward side of the pen as it runs over new ground. A bit of canvas duck is hung over one corner of the pen so that the sheep may be well shel tered and, curious as it may seem, they have become so accustomed to the moving of tho pen that when they lie down to sleep they snuggle up close to the forward end of the pen so that they may lie as long as possible with out being disturbed by the rear end of the pen as it creeps toward them. When tho pen has passed, the lucerne that has been cropped by the sheep ghows up again, and by the time the pen has made its monthly circuit the pasture is again in good condition. The advantages of this electrical pen are that the sheep are kept from run ning over, half-eating and trampling down a large amount of pasture, and it keeps the sheep quiet so that they take on flesh rapidly. But it has its disaavantages—tho sheep must have water carried to them daily —and the electricity Is somewhat expensive. Still the experi ment thus far has shown striking re sults. One wonders what the inventor will do next. Already he has produced a mechanism by means of which the farmer, on arising in the morning, may push a button at his bedside and feed all Ills horses, there being an electrical connection with the barn so arranged that when the button is pushed a cer tain quantity of oats is let down into each feeding box. QUAINT AND CURIOUS. Some statistician looking after queer facts discovers that the average woman carries -10 to CO miles of hair on her head. A pretty black cat is the much ad mired pet of a lady of St. Louis, Mo., Mrs. Anita Comfort. The owner has the cat's cars pierced, and now pussy sports a pair of diamond earrings, which glitter attractively against her d.rk fur. At a dinner given by Count Boni de Castellane in Paris recently, dwarf cherry trees loaded with fruit were used for ornament and the cherries for desert The cherries, it is said, cost $4 each. The trees had beon forced in hot-houses. In Maryland a man has patented a shirt having a detachable bosom, which can be easily removed and a fresh one put in its place when soiled, the shirt having a series of buttons, to which tongues on the edges of the bosom are attached. Chopin's study for C. Minor for the piano has a passage, taking two min utes five seconds a day to play that requires a total pressure of the fingers on the keys estimated at three full tons. In other words, it re quires about a tenth of a horse-power. The present possessor of a piece of land in tho district of Itzehoe, Den mark, pays what is believed to be the smallest rent paid by anybody in tho world—a single penny. The land hne been in his family for generations, and escapes a higher rent through the act of one of his ancestors in saving the life of Count Rantzau of Britcnberg castle. The stoves of the Bolivian Indians are curious things. A hole is dug in tho ground about 18 inches deep and a foot square, and over this is built a roof of clay, with holes of different sizes to receive the various cooking pots. Roasting is done on pots passed through the hole, so that the meat comes out very much smoked unless great care is taken to have only live coals at the bottom of the oven. Cnine High. "Do you refer to your titled son-in law as your Highness?" inquired the old friend. "No," answered Mr. Cumrox. "I re fer to him as my High-priced-ness."— Washington Star. Suez Canal to be Widened. The Suez canal is to be deepened and widened, if Mr. Linden W. Bates, the London hydraulic engineer, who is now at Suez, reports that the work can be done within a reasonable figure. The Canal Company hopes that the great waterway can be enlarged by the use of dredges, which are comparatively in expensive. There is great need of more room in the channel, for ships have been growing even greater, while the canal has remained unchanged. Mr. Bates, who is now going over the canal is enroute to Queensland, for whose government he has built three colossal dredges on the Tyne. These are to be used in clearing the harbors of Queensland of mud and detritus. The largest of the trio is the Hercules, a sea-going dredge of 5.000 horse-power, and. by permission of the Queensland government, it will be held in the canal for a time and experiments made under the direction of Mr. Bates. If it proves that Oredging is a satisfactory method of enlarging the waterway between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, the Suez Canal Company will proceed forth with to arrange for improvement on a large scale. Both the war office and the colonial office arc concerned in the enlargement of the canal, and the request made 10 Mr. Bates to go to Suez was endorsed by the latter department. Electricity in ths Schools. In an article in the current number of Success Thomas A. Edison makes some hopeful predictions for electricity. He says: "Not only as a motive power for massive enterprises will electricity find uses during the coming half century, ' hut it will also be applied to the 'gentler sciences,' if I may use the term. By this I mean surgery, optics and astrono my, but greater minds than mine must dwell 011 this particular branch of elec trical usage. Already we have surgical ; instruments that are being operated by electricity with gratifying success; in deed. they have gone beyond the experi mental stage. It will find a large field in the operation of manufacturing ma chinery, as the Niagara Falls plant shows, and it may even extend to the airship, but I think it best to confine ; ts uses to the earth, until these uses have been exhausted. "Electricity as a science should be made one of the several studies in every school in the land. It should rank with spelling and arithmetic; for. the more it is used, the more potent it becomes as an important element in all of the world's general affairs, and its value, in connection with practical business and business affairs, cannot be given too prominent a place in America's future." Indigo io bo Displaced. British manufacturers have not thought it worth while to study the pro grcs-,ivr chemistry of analinc or napthol dyes, says a London correspondent to the Paris Messenger. They have been content to leave the field open to Ger many. and the result is now obvious. Time was when British aniline dyes commanded the market of the world. It is impossible to understand why that market was ever lost. Nothing but in difference can account for it, and then we have to explain the indifference, which is impossible. At any rate, the market has gone, and there is not an aniline or napthol dye used at the pres ent day which is not produced in Ger many. The industry of the manufacture of I British dyes is dead, and the industry in I British India of the growth of indigo will follow it. Behar and other prov inces will feel it. and it will mean the ruin of innumerable natives who have lived year after year on the produce of indigo. Dyeing with indigo, however, is at best a clumsy and prolonged pro cess. It means immersions in various j compounds according to the material of tin fabric to be dyed. Like indigotine. the new German dye provides for a single bath. So confident are the manufacturers of the success of their product that a considerable sum has been spent on the necessary produc tive plant, and the new year will wit | ness the advent of the new dye. Save ! as a specialty indigo will not last be yond a year or two, and then another British industry will have succumbed t,. German competition. ® You re bilious, got a cold, you have a throbbing sensation in your head, a bad taste in your mouth, your § eyes burn, your skin is yellow with dark rings under your eyes, your lips are parched and you feel ugly and $ mean, as If you wanted to kick a lame infant or kill a canary bird. Your system is full of bile not properly OS passed off, and what you need is a cleaning up inside. Don't continue being a bilious nuisance to yourself H and those who love you, but send out at once for a box of CASCARETS and work off the cold while you sleep. € @ Be sure you get CASCARETS! Don't let them sell you a fake substitute. J © aSO " cors Deoo.imer 4, 1783. I a \vh> £ 'lf havc ""•■d your valuable CAS- ot ' fl Jmttar AsSfpN : CARWPS and find them perfect. Couldn't gru ©JyyaF . aA aiat do without them. I have used them for capw fl Af&tW aSgKsi aß 'safejH WWr® Id's flo ? B tlmo for Indigestion and biliousness * _ JSmKW iti&V tSS/ ErliSsß ?nd am now completely cured. Recommend w ° l fi lag Fj/'-y / %-■ oSjr ar " them to every one. Once tried, you will btM 0 BEST FOR BOWELS AMD LIVER. $ ® this is 1 © (CTTS , —-rloc. ® § § rlif! Fes 81 ! never sold in bulk. (f 1 THE TABLET DRUGGISTS 1 © b„.l 0 bl-.m"*na/.u".X o u o .!.TL°th'e 0 <A K F'lVw^'lm El v7 o i ,'T W,,: ,'<"■ F°" "<"> '" "t S pl VkV, ! ,r"' '• U ,!r."" r lrr,r a . t,n S r ; " vert, OMb, 1 e Uow C<!U,: mellcm In r r o!i! sretllnc .lob. <'n.ll|,aun kllla innre ueople tllun nnVlthei^'.'iV.'el.'lritJxe'hv.-.' ?uurau*te£d"M™"ir , "u>' monev " I l |v'V,.'i.'v N tv? . SCI" l "" 1 '"' '' © t '"'•'r 'a.lv'p r) 'l'.','t Vth'l^VHe'Tulres'Vo',l ay.''miu'eDttn'ulV.i Ciif r7"bitVlU*elr U 'lWkLsu J"."Ji;! 1 ' JiS'h.'.VJt''""y, 9 " ,OM " ■ er " nd,sd ' ,:j | ©®©®©©©©©©©©©@@©®@®©©c#©©©@®©®@®@@@#@©@©@@@^©o@^4t I £ y r # s H /fH Weary Women Qet Strength m and! Vigor from TFiiFiliL,'B tSreon&'s Nervura. I TP ffiy'V fMHE had planned to go out with her husband, but A (f' ' fiCXjl her strength failed her. Her nerves were excited all day, and when i? M EST night came she just couldn't find the courage, ij SSSk Jf M w&i'Jr j if H Uis the old story of weakness and nervousness taking H MB S3 KA BS g§ th® pleasure out of life and filling it with discontent and H I suffering. It is not honest fatigue resulting from the daily task; it is weariness born of weakness and ill health. The ideal strengthener for weak women is Dr. Greene's Nervura blood and nerve remedy. It builds them up in every way by toning up the blood and strengthening the nerves. Nothing else in the world can do Nervura's work. ! It seeks out the weak spots and strengthens them. It en riches the blood and gives it a healthy circulation, thus .- M putting new life into the entire body. Strength to overcome the general discouragement JSk I is followed by the ambition to be well. A few nights of sound, refreshing sleep brings a new sensation of acquired strength. How ready now is this woman for ' / } | every duty and every \ / i I = /o®. w plan for pleasure! The W m > 3 Dr. Greene §> new color in her oheeks \ , jf |lf /jilffk lt t naomm+aMißMin. m shows the potent work MOT s£>. j ffftLiTh of the vegetable ele- W\Jr AGd \ FOR THE BLOOD AND menteinNer- IS mMW I j ■ Jirjj 1" cured woman, and such transforma tions are occurring in every community Ok through the use of Dr.Greene's Nervura. yF If you are run-down and discouraged, jTjf J here is the certain help. jUSjUTv V. V-sJlilil MRS. OLIVER WILSON, cf North- )££& boro, Mass., says: lif L t(&- .AHMaBI "I tvas suffering from nervous- ,t\av\ ness, caused by fomrde weakness and / v\\ X \ ; r nervous prostration. I was so nor- / IraM Vlft vous and weak I could not go up - X IHa common pair of stairs without 'Ttar c/Lf 7 J K- t altt&s i stoppingto ivst, and troubled to ;lr 1 jg sleep at night. 1 took Dr. Greene's / fc ,Sv '' ' Nf , \ 1| Nervura and have obtained my 6 old elastic step around the house. V/..-/*yJ 'V**# Miw/a f jE After creeping around for two £ '?*■ - 7 * Z : V 18 years, hardly able to do anything. v V - SSflfel jit has proved a boon to me truly." , Mi h —— .s-y.vv;- ;H| i orF£R -81 Dr. Greene's advice is ffSjj WL 111 'SSts!?;'• ' t,| free to all who seek It, IB 'xk, iV/ f. iS A v' t ifei,'/; rH either by personal call -J" 'I |l |V -"' '■•'^.Krwiv yi; at his office, 33 W. 14th CI lu IC Street, New York City, LE or by letter through Sjmjxr h..■ PJ the mall. AM who are Hj broken In health should \ ■■ ■■ .Y.S."yt 6 3 call or write without \ gg delay to Nervura's dis- \ There is much talk about the chivalry of the knights of old and all that sou of thing, but in many instances these men in armor were in some respects as bad as the Chinese "Boxers." They often took a voluntary oath never to spare the life of a,n enemy. Dr. Bull's Em**' u ■ tu*>> ■ ■ w troubles. People praise Cough Syrup Quick, sure reults. ' Refuse substitutes. Get Dr. Bull's Cough Syrup. >. My nplßlibor'sohild wnirtven yr . tip, tliH family concluded it / \a n \ would houKuleHM to make furt hoi f l ' :i v<• i*. t'ii' '>n being f< . 1 persnaded, they administered F si FHEY'S VERMIFUGE, CwA Juelled. The child recovered.— X. / / Oai.ku IlixcHOiKiK.NearZaues- Y ' / ville. Ohio. 23 cent* ut Drug y* g MB. country stores or by mall, fc perfect tonic for children. 1-1. As. I'KhV, iliUiluiurt'i aid. 1. "a" I Thompson's Eye Water ' FrfEE ELECTRIC BELT OFFERi I Vi ITH TEN DAY'S FREE WEABINU | i , V*v !s S*%'s9": - tytiw TRIAL hi your own home, •< r- Aik : 'T*.■•>}?s'n| rumish the genuine ami 1 h II: i: K'.BItKU AI.TKHNa f j l.sun KKICNI KLKI". KIC fitl.Td r OST3 .VTL MM GST MAT HI HQ compared with most all other treatirie.it a. Cutm wk. n ail ether rleo. Irlt br.:, ami revedlea fa'l. QUICK CURE for inorotnan&bailmeuto. OM.YBl'iir CUBE fo~ ull ncrvouv dlseasea, weaknesses and disorders. For complete pealed oonfltlontial catalogue, rut tills ad out and mall tw ua. SEARS. ROEBUCK & CO.. Chioaao. DR. SHAFER tF \ I"" IJrino Hpclalist (VVntor MC' I Ihiclor) can detect ami explain p & tlie most complicated chronic V. disease by the urino; ifcurable, 0 d r, ' at successfully by mall. ftPx L 8n<l 4cents for mailing case MS. Y/ -v I' o1 * urim*. Consultation, nnal- VkWYT lysis <r urine; report and book ''-.jUii t Ills new science, free. ;[.F. SHAFEB.iI £.. 423 Ponn Ave, * "Mrst 1 lour, Pittsburg, i'a. NFW DISCOVERY; ' KJ iiw "** " L OJ9 B quick reliot and curon worst ctiHea. Book of teatiiuouinlH nnd 10 tin ve' troatmeot tree. Dr. H. U. UU££N'S SONS. Box B. Atlanta Ua j FP¥ TSO^KHTDT^ For i 6 Cents ■ SM Ij**t year u-Kt urtfi'l nnt for MK), 000 new ■ customers. W received 270,0ut). Wo li T A jßow have-on nr books I,llo, fft>ontinea. of It ■ full, this unpre'ocdaxiteci y Lf\t w offer for 1<; cents post paid of 1 !<' kluda of rnrrit luii inu* re<Mahcs. ■ w a 1# magnificent earliest unions, HQ* ' / S laorta c'rlin Imunlnco, 13 A *IX aplenrild licet sort*. * : KS fr 1 0 renl atainpa aril tkla notice. Mim ' ,OHN A -s*i-zr:R SFED c fc\\\V IUJJJk _/& La Crosso. Wlo. >ii^^. asm* TM#H I I\ N. U. 1901. tJ'PPWi'UPt Best Cough Byrup. Tastes Good. 1/3dH In time. Kolil bv dfuHtrlstß. f-3
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers