J THE CHIPPEWA OUTBREAK. | H Causes Which Led the Minnesota Indians to Go | m on the Warpath. «/rt n EARLY every ac- A 1 count agrees that U I the outbreak of the I W Chippewa Indians JW, \ near Bear Island, on the east side of ill 1 Leech Lake, in ft |l|f northern Minne- I || sota, is the result it gijjaKjflK j IJ of an accumulation **— of grievances. V Tlle immediate y I*\ p ' cause of the trou " ' 9 ble was the arrest of old Chief Bog-a-Meg-Eshig, or Bush Ear, head of the Pillagers, made by a deputy United States mar shal on a warrant —a proceeding al ways resented, either openly or secret ly, by Indians, for they can never be made to understand why white men should interfere to the extent of de priving any one of them of his per sonal liberty. To the Indian, even under the conditions of to-day, con finement in prison for even a short term is equivalent to a sentence of death, and the records will bear out the assertion that few Indian prison ers survive a term of imprisonment of more than three years. They are peculiarly susceptible to home-sick ness, which, among Indians, is a real disease and commonly lias a fatal termination. It is on this account that an arrest, with the subsequent imprisonment, is so obnoxious to an In dian that he will often fight to the death rather than submit. It appears that in the present case the friends of the man arrested over powered the marshal and rescued his prisoner. Troops were then sent out to assist the marshal in arresting the rescuers, and a collision between them and the Indians followed, with a loss to the troops of six killed, including Major Wilkinson of the Third In fantry, who but recently returned from Santiago. The loss of the In- OLD BOG-A-MEG-ESHIG. dians was small, ns they fought from cover. The trouble is all the more remark able because the Chippewas were one of the few tribes in the United States not affected by the ghost dance ex citement of 1890. The Chippewas are members of the great Algonquin family, which ranged from the Mississippi to east of the great lakes, through the northern part of the United States, and are still one of the most numerous of the Indian tribes. The territory of the tribe to the eastward was bounded by the country of the Iroquois, with whom constant war prevailed, and on the •west and southwest by that of the Sioux, also inveterate enemies of the Chippewas and their foes in hundreds A or.our OF CHIPPEWA SQOAWS AND PAPOOSES. of battles, extending over five cen turies. The Chippewas are first-rate fight ers, and bave been generally victorious in their battles with other tribes. They are remarkable among Indian tribes, in that they have never been rajnoved from their old ranges, but occupy to-day a eection of the country ■where they were found by the whites. Their own name for themselves is the Ojibways, which was applied to the whole tribe formerly, but the tribal name is now CUppewas. The band known as the Leech Lake Pillagers, which is making the pres ent trouble, numbered 1153 in 1897, out of the 7651 Indians on the reser vation. In 1890 there were 1123 of them at Leech Lake, of whom 560 were males, and of these 324 were above eighteen years of age. There were in addition 389 Pillagers on the Cass Lake and Winnebegoshish reser vations, and 682 Otter Tail Pillagers. In 1890 the Pillagers owned 414.440 acres of land in the reservation, of which five were cultivated by the Gov ernment and 350 by the Indians. i Each man in this picture has numerous atrocities to his credit. Ma-eho-pi-neas, holding the "coule" stick of eaßin feathers, is the most murderous Indian in the Northwest. LITTLE BOY. TTiDV nr»H YELLOW BIRD. RAIN-FACE. STANDING ELK. CUTS-HEART. HL'NTS-THCNDER. WOP-SCOM-CHE-NA-PAH —Half Breed Interpreter. They raised 600 bushels of corn, 1220 bushels of vegetables and 350 tons of hay, besides cutting more than 400 cords of wood. From the sale of part of their products and from hauling freight they realized in cash SIOSO. Of the 6400 Indians on the reservation in 1890, 4000 wore American clothing, 1000 could read and 1200 were church members. John E. Bottineau, a Chippewa Indian who is at present in Washing ton, says:"The ugly spirit and dis position of the Pillagers to hold them selves aloof from both white men and other bands of their tribe have caused them to be charged with many viola tions of law which perhaps should have been laid at some other door. That naturally exasperates them, and, with a good deal of whisky, has oc | casioned the present outbreak. "I believe this trouble was caused by members of the tribe getting hold of whisky. The officers of the law heard of it, found the culprits and de tained them. In the meantime de puties were sent out to secure wit nesses, and the more witnesses the officials summon the greater the amount of fees to the Sheriff's office. Many deputies are half-breeds who care for nothing but money-making. Every witness that is grabbed up is taken to the Sheriff's office and de tained for an indefinite time. This ca'.ses suffering in the Indian's family, because, not being a thrifty tribe, they do not lay anything by for the future. I think had Sheriff O'Connor acted with more diplomacy the pres ent trouble would have been averted. I imagine he went at the business im petuously, and to a certain extent rode rough shod over the Pillagers. ' 'Another grievance is the failnre to I get payment for their lands. Accord- tag to the act of Congrew of January 14, 1889, the consolidated Chippewas of Minnesota ceded all their reserva tion to the United States, less their allotments, and the Government was to open up the land by selling it at $1.25 an aore for the agricultural por tion, and the timber land at the rate of $3 a thousand feet. They don't be lieve in the allotments and prefer to have their reservation intact, over which all of tho tribe can swarm at will." Secretary Bliss says the Pillagers have no cause to complain regarding their timber. He says timber stealing on their reservation was stopped eighteen months ago and that their interests are now thoroughly pro tected. Under the law alluded to by Mr. Bottineau, the timber of the Pil lagers has been appraised by compe tent and honest agents, and "much of it has been sold at auction at a mini mum price of $3 a thousand, but the receipts from the sale of what they call "dead ond down timber," last year reached $270,000. The money thus received has been chiefly ex pended in buying farms, cattle,horses, implements, seeds and other supplies and in promoting the cultivation of the ground. There are altogether about 8000 Chippowas and other Indians in Minnesota, including men, women and children. Of these more thau one-fourth are "Christianized" and are enumerated as communicants among the several religious denomi nations. Of the 6000 remaining 350G are practically civilized. THE HOUE OF A LEECH LAKE CniPI>EWA FAMILY. Leaving 2500 men, women and children in the "half-civilized" cate gory, these include the Pillagers, whc number about 250 men and 750 womer and children. They do farming in a small way. Nearly every family has a little garden between the stumps ol the land that has been cleared, and most of them have permanent homes built of logs, with cows, horses, pigs and chickens. During the summei they fish a good deal and putter about their gardens. In the winter thej work in the logging camps and hunt for food and iurs. Seventy per cent, of the labor in the logging camps and sawmills on the Pillager reservatior is performed by the Indians, and thej make good wages, but spend most ol their money for whisky. The Pillagers have always had » bad reputation for thievery. It it said that the name they bear was 3e rived from that characteristic. Thej have never been famous for fighting, but for plundering they could holu their own against all competition. They have not made the same pro gress in civilization as the other bandf of Chippewas, and by their exclusive ness and conservatism have earned t bad name in their tribe. Their unpopularity among othei branches of their nation will, it it thought, prevent any sympathy or as sistance from reaching them. Thi missionaries have made little pro gress among them, and Bishop Whip ple, of Minnesota, said that they hac refused schools and religious privilege! that had been offered, and Archdeacoi Gilfillan has been oompelled to aban don missionary work among them They hare ugly dispositions and pre fer to live in their own way and resen all interference. KING MATAAFA. The />ojal Exile Who May Afiln Bull In Samoa. Our State Department's assent to the return to Samoa of Mataafa probably means that Samoa's former ruler is again to be King, after nearly ten years of exile on the lonely sand island of 112 aluit, under the equator. The Mataafa family hud ruled Samoa for hundreds of years previous to 1889, when Great Britain, Germany, and the United States deoreed Mataafa should step down and Malietoa, who died recently, rule the islands. Malietoa did not want to be King and asked that Mataafa be allowed to keep his seat. The powers -would not have it, however, and Malietoa became King, with Mataafa as vice-regent. Then a re bellion broke out, foreigners having encouraged discord between King and former ruler. Mataafa was defeated and sent into exile. For years there has been an agitation for Mataafa's re lease from exile, and the United States Government is said to bo well-disposed towards him because of the service he rendered Uncle Sam's seamen after the Apia disaster in 1889. A Misleading Metaphor. In the Pall Mall Gazette William Archer discusses the real rather thau the sentimental relationship existing between America and England. In part he -writes: "A misleading meta phor may do a great d«*al to beget and perpetrate confusion of thought, and such a metaphor, I suggest, is that which describes England as the "mother country" of America. Ten nyson has given it literary sanction in the line "Gigantic Daughter of the West," and Mr. William Watson, in his sonnet beginning "O towering daughter, Titau of the West," repeats the phrase without misgiving. Both poets ignore the flight of time and mistake a historical for an actual rela tion. The America of to-day is not the daughter of the England of to day." A Queer Ferry Bridge. Bizerte, the chief French naval port and stronghold in Northern Africa, has a new bridge which is, in some respects, unique. It crosses a canal which leads to the impregnable CROSSING A CANAL ON A SUSPENDED CAK. inner harbor of Bizerte, and which must never be closed to the passage of -war ships, even by a drawbridge. Accordingly two skeleton towers were erected to carry a light superstructure so "far above the water that it cannot interfere with navigation! From this hangs a car at the level of the ap proach. Passengers enter the car at the ordinary level and it is drawn across the river, its carrier high above, running easily upon grooved wheels. This bridge, says the New York World, requires much less power to work than the famous Tower bridge of London, which is raised bodily from the wa' ir lovel to the top of its towers when vessels are to pass under. Women Street Cleaner* of Bavaria. The new woman of Munich, Bavaria, can give her progressive Western sis ter a lesson in "advance movements." She has been appointed to clean the streets. CLEANING THE STREETS IN MTTNICH. The authorities say that woman is in her own province when she has a broom in her hand, and that the streets are in a much better condi tion since the new order of things has existed. There has been ut important whole sale secession from the ranks of the vegetarians. The entire Dominican Order in England has received permis sion from Borne to eat flesh four days a week instead of perpetually abstain ing as heretofore. |FOR FARM AND GARDEN J Pure Water and Shade for Hogs. Always give hogs plenty of pure fresh water and do not compel them to drink out of creeks, or ponds where 'he water stands stagnant. Hogs do not need wallows. Give plenty of •hade in summer and good dry, warm ihelter in winter, but do not let them pile up in a manure pile, and give them something better for a wind break than a barbed wire fence. To be a successful hog raiser watch care fully at all times, feed regularly and see that all possible comforts are pro vided. Rye Straw in lluiHlleii. The rye*-crop is move generally threshed with a flail than is any other grain excepting buckwheat. The lat ;er is-threshed by hand because it is •asy to beat out the grain, which is all in a bunch at the top and does not re quire handling the large bulk of straw, sxcept to remove it after the threshing is done. In threshing it is important to disturb the bundles as little as pos sible. The bundles are unbound so as to spread the grain out and lay all the rye heads on the floor so that the {rain can be beaten out of them. But after this is done, the bundle is care lUlly rebound, and with the grain out is worth as straw very nearly as much us at flrst. Kaßy Way to Slip Rose*. Slipping roses is as difficult a thing to some, perhaps, as it once wus for me. But since trying the following simple method, I have had no trouble: In the fall, before frost comes, I se cure as many varieties of rose slips as I can. These I place in a little trench burying the larger part of each slip and leaving about two inches above ground. Next, I take several old «;lass cans, which I have saved for the purpose, and turn over the slips. If the cans are cracked, it does not mat ter. My rose slips are then left in this condition until spring, when I re move the cans and find they have rooted and are ready to transplant to mounds or borders, and will soon be come thrifty little bushes.—Helen E. Walton in Orange Judd Farmer. Fertilizers for Asparagus. Manuring asparagus is often done in the late fall or winter. In the mid dle and eastern states, stable manure or bone and potash is applied, to be lightly plowed or harrowed under in the spring when some nitrogenous fer tilizer is usually added. Compara tively few careful experiments in the fertilization of asparagus have been conducted to show just what elements are most needed for this crop in the light and sandy soils upon which it is isually grown. At the Rhode Island station, however, lime has had a won derful effect iu promoting a rapid growth of asparagus. Nitrate of soda has there proved to be much superior to sulphate of ammonia as a source of nitrogen for asparagus. Here wo have two very important points that it would pay all asparagus growers to [ experiment upon iu a small way. Look Out for Broilers. While it is a little early to talk about broilers it is a good subject to think about and prepare for. During March, April and May there is a de maud for chicks weighing from one and a half to two pounds exceeding the sup ply. Chicks hatched in January and Feburary so that they will have ten DV twelve weeks' growth are the kind tvanted for the broiler market. It is »stimated that it costs ten cents to :aise a chick to the two pound weight, »nd broilers bring from thirty to sixty cents each, so there is a good profit in :he business. An incubator to hatch :he eggs, a brooder for the newly latched chicks and a brooder house ire necessary. Try the business on a iraall scale, learn how tc handle the Incubator and brooder, and how to feed the chicks judiciously r.nd inex pensively, and in a year or two ex perience will show you how you can raise broilers in quantitieH that will pay a handsome profit. This is good ■vork for the farmer, for it comes at a iiino of year when the farm work con lists mainly of chores.—Atlanta Jour aal. Kedrilng Tulips. No other flowering plant can equal (he tulip for effectiveness when planted in beds. The large flowers with their bright colors closely massed together present a boldness and a beauty quite impossible with any other garden plant. In all the northern country our gardens, the best of them, are in describably dull during the winter months. What little we may do with bright twigged and bright berried shrubs aud coniferous evergreeus to enliven the grounds, only accentuates in a degree the general gloom of the winter garden scenery. But on the return of spring and the blooming of the snowdrops aud crocus, tulips and hyacinths, the sensation received is that of abundant and vigorous life; it is light and joy where before only the sustaining power of hope could allo viate the prevailing darkness and de pression. Of all the spring blooming bulbs the tnlips should be planted in the great est profusion aud they should be placed where they can best be seen from the windows and from the street, thus bringing into the strongest prom inence the evidence of reviving nature. Later in the season the garden has other and numerous attractions which, by their diversity, compensate for the blaze of bright colors so desirable in the early spring, and is afforded es pecially by masses of tulips. When it is not desired to plant tn lipa in special beds, they can be planted to advantage in considerable masses in borders, and they form a splendid edging along garden walks planted in double or triple lines.—Vick's Maga zine. Kerosene In Chicken Culture. The cost of oil is the least part of the expense of raising chickens arti ficially; 100 can be hatched and raised (fifty in a brooder) to the age of twelve weeks, for not to exceed $- for oil. Fifty chicks may seem a Bmall num ber for a so-called 100-chick brooder, but it is cheaper to burn more oil and avoid losing them by overcrowding. Unless the bnsiness is conducted on a large scale, the item of labor will ex ceed that for oil, eggs and feed. Ordinary lamps should never be used to heat brooders (they are very dangerons) but such as are made ex pressly for the purpose, and have a circulation of air over the oil chamber. Do not allow them to get low in oil or a crust to form on the wicks. There will be a steadier heat and flame if the wicks are brushed ofl twice a day. If much oil is used it is cheapest to buy by the barrel, at from six to eight cents per gallon, and the empty barrel is worth 75 cents. An oil tank with pump is the safest and most convenient receptacle in which keep the oil. The best should be used (150 water white), wicks should occasionally be renewed, and all open ings to supply air to the flame kept free from dust or other obstruction. Old gummy wicks, or such as have scorched brown or black, are liable to smoke aud give little heat. They will frequently start up a high blaze and smoke some minutes after they hove seemed properly regulated. If sot soon discovered, the lamp chamber of the brooiler will become festooned with lampblack, which may take fire, or the lamp get overheated and ex plode.—Wm. V. H. Beekman in North western Agriculturist. PotntoPH Grown in lMtlge*. It is from force of example and habit lather than from closely study ing tl e subject that the great majoritj of farmers plant potatoes in hills. Wherever the crop is largely grown for market, putting the potatoes in drills and ridging the soil over them is found the more economical way,and also to produce the largest crop. The advantage of the hill method is that it enables the farmer to cultivate the rows both ways. But if he uses his opportunity to ridge the potatoes when covering them,and afterwards harrows down the ridges, all the good effect of the cross cultivation will be secured and more cheaply. The potato crop will be larger, aud if care is taken not to putin too much seed, there will be a larger proportion of potatoes of mar ketable size. Most of the new variety of potatoes bunch themselves in the hill,and with most of them there is too much vacant space between hills three feet apart each way, which is the usual distance for potatoes in hills. At a distance of fifteen to eighteen inches in the rows there will be a continuous mass of potatoes, while if the rows are two feet ten inches apart the potato tops will nearly meet between them. With a potato coverer, drawing the earth from between the rows to the potatoes, one cultivation should be made after the potatoes are up. This should, within 2-4 hours, be harrowed down, going across the rows with a heavy drag, which will leave the ground nearly level again, and will greatly in crease the vigor of the potatoes. Thie covering aud harrowing must ouly be done when the soil is dry. If rains come so that the soil would stick to the potato leaves, it is best to do with out this second covering. By keeping the cultivator at work all the time, and running close to the potatoes while the plants are small, weeds can be kept down among drilled potatoes as well as they usually are when the potatoes are in hills. There will be some weeds come up among the potatoes in either case. We have always found some hand work needed to remove these in either case. But it should be done while the plants are small, and to remove those that es caped being covered by the soil thrown up by the cultivator among the pota toes in the rows. Not more thau two good eyes should be putin a place when potatoes are planted in drills. If we could be en tirely sure of the seed one eye in a place will produce as good a crop as any, with very few small potatoes. Iu hills where the whole potato is often planted the proportion of small pota toes in the is too large to make the crop profitable. American Culti vator. Have Kees a Language. The more people come in contact with animals and insects the less in clined they feel to draw that tiue aud difficult line dividing instinct from reasou. Until Darwin took up the despised earthworm, for example, no one comprehended the vastness of man's debt to this insignificant, tram pled creature. Naturalists are at present discussing the question whether «r not the bees have an actual lauguage. Those bent informed on the subject regard it as beiug possible. Preserving Plant Colorn. In order to preserve the colors ol plants it is necessary to kill the speci mens quickly, and this can be effected by plunging them for a few seconds in boiling water. If a plant is allowed to die slowly, the colors of its leave? and flowers will gradually fade. A writer in Meehan's Monthly says that some succulent plants will live foi months after being placed between the drying leaves of an hybarinm, and finally dry np and turn blt»ek. The population of England at th« time of the Conquest did not aiceed 4wo millions, all told.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers