J THE CHIPPEWA OUTBREAK. |
H Causes Which Led the Minnesota Indians to Go |
m on the Warpath.
«/rt n EARLY every ac-
A 1 count agrees that
U I the outbreak of the
I W Chippewa Indians
JW, \ near Bear Island,
on the east side of
ill 1 Leech Lake, in
ft |l|f northern Minne-
I || sota, is the result
it gijjaKjflK j IJ of an accumulation
**— of grievances.
V Tlle immediate
y I*\ p ' cause of the trou
" ' 9 ble was the arrest
of old Chief Bog-a-Meg-Eshig, or
Bush Ear, head of the Pillagers,
made by a deputy United States mar
shal on a warrant —a proceeding al
ways resented, either openly or secret
ly, by Indians, for they can never be
made to understand why white men
should interfere to the extent of de
priving any one of them of his per
sonal liberty. To the Indian, even
under the conditions of to-day, con
finement in prison for even a short
term is equivalent to a sentence of
death, and the records will bear out
the assertion that few Indian prison
ers survive a term of imprisonment of
more than three years. They are
peculiarly susceptible to home-sick
ness, which, among Indians, is a real
disease and commonly lias a fatal
termination. It is on this account
that an arrest, with the subsequent
imprisonment, is so obnoxious to an In
dian that he will often fight to the
death rather than submit.
It appears that in the present case
the friends of the man arrested over
powered the marshal and rescued his
prisoner. Troops were then sent out
to assist the marshal in arresting the
rescuers, and a collision between them
and the Indians followed, with a loss
to the troops of six killed, including
Major Wilkinson of the Third In
fantry, who but recently returned
from Santiago. The loss of the In-
OLD BOG-A-MEG-ESHIG.
dians was small, ns they fought from
cover.
The trouble is all the more remark
able because the Chippewas were one
of the few tribes in the United States
not affected by the ghost dance ex
citement of 1890.
The Chippewas are members of the
great Algonquin family, which ranged
from the Mississippi to east of the
great lakes, through the northern part
of the United States, and are still one
of the most numerous of the Indian
tribes. The territory of the tribe to
the eastward was bounded by the
country of the Iroquois, with whom
constant war prevailed, and on the
•west and southwest by that of the
Sioux, also inveterate enemies of the
Chippewas and their foes in hundreds
A or.our OF CHIPPEWA SQOAWS AND PAPOOSES.
of battles, extending over five cen
turies.
The Chippewas are first-rate fight
ers, and bave been generally victorious
in their battles with other tribes.
They are remarkable among Indian
tribes, in that they have never been
rajnoved from their old ranges, but
occupy to-day a eection of the country
■where they were found by the whites.
Their own name for themselves is the
Ojibways, which was applied to the
whole tribe formerly, but the tribal
name is now CUppewas.
The band known as the Leech Lake
Pillagers, which is making the pres
ent trouble, numbered 1153 in 1897,
out of the 7651 Indians on the reser
vation. In 1890 there were 1123 of
them at Leech Lake, of whom 560
were males, and of these 324 were
above eighteen years of age. There
were in addition 389 Pillagers on the
Cass Lake and Winnebegoshish reser
vations, and 682 Otter Tail Pillagers.
In 1890 the Pillagers owned 414.440
acres of land in the reservation, of
which five were cultivated by the Gov
ernment and 350 by the Indians.
i
Each man in this picture has numerous atrocities to his credit. Ma-eho-pi-neas, holding
the "coule" stick of eaßin feathers, is the most murderous Indian in the Northwest.
LITTLE BOY.
TTiDV nr»H YELLOW BIRD. RAIN-FACE.
STANDING ELK. CUTS-HEART. HL'NTS-THCNDER.
WOP-SCOM-CHE-NA-PAH —Half Breed Interpreter.
They raised 600 bushels of corn, 1220
bushels of vegetables and 350 tons of
hay, besides cutting more than 400
cords of wood. From the sale of part
of their products and from hauling
freight they realized in cash SIOSO.
Of the 6400 Indians on the reservation
in 1890, 4000 wore American clothing,
1000 could read and 1200 were church
members.
John E. Bottineau, a Chippewa
Indian who is at present in Washing
ton, says:"The ugly spirit and dis
position of the Pillagers to hold them
selves aloof from both white men and
other bands of their tribe have caused
them to be charged with many viola
tions of law which perhaps should
have been laid at some other door.
That naturally exasperates them, and,
with a good deal of whisky, has oc
| casioned the present outbreak.
"I believe this trouble was caused
by members of the tribe getting hold
of whisky. The officers of the law
heard of it, found the culprits and de
tained them. In the meantime de
puties were sent out to secure wit
nesses, and the more witnesses the
officials summon the greater the
amount of fees to the Sheriff's office.
Many deputies are half-breeds who
care for nothing but money-making.
Every witness that is grabbed up is
taken to the Sheriff's office and de
tained for an indefinite time. This
ca'.ses suffering in the Indian's family,
because, not being a thrifty tribe,
they do not lay anything by for the
future. I think had Sheriff O'Connor
acted with more diplomacy the pres
ent trouble would have been averted.
I imagine he went at the business im
petuously, and to a certain extent rode
rough shod over the Pillagers.
' 'Another grievance is the failnre to
I get payment for their lands. Accord-
tag to the act of Congrew of January
14, 1889, the consolidated Chippewas
of Minnesota ceded all their reserva
tion to the United States, less their
allotments, and the Government was
to open up the land by selling it at
$1.25 an aore for the agricultural por
tion, and the timber land at the rate
of $3 a thousand feet. They don't be
lieve in the allotments and prefer to
have their reservation intact, over
which all of tho tribe can swarm at
will."
Secretary Bliss says the Pillagers
have no cause to complain regarding
their timber. He says timber stealing
on their reservation was stopped
eighteen months ago and that their
interests are now thoroughly pro
tected. Under the law alluded to by
Mr. Bottineau, the timber of the Pil
lagers has been appraised by compe
tent and honest agents, and "much of
it has been sold at auction at a mini
mum price of $3 a thousand, but
the receipts from the sale of what
they call "dead ond down timber,"
last year reached $270,000. The money
thus received has been chiefly ex
pended in buying farms, cattle,horses,
implements, seeds and other supplies
and in promoting the cultivation of
the ground.
There are altogether about 8000
Chippowas and other Indians in
Minnesota, including men, women
and children. Of these more thau
one-fourth are "Christianized" and
are enumerated as communicants
among the several religious denomi
nations. Of the 6000 remaining 350G
are practically civilized.
THE HOUE OF A LEECH LAKE CniPI>EWA
FAMILY.
Leaving 2500 men, women and
children in the "half-civilized" cate
gory, these include the Pillagers, whc
number about 250 men and 750 womer
and children. They do farming in a
small way. Nearly every family has
a little garden between the stumps ol
the land that has been cleared, and
most of them have permanent homes
built of logs, with cows, horses, pigs
and chickens. During the summei
they fish a good deal and putter about
their gardens. In the winter thej
work in the logging camps and hunt
for food and iurs. Seventy per cent,
of the labor in the logging camps and
sawmills on the Pillager reservatior
is performed by the Indians, and thej
make good wages, but spend most ol
their money for whisky.
The Pillagers have always had »
bad reputation for thievery. It it
said that the name they bear was 3e
rived from that characteristic. Thej
have never been famous for fighting,
but for plundering they could holu
their own against all competition.
They have not made the same pro
gress in civilization as the other bandf
of Chippewas, and by their exclusive
ness and conservatism have earned t
bad name in their tribe.
Their unpopularity among othei
branches of their nation will, it it
thought, prevent any sympathy or as
sistance from reaching them. Thi
missionaries have made little pro
gress among them, and Bishop Whip
ple, of Minnesota, said that they hac
refused schools and religious privilege!
that had been offered, and Archdeacoi
Gilfillan has been oompelled to aban
don missionary work among them
They hare ugly dispositions and pre
fer to live in their own way and resen
all interference.
KING MATAAFA.
The />ojal Exile Who May Afiln Bull
In Samoa.
Our State Department's assent to
the return to Samoa of Mataafa probably
means that Samoa's former ruler is
again to be King, after nearly ten years
of exile on the lonely sand island of
112 aluit, under the equator. The Mataafa
family hud ruled Samoa for hundreds
of years previous to 1889, when Great
Britain, Germany, and the United
States deoreed Mataafa should step
down and Malietoa, who died recently,
rule the islands. Malietoa did not
want to be King and asked that Mataafa
be allowed to keep his seat. The
powers -would not have it, however,
and Malietoa became King, with
Mataafa as vice-regent. Then a re
bellion broke out, foreigners having
encouraged discord between King and
former ruler. Mataafa was defeated
and sent into exile. For years there
has been an agitation for Mataafa's re
lease from exile, and the United States
Government is said to bo well-disposed
towards him because of the service he
rendered Uncle Sam's seamen after
the Apia disaster in 1889.
A Misleading Metaphor.
In the Pall Mall Gazette William
Archer discusses the real rather thau
the sentimental relationship existing
between America and England. In
part he -writes: "A misleading meta
phor may do a great d«*al to beget and
perpetrate confusion of thought, and
such a metaphor, I suggest, is that
which describes England as the
"mother country" of America. Ten
nyson has given it literary sanction in
the line "Gigantic Daughter of the
West," and Mr. William Watson, in
his sonnet beginning "O towering
daughter, Titau of the West," repeats
the phrase without misgiving. Both
poets ignore the flight of time and
mistake a historical for an actual rela
tion. The America of to-day is not
the daughter of the England of to
day."
A Queer Ferry Bridge.
Bizerte, the chief French naval
port and stronghold in Northern
Africa, has a new bridge which is, in
some respects, unique. It crosses a
canal which leads to the impregnable
CROSSING A CANAL ON A SUSPENDED CAK.
inner harbor of Bizerte, and which
must never be closed to the passage
of -war ships, even by a drawbridge.
Accordingly two skeleton towers were
erected to carry a light superstructure
so "far above the water that it cannot
interfere with navigation! From this
hangs a car at the level of the ap
proach. Passengers enter the car at
the ordinary level and it is drawn
across the river, its carrier high above,
running easily upon grooved wheels.
This bridge, says the New York
World, requires much less power to
work than the famous Tower bridge
of London, which is raised bodily
from the wa' ir lovel to the top of its
towers when vessels are to pass under.
Women Street Cleaner* of Bavaria.
The new woman of Munich, Bavaria,
can give her progressive Western sis
ter a lesson in "advance movements."
She has been appointed to clean the
streets.
CLEANING THE STREETS IN MTTNICH.
The authorities say that woman is
in her own province when she has a
broom in her hand, and that the
streets are in a much better condi
tion since the new order of things has
existed.
There has been ut important whole
sale secession from the ranks of the
vegetarians. The entire Dominican
Order in England has received permis
sion from Borne to eat flesh four days
a week instead of perpetually abstain
ing as heretofore.
|FOR FARM AND GARDEN J
Pure Water and Shade for Hogs.
Always give hogs plenty of pure
fresh water and do not compel them
to drink out of creeks, or ponds where
'he water stands stagnant. Hogs do
not need wallows. Give plenty of
•hade in summer and good dry, warm
ihelter in winter, but do not let them
pile up in a manure pile, and give
them something better for a wind
break than a barbed wire fence. To
be a successful hog raiser watch care
fully at all times, feed regularly and
see that all possible comforts are pro
vided.
Rye Straw in lluiHlleii.
The rye*-crop is move generally
threshed with a flail than is any other
grain excepting buckwheat. The lat
;er is-threshed by hand because it is
•asy to beat out the grain, which is all
in a bunch at the top and does not re
quire handling the large bulk of straw,
sxcept to remove it after the threshing
is done. In threshing it is important
to disturb the bundles as little as pos
sible. The bundles are unbound so
as to spread the grain out and lay all
the rye heads on the floor so that the
{rain can be beaten out of them. But
after this is done, the bundle is care
lUlly rebound, and with the grain out
is worth as straw very nearly as much
us at flrst.
Kaßy Way to Slip Rose*.
Slipping roses is as difficult a thing
to some, perhaps, as it once wus for
me. But since trying the following
simple method, I have had no trouble:
In the fall, before frost comes, I se
cure as many varieties of rose slips as
I can. These I place in a little trench
burying the larger part of each slip
and leaving about two inches above
ground. Next, I take several old
«;lass cans, which I have saved for the
purpose, and turn over the slips. If
the cans are cracked, it does not mat
ter. My rose slips are then left in
this condition until spring, when I re
move the cans and find they have
rooted and are ready to transplant to
mounds or borders, and will soon be
come thrifty little bushes.—Helen E.
Walton in Orange Judd Farmer.
Fertilizers for Asparagus.
Manuring asparagus is often done
in the late fall or winter. In the mid
dle and eastern states, stable manure
or bone and potash is applied, to be
lightly plowed or harrowed under in
the spring when some nitrogenous fer
tilizer is usually added. Compara
tively few careful experiments in the
fertilization of asparagus have been
conducted to show just what elements
are most needed for this crop in the
light and sandy soils upon which it is
isually grown. At the Rhode Island
station, however, lime has had a won
derful effect iu promoting a rapid
growth of asparagus. Nitrate of soda
has there proved to be much superior
to sulphate of ammonia as a source of
nitrogen for asparagus. Here wo have
two very important points that it
would pay all asparagus growers to
[ experiment upon iu a small way.
Look Out for Broilers.
While it is a little early to talk
about broilers it is a good subject to
think about and prepare for. During
March, April and May there is a de
maud for chicks weighing from one and
a half to two pounds exceeding the sup
ply. Chicks hatched in January and
Feburary so that they will have ten
DV twelve weeks' growth are the kind
tvanted for the broiler market. It is
»stimated that it costs ten cents to
:aise a chick to the two pound weight,
»nd broilers bring from thirty to sixty
cents each, so there is a good profit in
:he business. An incubator to hatch
:he eggs, a brooder for the newly
latched chicks and a brooder house
ire necessary. Try the business on a
iraall scale, learn how tc handle the
Incubator and brooder, and how to
feed the chicks judiciously r.nd inex
pensively, and in a year or two ex
perience will show you how you can
raise broilers in quantitieH that will
pay a handsome profit. This is good
■vork for the farmer, for it comes at a
iiino of year when the farm work con
lists mainly of chores.—Atlanta Jour
aal.
Kedrilng Tulips.
No other flowering plant can equal
(he tulip for effectiveness when planted
in beds. The large flowers with their
bright colors closely massed together
present a boldness and a beauty quite
impossible with any other garden
plant. In all the northern country
our gardens, the best of them, are in
describably dull during the winter
months. What little we may do with
bright twigged and bright berried
shrubs aud coniferous evergreeus to
enliven the grounds, only accentuates
in a degree the general gloom of the
winter garden scenery. But on the
return of spring and the blooming of
the snowdrops aud crocus, tulips and
hyacinths, the sensation received is
that of abundant and vigorous life; it
is light and joy where before only the
sustaining power of hope could allo
viate the prevailing darkness and de
pression.
Of all the spring blooming bulbs the
tnlips should be planted in the great
est profusion aud they should be
placed where they can best be seen
from the windows and from the street,
thus bringing into the strongest prom
inence the evidence of reviving nature.
Later in the season the garden has
other and numerous attractions which,
by their diversity, compensate for the
blaze of bright colors so desirable in
the early spring, and is afforded es
pecially by masses of tulips.
When it is not desired to plant tn
lipa in special beds, they can be planted
to advantage in considerable masses
in borders, and they form a splendid
edging along garden walks planted in
double or triple lines.—Vick's Maga
zine.
Kerosene In Chicken Culture.
The cost of oil is the least part of
the expense of raising chickens arti
ficially; 100 can be hatched and raised
(fifty in a brooder) to the age of twelve
weeks, for not to exceed $- for oil.
Fifty chicks may seem a Bmall num
ber for a so-called 100-chick brooder,
but it is cheaper to burn more oil and
avoid losing them by overcrowding.
Unless the bnsiness is conducted on a
large scale, the item of labor will ex
ceed that for oil, eggs and feed.
Ordinary lamps should never be
used to heat brooders (they are very
dangerons) but such as are made ex
pressly for the purpose, and have a
circulation of air over the oil chamber.
Do not allow them to get low in oil or
a crust to form on the wicks.
There will be a steadier heat and
flame if the wicks are brushed ofl
twice a day. If much oil is used it is
cheapest to buy by the barrel, at from
six to eight cents per gallon, and the
empty barrel is worth 75 cents. An
oil tank with pump is the safest and
most convenient receptacle in which
keep the oil. The best should be
used (150 water white), wicks should
occasionally be renewed, and all open
ings to supply air to the flame kept
free from dust or other obstruction.
Old gummy wicks, or such as have
scorched brown or black, are liable to
smoke aud give little heat. They will
frequently start up a high blaze and
smoke some minutes after they hove
seemed properly regulated. If sot
soon discovered, the lamp chamber
of the brooiler will become festooned
with lampblack, which may take fire,
or the lamp get overheated and ex
plode.—Wm. V. H. Beekman in North
western Agriculturist.
PotntoPH Grown in lMtlge*.
It is from force of example and
habit lather than from closely study
ing tl e subject that the great majoritj
of farmers plant potatoes in hills.
Wherever the crop is largely grown
for market, putting the potatoes in
drills and ridging the soil over them
is found the more economical way,and
also to produce the largest crop. The
advantage of the hill method is that it
enables the farmer to cultivate the
rows both ways. But if he uses his
opportunity to ridge the potatoes when
covering them,and afterwards harrows
down the ridges, all the good effect of
the cross cultivation will be secured
and more cheaply. The potato crop
will be larger, aud if care is taken not
to putin too much seed, there will be
a larger proportion of potatoes of mar
ketable size.
Most of the new variety of potatoes
bunch themselves in the hill,and with
most of them there is too much vacant
space between hills three feet apart
each way, which is the usual distance
for potatoes in hills. At a distance of
fifteen to eighteen inches in the rows
there will be a continuous mass of
potatoes, while if the rows are two
feet ten inches apart the potato tops
will nearly meet between them. With
a potato coverer, drawing the earth
from between the rows to the potatoes,
one cultivation should be made after
the potatoes are up. This should,
within 2-4 hours, be harrowed down,
going across the rows with a heavy
drag, which will leave the ground
nearly level again, and will greatly in
crease the vigor of the potatoes. Thie
covering aud harrowing must ouly be
done when the soil is dry. If rains
come so that the soil would stick to
the potato leaves, it is best to do with
out this second covering.
By keeping the cultivator at work
all the time, and running close to the
potatoes while the plants are small,
weeds can be kept down among drilled
potatoes as well as they usually are
when the potatoes are in hills. There
will be some weeds come up among
the potatoes in either case. We have
always found some hand work needed
to remove these in either case. But
it should be done while the plants are
small, and to remove those that es
caped being covered by the soil thrown
up by the cultivator among the pota
toes in the rows.
Not more thau two good eyes should
be putin a place when potatoes are
planted in drills. If we could be en
tirely sure of the seed one eye in a
place will produce as good a crop as
any, with very few small potatoes. Iu
hills where the whole potato is often
planted the proportion of small pota
toes in the is too large to make
the crop profitable. American Culti
vator.
Have Kees a Language.
The more people come in contact
with animals and insects the less in
clined they feel to draw that tiue aud
difficult line dividing instinct from
reasou. Until Darwin took up the
despised earthworm, for example, no
one comprehended the vastness of
man's debt to this insignificant, tram
pled creature. Naturalists are at
present discussing the question
whether «r not the bees have an actual
lauguage. Those bent informed on the
subject regard it as beiug possible.
Preserving Plant Colorn.
In order to preserve the colors ol
plants it is necessary to kill the speci
mens quickly, and this can be effected
by plunging them for a few seconds
in boiling water. If a plant is allowed
to die slowly, the colors of its leave?
and flowers will gradually fade. A
writer in Meehan's Monthly says that
some succulent plants will live foi
months after being placed between
the drying leaves of an hybarinm,
and finally dry np and turn blt»ek.
The population of England at th«
time of the Conquest did not aiceed
4wo millions, all told.