HAD HIGH PURPOSE Columbus Shown to Have Been Moved by Religious Zeal. Voyage Which Resulted In the Dis covery of America Undertaken to Procure Wealth to Savs Jerusalem. History reveals that the discovery -of America was the working out of an effort to recover Jerusalem. It is surprising that the one great ambi tion of the life of Christopher Colum bus, and one of the reasons for the trip which ended in the discovery of tjiis continent, is almost unknown. This was his scheme for the liberation of Jerusalem from the yoke of the in fidel Turk with the aid of the wealth that he hoped to acquire through his "voyage. . In his writings, his journals, his will and his pleadings to the Spanish sov ereigns there has been recorded ample ■evidence of this great passion of an adventurous and stormy life. He quoted the holy scriptures and prophe cies therein to prove that he had been selected to accomplish this and that the holy sepulcher was to be returned to" the Christians through him as a divine Instrument. Before sailing from Palos on his first voynge to America he exacted what he believed to be a promise from the king and queen that whatever profitr might accrue as a result of the adventure should be employed for the crusade. In his journal, under the dale of December 26, 1492, we read the' hope that his men And "tuns" of gold and spices "in such quantity that be fore three years the, sovereigns will undertake to prepare to go and con quer the holy sepulcher," "that all the profits of this, my undertaking, should be spent in the conquest of Jerusa lem." This pious ambition Is ascribed to an incident which occurred while the Spanish sovereigns were at war against Granada, during the siege of Baza, at which Columbus was present. While before the city two friars ar rived with a message from the grand sol dan of Egypt In which the Moslem threatened to put to death all the Christians in his dominions and de stroy the holy sepulcher at Jerusalem If the war against the Moslems of Gra mada was not terminated. The Indignation of Columbus was so intense at this menace that he formed resolutions that were never forgotten. That he should aspire to the recovery of the holy place was not unusual, for every Christian prince and man of power nourished this one great dream of every pious person of the Middle | Ages. On his return from the first voyage to America he made a vow, hoping to use his portion of the possible treas ure acquired from the trip, to furnish within seven years an army of 4,000 horse and 50,000 foot soldiers for a crusade and a similar force within the five following years. This was not forgotten. Before starting on his fourth voyage he wrote to Pope Alex ander VII mentioning his vow and in forming him of his sorrow at not being able to fulfill It, due to his arrest and removal from power. When his outlook was brightest many royal favors were granted Co lumbus. Some of the royal promises never matured. In a very Imposing In strument known as the majorat, dated February 22, 1498, he provided for his family and disposed of the wealth that he expected would surely flow'lnto his coffers. He made provision that the one suprefrie ambition of his whole life be carried to Its desired end. In one of the articles of the docu ment appeared the words, "Because at the time I started to go and discover the Indies it was with the Intention of supplicating the king and queen, our sovereigns, that the revenue which their highnesses might have in the In dies they should determine to spend in the conquest of Jerusalem." His will provided for a crusade directed by his descendants. During the period of his disfavor, while jealous enemies were Intriguing against him, he recalled that his vow remained unfulfilled. He considered It his duty to arouse his sovereigns to the enterprise, to remind them that it was originally proposed as the great object to which the profits of his discoveries should be directed. In the library of the cathedral of Seville there still exists the manuscript vol ume that he prepared with the aid of a friar, quoting all those passages of the Bible and In the writings of the Fathers which he conceived to contain prophecies of the discovery of the new world and the recovery of the holy sepulcher, events which he attempted to show would succeed one another and be accomplished through him as a divine agent. Spuds. It Is to the land allotment holder, remarks a writer in Popular Mechan ics magazine, that Great Britain is looking for assistance in the food situ ation. particularly as regards the sup ply of potatoes. "It Is planned to Increase the num ber of allotments from 1,500,000 to 2,000,000 by the next planting season. At the present time there is only about one allotment to every ten or twelve families, hut by taking advantage of a large amount of ;and that lias been growing up in weeds it is hoped to have this up to one allotment for ev ery five families. There are,. even now. several cases where there is a plot for every three, and in one or two cases every two households." TREATY TO END WARJREVER NOT ENTERED INTO MERELY TO END THIS SINGLE WAR—NOTICE TO OTHER GOVERNMENTS WILSON WARMLY RECEIVED % Important Features of the Pact are Pointed Out —Confident That It Will Be Accepted as Drafted. (By Mt. Clemens News Bureau.) St. Louis.—Displaying a high con fidence that his fellow citizens in the great majority agree with him in his desire to end war forever, and that they will see to it the peace treaty with its League of Nations in clusion, is ratified by the Senate, Pres ident Wilson is making a successful way across ths country on the long journey he has undertaken for the purpose of laying before the plain peo ple a report of his work in Paris and explaining to them just what the league means. Thus far in his travels, he has everywhere met with warm greetings, both in the great halls where he has spoken formally and in the little cross road hamlets where his train has halted at times, and he has exchanged words with the villagers who pressed forward to greet him. He feels, and, does not hesitate to say so when challenged with his traveling com panions, that the American people want no more of war and want to be come part of the league so that there may be no more war. He struck his keynote when he said in his first ad dress, in Columbus, Ohio: "This treaty was not intended mere ly to end this single war; it is meant as a notice to every government who in the future will attempt this thing (what Germany attempted) that man kind will unite to inflict the same pun ishment. There is no national tri umph to be recorded in this treaty. There is no glory sought for any par ticular nation. The thought of the statesmen collected around that table of their people, of the sufferings they had gone through, of the losses they had incurred _of that great throbbing heart which was so de pressed, so forlorn, so sad in every memory it had of the five tragical years that have gone by. Let us never forget those years, my fellow country men; let us never forget the purpose, high and disinterested, with which America lent its strength, not for its own glory but for the defense of man kind. "As I said, this treaty was not in tended merely to end this war. It was intended to prevent any similar war. I wonder if some of the oppo nents of the League of Nations have forgotten the promises we made our people before we went to that peace table. We had taken by processes of law the flower of our youth from every countryside, from every household, and we told those mothers and fathers and sisters and wives and sweethearts that we were taking those men to fight a war which would end business of that sort, and if we do not end it. if we do not do the best that human con cert of action can do to end it. we are of all men the most unfaithful —th,' most unfaithful to the loving hearts who suffered in this war, the most unfaithful to those households bowed in grief and yet lifted with the feeling that the lad laid down his life for a great thing, and, other things, in order that other never have to do the same thing. "That is what the League of Na tions is for—to end this war justly and then not merely to serve no notice on governments which would contemplate the same things Ger many contemplated that they will do so at their peri!, but also concern ing the combination of power which will prove to them that they will do it at their peril. It is idle to say the world will combine against you; but it is persuasive to say the world is combined against you. The League of Nations is the only thing that can prevent the recurrence of this dreadful catastrophe and redeem our promises." A League of Nations would have prevented the late conflict, the Presi dent asserted, explaining: "I did not meet a single public man who did not admit theee things: that Germany would not have gone into this war if she thought Great Brit ain was going into it, and that she most certainly would never have gone into it had she dreamed Amer ica was going into it. And they all admit that a notice beforehand that the greatest powers of the world would combine to prevent this sort of thing would prevent it absolutely." Applause and cheers grepted each declaration of the President that wars might be avoided in future by the operations of trie league. He pointed out other important fea tures of the p.eace treaty, how it was the redemption of weak na tions, giving them freedom which otherwise they never could . hare won; how it says, "Those people have a right to live their own lives under governments which they them selves choose," and how "that is tftre American principle and I was glad tfi fljfbt_ (2E- Thai was. the very heart of the treaty h© said.* He drew attention to the section of the treaty which is "Magna Charta of Labor," which shall dispose of rh« hours, conditions and remuneration of labor. "It forecast, the day," he said, "which ought to have come long a*o. when statesmen will real ize that no nation is fortunate which Is not happy, whose people are not contented, contented in their livee and fortunate to t«e circum stances of their Fives." In conclusion, the President said he feit certain the treaty will be accepted, and was only impatient of the delay. He aMefl: * I>o you realise, my fellow odtiseas, that the whole world is waiting on America? The only country in the world that is trusted today Is the United States, and the world is waiting to see if its trust is justified." Making Gas From Wood. Experiments on wood as part substi tute for coal in gas making have been carried out In France. The wood used was sea pine in the form of billets cut | from the middle of the trunk. The charge of the v»ood was about half the I weight of that of coal, and carboniza , tion occupied half tin* usual time. When running one retort with wood to evej-y two with coal, no appreciable difference in the calorific - power of the gas was noted. Of the two by-products —small coke and tar —the former amounted to 5 to 10 per cent. The World Is Chee * il. Doctor Johnson's old shoolmate said that he coubl not be a philosopher be cause "cheerfulness was always break ing in." Our world of mankind cannot be that kind of a philosopher, either for the same reason. It may have Its moods and depressions, or prove to the utmost the reasonableness of despair; but there Is an inexhaustible well spring of vigor within It, and vigor is another word for joy.—From the Un popular Review. No Hasty Judgment. What your mirror tells you you may depend upon as the result of reflec tion.—Boston Transcript No Person Has Seen the Sun. Astronomers aver that no one has ever seen the sun. A series of concen tric shells envelops a nucleus of which we apparently know nothing except that it must be almost Infinitely hotter than the fiercest furnace, and that It i must amount to more than nine-tenths of the solar mass. That nucleus is the real sun, forever hidden from us. The outermost of the enveloping shell is about 5,000 miles thick, and is called the "chromosphere." *'UG!C Not His Strong Po ; nt. The lendoV of a volunteer orehestm j was grr:it!y annoy, ml by r! 'cellist, j who repeatedly at a was In error: finally he stood near him. lis- J tening. "Why. man." he exclaimed, "your Velio is not In tune!" Th'» pi avc screwed nt the pecs, lur a fe\\- moments I. er the discord was re peated. "Can't you tune your instru ment?" 'lemandcd the conductor irri tably. "No-nsaid the stout 'cellist, "nor always." Then his face bright ened. "But you should see how I can skin fish !" The skinning of fish was j his trade, the orchestra his side line. Oldtime News Service. In 1532 James Watson Webb, of th | New York Courier and Enquirer, tabiished an express-rider service b< tween New York and Washington which cave his paper valuable pre* tige. In the following year the Jottr | nnl °f Commerce started a rival sen ice, which enabled it to print Wash ington news in New York within 4S hours of its occurrence. The most notable express-mail service of al! was tiu' 'pony express." which carried messages by relays of riders across ; mountains and deserts and through hostile Indian territory from St. Louis I to San Francisco, covering I.JHW miles In 10 days. Free Board. A restaurant in Yuma. Ariz., dls ; plays a sign that reads: "Free board every day the sun doesn't shine." At first sight the offer of free board every day the sun doesn't shine might seem a reckless one, but, as n matter of fact, a day without sunshine In that desert country is far rarer than black berries in May. If it rains at all, It is only for a very short time, leaving most of the day for sunshine, so that the sign would only catch a tender foot. Not Much of a Pusher. It was the elevated station at 8:30 on a weekday morning. The advice of the Irish guard who helps close the gates of the rear cars was an educa tion In Itself. But he Mad a competi tor In a girl who was doing her valiant best to get on. "Push, push." she urged of a weak little masculine beside her. In a wish-washy voice he replied that he was pushing. Back came the swift retort: "You make me, tiredT You push like a jellyfish I" —New York Sun. Use Reason. You've got to leaven your work with some planning and thought. A tire less cooker doesn't do the business un til heat Is applied. Casa Stabilita nel 1895 PROVATE I L'Olio Marca "La Siciliana" il t dà M iHp liu 1 I • 1| I '! ! MARCA "GIUSEPPE GARIBALDI" Prezzo speciale per ordine di 25 casse in su ] _ Grande Grosseria All' Ingrosso I Prezzi Ristretti per Generi Garantiti Pasquale Giunta IMPORTATORE D'OLIO D'OLIVA . 1030 So. 9th Street - Phìladelphia, Pa.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers