" "'. eT1? ,.- V" "-n,-I ' TgfK-tl f- '. ' THE SCR ANTON TRIBUNE-WEDNESDAY, APRIL 1. 1900. THE DYING CENTURY PASSED IN REVIEW AMAZING GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC. What Made the Notion's Rise Possi ble and tho Condition of Other i Free States Which Have Had Equal Opportunities with the United States. From tho Chicago Tlmes-Hrald. From tho fifteen sparsely populated states that in 1600 stretched along tho Atlantic seaboaid ns tho United States of Aincrlcu. tho republic today reaches westwurd to tho Pacific in an un broken chain of forty-five f-tatcs. From a population of 5,300,000 in 1800, the census of the new year Is promising a grand total ot 70,000,000 Inhabitants. In riches, from the almost bankrupt original state, the census of 1900 may show a total visible wealth of $90,000. 000,000, a per capita Increase from $30S In 1830 to $1,'J85 In the present year. Nothing In the accomplishments of the last 100 years can compare with such national progress as hnn been shown In the United States. From a governmental experiment, frowned upon by European economists, to n leading place In the procession of the world has been beyond tin- dreams of an Aladdin. It was a stupendous tusk that lay before the young lepubtic In Its first Hteps townid Hip shores of the Pa cific. Unexplored wildernesses, tin trucked by civilization and harboring n thousand dangers for the adven turer, stretched through forests, plains, mountains anil deserts to the west ward. Yeuis after the Mississippi valley had been peopled "the Great American Desert" was a recognized geographical district, In which today millions are gaining a livelihood. Of the t.i's which made this great went Daniel Hoone was one hunter, trapper anl Indian tighter and lover of forest solitudes. Fifinont. LewU and Clarke were of another; Kit Car ion, Jim UrldgT and Buffalo Bill stM another. Joseph Smith, bead of the Mormon church, had his part In ll.f work. Adventurers from the old world joined in the great mireh toward the sunhot and Kuropean Im migration became a factor to be reck oned with In t'-.e development ot the republic. GROWTH OF IMMIGRATION. In 1S30, ju.t after the discovery of gold In California, the returns from the census showed nearly 10 per cnt. of foreign boin icsldents In tho Unit ed States. In IStiO it was 1". per cent; nearly in per cent. In 1S70, 14 per cent, in 1880 and nenily 15 per cent in 1890. And in this period the total popula tion was growing steadily, with an average of more than 30 per cent. In crease for each decade. Immlgiiitlon to the United States more than once bus been becked by legislation, but as a factor in Its ad vancement it will not be questioned. In the stormy period of Napoleonic conquests In L'uiope these tides set In strongly towaid the new world. The alien law, under which the president of the United States might banish any foreigner whose presence was suspect ed of being: prejudicial to the wclfaie of the country, was one of the acts of the Van Buren administration dl lcctcd airalnst Immigration. But still Castle Garden In New York became one of the evolutions of the century. The foundations of the republic had been laid In opportunity for the In dividual The right of earning citizen ship niul Its accompanying privilege of a voice In government wt re strong Incentives to the European emigrant, nnd In addition to these -ete the nat ural opportunities In a new country. Thej-e opportunities may ho measured geogurphlcally by the census returns of the government. In If'.'O, for ln fitame, the population of the two Da kotas was shown to have increased nearly 279 per cent., nnd in that sec tion In general neatly "fi per cent, of the Inhabitants ucie foreign born. New England and New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania had 23 per cent, of foieign residents, while In the south only 2.'! per cent, ot the t people were aliens figures which show that where the wheels of the facjory are turnlnr- and whevp th" desert Is being made to blossom the Immigrant Is busy with n helping hand. INCENTIVES TO EMIGRATION In the development of the great west the jarcellng out of government lands and the pass-ago of homestead laws have been of signal Import. The riches of the i-rnit foicsts, the wealth of furs from the native animals, and, above all, the gold of the California and ot the Rocky Mountain regions have lined the settler until the term "wilderness" no longer llnds uluce on the continent. In all that makes tip tho picturesque, the adventurous and the romantic this peopling of the great west stands out In startling vividness and color. It has not found hitting reflection in the world's letteis, but one day, ns with the foresti of the carboniferous per iod, Its wealth will bo uncoveied, only ripened and accentuated by the course of time. Adventurer and Indian trader, soldier nnd priest, gold-seeker jjMiuPr When the un,y rRutny Eoe" down there's a yl)5s Hf Headlight L M Water White 1 I Oil I B the antidote to dcrknoa. The HIL olUhatean'toxplodo.doein't JM Bl imclbdoetn'timoke. Your JcSm k. dealer laaj 1L JttSk lH. Atlantic jOWM WBu Roflnlnu Co. MR-alH and homo-maker wero Joined In this reslBtless march, nnd tho emotions of all humanity will be found in the In effaceable track ot tho prairie schooner lying like a scar across the face of tho plains country ........ .... .... ,.,. jM.ttiuisuis ui- uiuiAt " Soma one In that time may recog nize the influence of tho maize ear upon tho civilization ot the Occident may read In the sloven corn patch of tho rudo Indian .vlllago a higher schema and older than was that of the human founders of the republic. From the At lantic to thu Pacific tho regal corn stalk has been made to flourish as tho ally of civilization. For the red nomads of the wilderness It stood for all that was suggestive of homo of fixed habi tation and to the white settler It was nature's dally bread, molded and need ing only the baker. No other grain could have taken its place In the com missary of the white man. From tho formation of tho grain upon the stalk it was food for him in Its natural state; ripened, It was more adapted to his crude milling processes than any other cereal could have been. Primarily It was a food for the pioneer, adapted to the needs that came with the long cold of winter, and without Its boun teous yield tho history of tho United Status might have been written mora slowly. In this peopling of tho central and far West millions ot acres of forest binds have been stripped and their timbers brought to the saw. Seml arld plains have been criss-crossed by irrigation ditches and made fertile. Rivers have been made to take new channels. Mountain ranges have been tunneled through and through. 'The Pick of the miner has dlsemhowled the solid ground. Cities have been plantc 1 nnd grown up in a day. And all this only after cverv mile of It had been fought for ngjIiyU some of the most savage races that have peopled the earth. In this stupendous accomplishment, where tho utilitarian has been so neces sary and so fruitful of lesults, the mark of It has been put upon the age. But no less certainly In this latter part of the century the fiults of a ripening process are manifest. Circumstances and environment cannot long be such as to put upon the United States In more than Its relative meanlnt; the brand of "the age of steel." OTHER NATIONAL, ILLUSTRA TIONS. For tho other and newer civilizations of the earth one may see In their steps of progress the baitings that education al defects and pi escribed liberties en tall. Mexico has made a wonderful progiess In this century, yet In the crossing of tho Rio Grande there Is n transition of 200 years backwurd. South America beyond the equatorial zone has done much In the progress of lib erty, but It Is dragging In Us train in stitutions and things that appertain to a past age. Its governments generally are unsettled and unstable. Australia, from a penal colony for Great Britain, has become an Island nation of the magnitude of a continent Nitw Zealand, in the same zone, has given some startling examples of gov ernmental expediency to the world. South Africa, as a geographical pos sibility scarcely second to that of the United States, does not promise to the new century the mark that America has put upon the old. Lack of homo geneousness In the structure of Its civilization points to less rapid pro gress. Just to the extent that the broader liberty of the age Is abridged to that extent must its accomplish ments be ubrldged. At this end of the century, however, the milling procesf-es of war are busy with It, and guaged by the past of history the way Is to bo made plainer for that larger liberty that has been promised ns the world's legacy to the future. GREAT ARMIES CAUSE DEBT. Everywhere the century has marked progress nnd wealth for the world. With the growth of Individual llches however, the national debts of th world have giown to the Incompre hensible total of $27,524,976,916, an in crease of moie than $20,0C0.C0o,000 since IMS. In their order of indebtedness come France, Russia, Great Britain, Austra-Hungary, Italy, Spain and the United States. Tho total Indebtedness of the United States In 1880 was $3,04:., 706,000 a total that In ten years was reduced by $1,018,000,000, For the world at large, militarism nnd Its exactions even in times of peace have been responsible for most of this burden. Armed Europe, when not at war, has been In a competitive struggle for modern armament that Is scarcely less costly than open conflict would have been. Tho evolution of i arms and armmnklng has made this struggle ns necessary os any campaign In tho Held might have been In time ot war. Yet the dawning of the twentieth cen tury finds every nation of the world with its hand upon the sword, build ing, arming and equipping, one against the other. No one has seen the end 6t it. Perhaps only tho unaccountably op timistic hope to do so. YOUNG AMERICA REACHINGOUI Frank G. Carpenter Tells About Chances for Americans in Japan. Frank G. Carpenter Is writing a se- iles of articles on "bailees tor " m g Men in the Far East" for. tho Saturday Kvenlnf? Post. In the Ibsuo of March ' 31 he told many interesting facts about I on the understanding, and tho court Japan. "On tho steamer in which I refused to aid It to collect the little crossed the Pacific from San Francisco fortune. The Chicago Milk Shippers' to Yokohama," ho writes, "were a ' association was deharml by an Illinois number of young Americans who were ' court from collecting from one of its starting out to try their fortunes In j ciiHtomeia the charge for his milk sup. the countries of the fur eust. One had J piles. an engagement to act as book-keeper One trust was permitted to infringe for a great exporting company of Kobe, I a patent of the Harrow trust, becauso Japan; another was on his way as tho ' a comblnatlor held It: and a certain representative of one of the biggest Mr. Klutz was barred from the Amer mlillng machine organizations of the lean Biscuit trust after ho had Joined I'nlted States, to put up a modern ' It, becniibo It could not make u lawful flouring mill, at a cost of more than ' contract with him. Another court one bundled thousand dollars for some Chinese capitalists at Shanghai; a third expected to take charge of a wholesale foreign grocery nt the sam.' port. "We had, also, several mining and electrical engineers who had been sent out to look Into opportunities for In vestments in Asia, an American pro fessor connected with the University of Toklo, and several commercial tra velers, each of whom hud a lino of American goods for which he expected to take orders in the different coun tries. Two of the commercial nlen wero selling machinery, one was In troducing fancy American groceries, another carried with him a stock of Jewelry and plated ware which ho ex pected to dispose of nt different ports of Japan und China, and another was tho agent of an Ohio eucaustlo tile company, who was making an experi mental trip of about fifty thousand miles, to take orders for and Introduce his wares Into the chief cities upon the way. In addition to these there were a number of young Americans going to China, Japan and the Philippines to take advantage of whatever goo3 things they coutd turn up, nnd severil buyers for some of the InrRcst Import ing establishments In San Krancls'-o, Chicago and New York. It was alto gether a typical crowd of tho Classen of our young men who may now bo found on almost any of the largo trans Pacific steamships, a living evidence of how tho young American is reaching out Into the new fields beyond the sens." GENESIS OF TRUSTS. Sketch of Their .Developoment i In This Country nnd of Legislation Intended to Checkmate Them. From the New York Herald. Tho Idea of combinations to oppress tho producer or tho consumer bus al ways been repugnant to tho public conscience. The old common law prin ciple of equality for all was Inspired by fear of them, and the American courts and legislatures from early days have been called upon to combat them. Tho Connecticut constitution frowned on them away back in 1818, In Its pro visions that "no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive public emoluments or privileges from the community," nnd In 1821 the monopoly of steamboats on the Hudson river, given by the state of New York to Robert Fulton, to run his steamboat, engaged the attention of Chief Justice Marshall and the United States Supreme court. Tho United States bank was sttlcken down as a monopoly In money. Railroad con solidation was the next form of tho trust Idea, and the eaily nntl-monopo-llsts put a clause In the Colorado con stitution Inveighing: against It. New York caught the first scent of the modern form of Industrial combin ation, and as eaily as 1SS1 made It a misdemeanor to create a monopoly or restrain competition in any commod ity In common use. The principle of this act has since been embodied In tho legislation of a largo number of tho states. IN VARIOUS STATES. The Indiana sjatute of 1S90 Inhibits combinations that prevent dealers from selling supplies to other dealers, me chanics and artisans. The Kansas law of 1887 forbids confederacies fn Increase the fen.s of attorneys or doctors even; and the act of 1S99 goes to the protec tion of middlemen, wlione occunatmn usually goes when the trust comes en the scene, by forbidding combinations to prevent the shipment of gialn un less conti oiled by a warehouseman. In several of the states It Is r. vio lation of the law to hold a ti-ii"c certifi cate. Some statutes specifically pio tect premiums of fire Insurance utuiinst increases by federations. These laws are not always -, erpnl application. That of Illinois, f,ir in stance, makes comblnitlo'is whoe chief object and effect fs to maintain or increase wanes l.iwfu.; nnd the e are seeral other states in whi 'h simi lar exceptions are made. There aw. of course, concessions t the voting po,er of the laboring claFse.i, oiganid and unorganized. Labor lenders do not hesitate to ad mit that the trades union Is Itself the most autocratic of ru-'ts, and tne United States Supreme court has put It In the category with nil the other classes of, obnoxious combinations. FAVORITES IN TRUST LAWS. Nor Is labor the only Interest that the legislatures have tiled to exempt. Many of the grazing and agricultural states take lho stock and agi cultural products in the hands of raisers or producers out of tho barred classes of production. The United States District court of Illinois, In the case of the United Sewer Pipe company vs. Con noil, has just decided that this exemp tion makes the act unconstitutional. "Tho statute," the court says, "by virtue of this clause contains bo'.n i hiss and special legislation and Is In contravention of the fourteenth amend ment of the federal constitution." United States District Judge Swnyno has likewise declared the Texas Anti Trust law unconstitutional, because It exempts, In the farming element, four flfths of the people of the state from Its operation. These decisions would seem to destroy all the state acts in which the exemptions ere made. The state law of North Carolina per mits combinations of consumers to protect themselves against imposition in the i'ost of articles for their own use. In two or three states the sale of the ,;ood v 111 of a business cannot bo affected by the trust net; and South Caiolina makes an attempt to keep he whiskey business In countenance by making the Antl-Tiust law Inoperative j as to "olllceis perfoimlug ofllcial du ties under the laws of thu state." SEVERE PENALTIES IN LAWS. The penalties that aro visited upon offendeis are sometimes severe to the point of harshness. In Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Ne btaskn. New 'Mexico, Oklahoma and Tennessee tho courts will not ns'st the trusts to collect their debts. In Illinois a grain combination was ex empted by the court from accounting to one of Its constituent members In the use of the common fund. The Texas and Pacific and the South ern Paclllc Railway companies, com peting carriers, pooled the income of their business between certain points in Louisiana and agreed to divide pro fits. Tho former of the roads even tually su.-d the latter for $500,000 dun forced u member of tho Chicago Gas trust to stay in It because he hud dono a wtong net In Helping to make tho trust. These decisions are all based on the principle that no man shall profit by his own wtong, MUST FORFEIT FltANCHISES. The laws of Iowa, MIchlgun and Utah give a company thirty days to wlthdiaw from Its trust or forfeit Its franchise. Nebraska permits It to do business for a year before losing its fianchlse. Hut In twenty-two other states pattnershlp In a trust works summary forfeiture, Severul of the states visit heavy penalties upon those who aro associated with them, In Illinois n lino of $15,000 Is possible af ter the third offense. In Alabama combin ing Insuinncc companies must pay 25 per cent, penalty In addition to the policy losses. In Arkansas, Indiana, North Carolina, South Carolina and North Dakota the maximum penalty runs as high ns ten years In the peni tentiary. In Minnesota nnd Montana it runs to tivo years. Imprlbonment for any time between thirty days and a year is a penaltv Jonas Long's Sons Wi W1W. -' ' ' ' ' ' MdXkMa . xjrv i y v. ivm .- r-sx-ii-rir 3. :' --w.i - JAXfaTXM - A-.4 At Today9 April, the 4th Thursday, April the gth Friday, April the 6th It is an exhibition worthy of the store. The box of style was filled wherever fashion-beauty b.looms. Whatever of artistic Millinery beauty has emanated, from London on the North to Italy on the South, finds expression in the collection. Here, in an hour, you see more in variety of style and representative Parisian Millinery beauty, than you would see in a day's travel for many miles around. As London leads the world in smart Outing Hats, so you see them first here. Mourning Hats from Mangin-Maurice define all that is clever originality in comely black. Pauline Gaspard, of Paris, caters to the little folks, and they and their mothers will like the show. Millinery never a'tt.iined a higher standard of true beauty than it shows this season. The best of all arts has been applied. Neither grotesquery nor eccentricity has any place. Kvery touch is tor beauty, harmony, grace and be comingness. We have never had more nor finer Hats than will be shown during our Opening Days. We have never gath frequently Imposed by the stntes. And, besides, there are dally penalties of $00 and upward for continuance of busi ness with a trust. In Montana the property of tho combination goes to the state on ronvlction. It Is comparatively easy for the state to contiol the trust as long ns th? tni3t slls where It manufactures. A new condition Is encountered vhn the pro duet of the mills begins to move to ward the markets of other states. Here the state coms In contact with the prerogative of regulating Interstate commerce, which belongs exclusively to congress. This power rests there not alone when eongp ss theoses to o,prclse, it is Intent, Inherent and ex clusive. Congress must specifically permit the states to act before they can move There formerly was nothing in the federal law to forbid the rum making states from sending their Intoxicants Into the prohibition states. The Iowa statute prohibited the sale nf any in toxicants except under license from a country court. An Illinois liquor man sent packages of liquor Into Iowa, and a constable confiscated them. On r plevln the court held that "the absence of any law of congress on the subject is equivalent to its declaration that commerce In that matter shall be free.' And so the constable had to return the goods. CONGRESS TAKES UP THE QUES TION, This state of things aroused the te totalleis of the country, and they had congress pass an act providing that upon arrlvol In a state with antl-Ilquor laws liquors shall be sublect to the , laws of that state, and a Missouri tll.s ' tiller who tried to do In Kansas what , the Illinois distiller had done with im punity In Iowa went to Jail for his temerity. i When the trusts began to go from state to state with their soods con gress nlmed two or three acts at the Irufllc from tho Interstate commerce points of view, The most important i of these was what Is known n's the I Sherman law, and a series of nice i questions arose at once as to what It I all meant. There was first a doubt as I to what constituted Interstate com merce. One aspect of that was speed ily, settled by a ruling in the Knight case thnt "an nitlcle does not beconia i a part of Interstate commerce until It Is started for unother state," and that "therefore monopolies In manufacture are not affected by the trust act " Ttiero Is no law In the country big enough to stop the Stundurd Oil com pany from piping Its oil through tho territory of a score of anti-monopoly states. The decisions as to the degree of re straint required to bring a trust In conflict with the Interstate Commerce act aro quite as much at war with one another. It is generally held that the effect on trade must he direct and not Incidental or collateral, Hut when the court comes to deal with tho question whether the restraint must be partial or complete it flounders. CASTOR I A Tor Infants and Children. The Kind You Have Always Bought Boars the Signature) of C&t&rM&tfc Jonas Long's Sons ikfe.C&TL 5J Xsi Vr 1 s? 'he First New Oil and New Wraps at The Spring is budding into Summer. Easter lu away. So it is that v of Millinery beauty. Jooa: Loegs For Easter and Confirmation The progressive store is always on 'the alert to obtain the nobbiest and choicest things for the little men. Our display for children's wear fo: Easter and Confirmation this year far surpasses any thing we have attempted. On the ground floor you will find For Confirmation Boys' Suits, two piece double-breasted coat with short trous ers, $1.75. A finer quality of black clay worsted for boys, from 8 to 14 years of age, well tailored and fin ished, $3.00. Young Men's Long Trouser Suits in fine quality clay worsted made up in the latest Spring style. u. -WT l&i&tf is tL SAMTER BROS., Scranton's Leading Outfitters. Jonas Long's Sons . - J -i-.- 015 en pi MMHeery, New hashion sets the date for ered together such a charmingly elaborate array of Gowns and Wraps. It is the most distinguished collection that Scranton has ever seen. The whole store thrills with the inspiration of the highest artistic beauty from two continents. . This is your invitation, and be with us. a Children s and boys Somis well lighted and equal in size three departments in this city. great changes we have made mothers and boys. See Our 12 Grand Window Displays of the Newest Spring and Easter Novelties See This Spring Topcoat Just to open the Spring Overcoat sea son we offer this special. Silk lined throughout, double strapped seams and cut very full "Box," equal to any custom tailor's at $25 ; our price to open the copyright, nw. season, $12.00. Til StriN-niocn Co. Jonas Long's Sons Qowos " Big Store is but two weeks this marvelous sho.w your friends' invitation to SECOND FLOOR, ' store, rs and variety to any Call and see the for the comfort of For Easter Vestee buits In new' Spring color combina- tion$. A much larger variety than you will find in any two stores in this city from $1.75 to $5.00. Our Easter showing of Boys' Blouse Suits will sur prise many mothers who have traded here' for years. We have already been compli mented for our origi nal ideas. M if k i6iOTJ'':n Cj --.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers