THE SOKAiNTON T1UBUNJ4-SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2G. 1898, 10 Tb? Philippic? Islands M. W. Tn a small quarto limu of Bora. five hundred pages, entitled, The Phil ippine Islands and Tholr People, tlie Mnemlllans Imvu published a record ot prsonnl observation mill experience, together with n summary ot! the mote importnnt facts la the nnnnls of tho m-.-hlptlago. Tho author, Professor 1inn C. Worcester, of the University .. Michigan, spent eleven months Hi th" 'Philippine archipelago In 1SS7-SS, urd In 1SP0 visited the islands fi sec ond tltnc and remained there two year. r.cl eight mouths. The author had ex- nptlonal opportunities of ucuulrlnij information, having spent some tlmo In every one of the lnrger Islands, and having mingled with all classes of the P-.iple, Itoni the highest Spanish olll-c-'als to the wildest savages. The com prehensive knowledge that lie thus se- ured will b- found set forth In the hook before us, which he has prefaced with u brief account of the principal in the history of the aichlpelnso. Af tr a glance at the place which, the Philippines have occupied In history, no shall direct uttentlon to the chap ters In which the author describes what he ow In tin- two larger Islands, Luzon and Mindanao. i. Something, perhaps, should first be said about the archipelago from a i llniatologlcal point of view. Til Philippine; extern! from 4 degrees 2.1 minutc-u t'i !! degrees north lutitud.-. Lying, as they do. wholly within tbw t ropier, a hot climate is to be eNpccted In all of them; but since they extend through some sixteen degrees of lati tude, it follows that the intensity o! th- heat varies considerably In differ ent parts ot the group No one city inn be taken as typical ot the whole archipelago, but as. the only pine's where continuous temperature records have b. i'ii Kept Is the Jesuit observa tory at Manila, our uulho has had to I'onteiit himselt with the statistic? gathered at that point, lly averaging; the result- of observations extending over a period of thirteen years he finds that the mean annual temperature at Manila is SO degrees Fahrenheit, The thermometer nlmos never rises above PHi degrees In the shade, nor does It fall below (i'l degrees. There Is no month In the yecr during which It does not rise at least once as high as t'l iisreer. The mean monthly tempera ture ranges from 77 degrees in Decem ber and January to S4 degrees In May. It should nNn b nuntloned that, dur ing much of the lime, the uir is heav ily charged with moisture, which ren ders the heal doubly trying, lit !'' eember, Junuary and Februuty the nights are fairlv cool, but during the hot season little relief is obtainable from one week's end to another. Mnl nila ! prevalent In some of the Islands, notably In Mlndnro. Halabac and por tions of Palawan, Mindanao and Lu zon: on the other hand, there are many localities entirely free Horn it. As to the effect of the climate upon white men, Professor Worcester sums tip the facts as follows: If one Is per manently situated In a good locality, where he can secure suitable food and good drinking water; if he is scrupu lously careful as to his diet, avoids ex cessts of nil kinds, keeps out of the sun In the middle of the day and re frains from severe and long-continued physical exertion, he Is likely to re main well, assuming, of course, that he Is fortunate enough to escape mul arial Infection. Our author knew an old Spaniard w ho, at the end of a residence of thirty nine years lu the Philippines, was able to boast that he had not been ill a day. On the other hand, the explorer, the engineer, the man who would fell tim ber, cultivate new ground, or. In other ways, develop the resources of the country. Is pretty certain to contract malarial fever, of w hlch there are sev eral type: one recurs every Xi-cond day: another, every third day, and a third daily. If taken in hand promptly and energetically any of these feveis may be taken off, but the much-dreaded calontura. perniclosa Is a very malig nant disease, running Its course lu a few hours, and frequently terminating In Mack vomit and death. Luckily, "la perniclosa" Is limited to ceitaln local ities, and the places; where It is known to exist are shunned by natives and whiter alike. In a number of Instances It has been shown that the malaria Many men and women are almost within the deadly grasp of consumption. Although its fatal hand is unseen, its presence is made known by unmistakable symptoms. Ca tarrh often leads to con- sumption. A stubborn cough, sore throat, pains in the chest, bronchitis, bleeding at the lungs, loss of flesh and general weakness arc warnings that this relentless disease is about to gather in a victim. A remedy for all the diseases which, if neglected or badly treated, lead up to consumption, is found in Dr. Pierce's It builds up the weak places and fortifies the system against the onslaughts of ilUefse. It helps the appetite, assists digestion, is an aid to the proper assimi lation of food, and cleanses the blood of all its impurities. It is a strictly temperance medicine, containing not au atom of whisky or alcohol in any form. " Your medicine i the bt I have ever taken," wrltei Mrs. Jennie Dltiprman, of Vnnbureu, K.-vl-katlca Co., Mich. " Last sprlne I had a baa rough; (rot io bad I hail to be In bed alt the time. My husband thought I had consumption, lie wanted me to get a doctor, but I told him if it was consumption they could not help me. We tnought we would trv Dr. Pierce's domett Medi cal Discovery and before I had taken oue bottle the cough stopped and I have since had no signs f its returning," For the most obstinate forms of con stipation nnd biliousness, use Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets. Their action is prompt yet comfortable; their effect is perma nent. Insist that the druggist does not give you something else. f:J?H S2ff find Their Inhabitants. HAZELTINE, in New York I was due to remediable causes. Thus Slilu, before the time ot General Arolas, wa n, fever centre. 11 Improving tho drainage of the town, however, nnd by filling In low places with coral Band he succeeded In stamping out the disease almost completely. Still moru striking results were obtained at Tutann In Tawl Tawi by tin olllccr who had wotkod under Genet. U Arolas In Suln After the primeval forest had been cleared away for half a mile around the bloeUhoin-v. and the ground had been thoroughly denned up, fever almost completely disappeared. Malaria nnd digestive troubles aside, the health of the colony is fairly good, und the dan ger from epidemic disease is compara tively slight. The bubonic plague has never gained a hold upon the Philip pines. The soil of ninny of the islands Is de scribed by this Ilrst-hand observer as ustonlshlngly fertile. Year after year crops are taken from the same piece ot ground without thought of enriching It artificially. The productive area Is by no means limited to the vnllevs nnd bottom lands. Some of the most valu able crops grow particularly well on the mountain side. The value of the forest products is incalculable. Fine woods, useful for cabinet making or ) building, are abundant; the nlpa palm furnh'hes it valuable material for thatching and siding houses, and from the sap obtained by cutting off Its blos som stalk a strong alcohol of excellent quality Is readily obtained; there are many vailetles of that most useful of plants, bnmboo; the hard, outer wood of the nlnin brava resists the action of water Indefinitely, and the trunks are used not only for conducting streams of fresh water, but for piles under wharves; rattan of excellent quality is one of tho Important forest products, and is useful In many wuys; In addi tion, there are gutta-percha, dammar, cinnamon, wax, and gums of various sorts. Our author also bears witness to the fact that the mineral wealth of the Island is urent, although it has never been developed. Gold exists In paying quantities in Luzon and Mindanao, while valuable deposits of Iron and other minerals have long been known. There are extensive lignite beds lu Cebu and Mlndoro, and petroleum has been found In the former Island. We scarcely need add that hitherto the lack, not only of railroads, but of roads of any description, has impeded com munication and transportation. II. It is well known that Magellan, In the memorable voyage the outcome of which wns the llrst circumnavigation of the globe, discovered the Ladrone Islands on March IB, l.WO. They were named "flobber Islands," from the fact that the natives proved adroit thieves, even going so far as to steal a boat from one of the ships. After a short stay in this group. Magellan continued on his westward course and next ieached the north coast of Mindanao. After taking possession of that island In the name of the King ot Spain, the exploier pioceeded to I'ebu, und foimed nu offensive and defensive alliance with its King, lu pursuance of the com pact, he entered Into a wur against the enemies of this chief, and on April 25, 1S21, perished lu a skirmish on the little island of Mactan, It Is well known that n part of his comrades, after making other discoveries and suf fering many vicissitudes, ultimately ar il ved in Spain by the route nround the 'ape of Good Hope. Although, after the return of Magellan's companions, two more expeditions lo tho Philippines was organized by tho Emperor narles V,, the value of the Islands seems to have been for a time imappteelated. The first serious attempt to take actual possession of them was made under Philip II., in whose honor they had been named. To this end four ships arid u. frigate were made ready on the coust of Mexico. The commander of the expedition, l.egaspl, landed at Cebu on April "7, 150.", and tool; possession of the town. The pacification of this and neighboring Islands was proceed ing steadily enough when the Portu guese arrived and set up a claim to them, in 1570 Legaspl's grandson Sal cedo. was sent to subdue Luzon. He disembarked near the site of Manila and the territory now Included In the province of Matangnx was soon sub dued, as was the Island of Mlndoro, and communication was established with Legnspl. who was subjugating Panay. Ik. hastened to Manila, and on arriv ing there declared that city the capital oi the archipelago and the King ot Spalr. the sovereign of tho whole group. The method of subduing lefractory tribes adopted by Salcedo hau bepn fol lowed more or less closely by his suc cessors up to the present day. It con sisted in nllowing the conquered peo. pte to be governed by their own chiefs so long ns thfa latter acknowledged the sovereignty of the Spanish King. It wns not alone by the Portugese that the Spaniards were disturbed In their possession of the Philippines, Shortly after Legaspl's death one Llm ahong, a Chinese pirate, brought n for midable fleet of sixty-two armed Junks to attack Manila, and forced his way within the walls of the citadel Itself, mil was nn.-iiiy repulsed. Subsequently he landed on the west coast of Luzon and organized a settlement nt tho mouth of the Agno rlvei'. Eventually, however, a strong force was sent ngalust him, and ho was compelled to leave the archipelago. About the sams time liesran the long series of dissen sions between Church and state which have continued to disturb the peace of tho colony up to tho present day. Su premacy vat claimed by both civil nnd eccleslaatleul authorities, und so much trouble arose that the Plshop of Ma nila dispatched u priest to Spain with Instructions to lay tho whole matter be fore the king. This appeal to the sov ereign resulted In tho publication of nn important decree which provided In de tail for tho conduct of affairs In the Philippines. Hy this organic law, which, may be regarded as the basis of the fystem of government hitherto pursued, tribute was to be levied upon the na tive, and the sum thus raised was to be divided In a definite ratio between the church, the treasury und the army. Import and export duties were ulso es tablished, as well as fixed stipends for all soldiers and state employes, The fortifications of Manila wer to be Itn- Sun, proved, hospitals were to be founded, four penltentlnrle'3 were to be ploced nt suitable points, and It was further ordained that n number of well-armed war vessels should be kept In commis sion to repel attacks from without. An Important feature of this decree was u provision that nil tlm slaves of tho colo nies should be set freo within it speci fied time, nml that no one should bo enslaved In future. Money was pro vided for the erection of a. cathedral, the number of Augustlnlan friars was Increased by forty, and the wandering mendicant friars who had pievlously Infested the colonies were suppressed. Meanwhile, the only communication be tween Spain and the Philippine! was to be by way of Mexico, and the col ony was to be dependent for nddltlonnl troops, for manufactured goodn of all descriptions, and even for money, on the galleons which arrived at long In tervals from Acupulco. in. At the beginning of the seventeenth centuiy the hoitllltlc! between tho Spanish and the Hutch extended to tho Philippines. Tho Hollanders not In frequently sent strongly armed vessel- to capture the Mexican treasure ships, thereby indicting heavy losses upon the colonle.i. Professor Worcester say: that a detailed account of the naval engagements which took place in Phil ippine waters at this period would fill a volume. At one time a formidable Dutch lleet arrived oft Manila Bay at a time when the Governor wns ill pre pared to repel an attack, and had tho ndvantage been pressed the capital might have been taken and the history of the Philippines been changed. De lay ennblcd the Spaniards to concen trate their resources, and they eventu ally routed the Dutch fleet In the bat tle of Playa Honda. Though reprlsnl followed, the Dutch never succeeded in effecting a permanent lodgment In the Philippines. They captured, how ever, n Spanish colony In Formosa, but were themselves diiv-n out of that Island by the Chinese twenty years later. After half a century of strife they censed to molest the Spaniards and concentrated their energy on the development of their own East Indian possessions, which lay further south. Tor some years afterward the only causes of disturbance In the Philip pines were the dishonesty ot officials and the incessant dissensions between church und i;tate. An event of importance In the history of the archipelago was the first mas-sacr-s of Chinese. II seems that, at the time of the Mnnchu Invasion of China In the first half of the seven teenth century, n mandarin named Kuseng retired to the Island of Klnuen, but, finding his communication with the mainland cut off, turned his at tention ic Formosa, on which there wet-?, at the time Dut'-h settlements. Twenty-eight hundred Europeans were attacked by about a hundred thousand Chinese and forced to surrender. Ku seng then bethought himself of the Philippines, and despatcned a Domin ican mlssionaiy to demand from their go ernor the payment of tribute under penalty of attack. In lti0 this envoy, named Hictlo, arrlveu at Manila, but meanwhile Inflammatory letters from Formosa had reached some- of the Chi nese ut the Philippine capital, and the governor, learnint,- the lact, accused them cf conspiracy. All his available forces were i oncentrated nnd. when everything was icady, the Chinese were incited to rebel and a general massacre followed. Some of the Chi nese, however, escaped to Formosa, and Kuseng prepaid! to take ven geance on the Spaniards, but died of fever before his plans could be carried out. In 17lil war was declined by Great liiitfiln against Spain, and u fleet was despatched under Admiral Cornish, with orders to take Manila. On Sept. 2'.', 1762, the vessels arrived before the city, and land torces were disembarked. The Spanish gunlsou. though Infei lot to the English In numbers, made a stout resistance, and 5,001) native re cruits came to Its support. . ne city ultimately fell, but tne terms of capit ulation arranged with the Archbishop of Manila provided for freedom in the exercise of religion us well us for the security of private property and as sured free ttade to all the Inhabitants of the island, together with the main tenance of the powers of the Stianlsh Supreme court. An Indemlty of $4,000, 000 was exacted. The surrendered ter litorj included the whole archipelago, but the English never occupied more than that part of Luzon which lay Immediately around Manilu. The peace of Paris, concluded in Februury. 17C2, provided for tho evacuation ot tho town, and th Spaniards regained pos session of it In the following year, al though a considerable portion of the Indemnity remained unpaid. After the depart tire of the British several re lolls against Spanish authority De clined. In Jt.23 a body of native troops rose in lebeiiion and unsuccessfully tried to seize the capital and place their captain at the head ot the gov ernment. Other uprisings followed among which may be mentioned one In Cebu In 1WT and one In Negros In 1st I. The latter is said to have been due to the governor compelling stnto prisoners to work fur his private ad vantage. Tho most formidable Insur rection before that of 1SPG broke out at Cnvlto n 1 87?. A conspiracy had been formed not only at the nrsenal, but nlwi In the capital, and it had been agreed that when the. opportune mo ment arrived the Mnnlta contingent should give the signal by discharging a rocket. The Cuvlte Insurgents mis tool: fin works sent up nt a local cele bration for the expected notlllcntion, nnd began operations prematurely. They were forced to retire to the aispn nl. and eventually all were killed or captuied. Hostility to the Spanish friars was ot the bottom of this up rising. A certain Dr. Ilurgns had headed a party which demanded ful filment of the decision of the Council of Trent prohibitum friars from hold ing parishes. Tho provision had never been carried out In the Philippines. It Is believed that tho monastic orders were the tnr.tlgutors of this revolt, de siring to Involve Uurgos and his fol lowers In treasonable transactions, and thus bring about their death. How ever this may have been, It Is cortaln that the execution of the ringleaders took place. Our author sayn that the revolt of lSOfi was to him no surprise, for, dur ing the years of 18D0-M, while traveling In the nrchlpelngo, he heard every where the inuttcrlngs that go before n storm, Repeated on all sides were tho old complaints of compulsory military service! of taxes too heavy to bo borne, while Imprisonment or deportation, with confiscation of property, was meted out to those who could not pay them; of Justice, withhold from nil except those who could afford to buy It; of cruel extortion by tho friars In the moro secluded districts; of wives nnd dnughters ruined: of the Inordinate cost of the marriage ceremony; of the refusal of burial to tho dead except upon pnyiupiit of a substantial sum In advance: of the withholding ot oppor tunities for education, und of the small encouraf,vment nfforded to Industry and economy, since to acquire wealth meant to become u target for ofilclnls and friars nllke; these nnd other wrongs hnd goaded tho unlives" and tho hnlf-cnstes, until they were stung- to desperation. We need not here dwell at any length upon the early successes of tho rebel In 1S96: their subsequent retreat to the mountains; tho fearful mrotallty caused by the climate nmong the Spanish troops sent against them, or their ultimate paclllcatlon by prom ises of reform and by tho bribing of their leader. These things are all matters of common knowledge, as well as the failure of the governor-general to carry out his promises, which caused a fresh revolt that was rapidly assum ing dangerous proportions, when Ad miral Dewey's victory over the SparJrh fleet gave it such an Impetus as no oth er uprising lu the Philippines has had. IV. Wo pass to a chapter dealing exclu sively with Luzon, which, with Its 42, 000 riuuro miles, Includes more than a third of the aggregate land nrea of the Philippine Islands. In Its northern portion are extensive chains of lofty mountalnt. There are also a number of volcanic peaks, active and extinct, ami Prof. Worcester tolls us that the world does not contain a moro perfect cono than that of the Mayon volcano In Al bay province. It rises to a height of nearly ten thousand feet, and from every point of view Its outline is per fect. Tan!, on the other hand, is ono of the lowest active volcanos known; It hi now but 900 feet high. Its whole top having been blown off durlmg a terrific eruption In 1719. The river and lake systems of Luzon nro second In importance only to those of Mindanao. The Klo Grande de Cagayan rises In tho South Caruballo Mountains, near the centre of the Island, and empties at Its extreme northern end, after draining nn Immense area. The soil throughout its valley Is extraordinarily fertile, pioduclng the best tobacco grown In the archipelago. The Itlo Grande de la Pnmpanga nlso rises In the South Caraballo range, but Hows in the opposite direction, emptying Into Manila Hay by more than twenty mouths, The low ground along its bank produces good crops of rice and sugar cane. Among other considerable streams In Luzon may be mentioned the Itlo Agno und the Picol. The La guua de Hav, distant hut a few miles from the capital. Is probably the larg est body of fresh water In the archi pelago, although some of the Mindanao hikes approach It closely in size. Its greatest length Is 23 mlloj'and Its great est breadth 21. It empties Into Manila I3ay by the Paslg river, which separ ates the newer portion of the city from the old. Lake Dombon, from the centre of which rises the Taal volcano, meas ures 14 by 11 miles. The population of Luzon, roughly estimated at 5,000,000, is divided Into numerous tribes, of which the Taguls, or Tagalogs, and the Ilocnnos are the most Important. Both of the-- races are civilized, and as n rule, orderly, although brigandage is not uncommon In Tagal territory. There are a few Negritos loft In Marldoles Mountain, near the month of Manila Riv, and In the vicinity of Cape En gimo they me still quite numerou1. They are commonly believed to bo th tru.- aborigines of the Philippines, but. even at the outset of the Spanish con n'.iest, they were getting the worst of It In their struggle with the Malay In vaders. They are described as a sick ly race, ot almost dwarfish stature; their skins are black, their hair Is curly, their features are coarse and icpulstve. They practice agriculture but little, living chiefly on the fruits and tubers wlili h they find In the for est and on the game which they bring down witli poisoned arrows. Some of the lemniulng wild tribes in Luzon are of pure Mal-iy extraction, nnt' others ate, apparently, hnlf-brccds, between Malay: nnd Negrito:; one of the Igor rote peoples Is believed to be descend ed from the followers of the Chinese invader Llmnhong. The word 'Igor rote," which wus originally the mime of a single tribe, was extended to ln (lude all the head-hunting peoples of Luzon, and later became almost synonymous with wild, so that when one uses the term today he refers to a number of fierce hill tribes which differ more or less Inter se. Head hunting Is practiced with especial zest by the Gnddunes, but Is for the most part confined to the season when tho llretice Is in bloom. It Is said to be impossible lor a young man ot this tribe to find u bride until In- has at least one bead to his credit. There are a number of other head-hunting peoples, among whom may bo men tioned the Altnsanea t'lid Apayaos. Not. all of the wild peoples, however, are warlike, the Tlngu'nnncs, for example, being a peaceable, well-disposed tribe. Professor Worcester mado two visits to the Island of Mldanuo. winch is nearly as large as Pennsylvania. Until recently next to nothing was known of Its interior, but the priests ot the Jesuit mission have persistently pushed explorations until they huvo gathered data for a fairly complete and accurate map. They recognize In the Island twenty-four distinct tribes, of which seventeen are pagan and fclx Moham medan (Moro), while tho remainder are Christian Visayans. who have mi grated from tho Visaya group and set tled at various points In Mindanao, especially along tho north const. Most ot tho wild tribes are of Malay origin, but then- still remain a considerable number of the little black Negritos, with whom some of the Mnloys have Intermarried. Tho warlike Moros are dreaded. They are found nlong the southern und southwestern coasts nnd near the large rivers nnd Inland lakes. Although the island is nominally divid ed Into provinces, Spanish control Ih, as a innttet- of fact, effective only In narrow und morn or less isolated strips along the sen and near a few of the rivers, which afford tho only means of communication with tho interior. There are no roads, and tho futility of at tempting to move troops inland was demonstiuted by Gonernl Weyler dur ing our author's serond visit. The scenery in Mindnnno Is described as particularly fine. Exjlnct volcanoes are numerous, and there are several ik WHAT ' 1 I Wiola Allen 1 fe "I have found your I liff& ' l" 1 s Oil All nl w0&lv8m r HOF f S fsffBl 1 I Mali Exlraci MB. I to be wonderfully mk Z strength-giving MWlM I & when fatigued from mBwk IwllSS S k overwork, and glad- mSM ? ly acknowledge its iHlf&ilBlB J tW great value as a SmW mmMSBM most erncient tonic. iwt PiBUlWF n5 m Malt Extract I J & tW Gives Strmngth ' active ones, the most famous of which Is Mount Apo, which rises to a height of 10,312 feet. Extensive areas nre cov ered with magnificent trees, and, apart from tho valuable forest products which Mindanao has In common with several of the other islands, gutta percha is abundant In several locali ties. The largest known flower, meas uring some three feet In diameter, has been discovered there. As might be Inferred from Its name, which signi fies "man of the lake," Mindanao Is well watered. Its rivers nre more Im portant than those of Luzon. The IJu tunn rises within a few miles of the south coast, and, running north, tra verses the whole Island. The Klo Grande, on the other hand, takes Its rise near tho north coast, and Hows south und west. Considerable lakes are connected with both these streams, while Lake Lanao, situated where the western peninsula joins the main body of the Island, empties into the sea by the Hlver Agus. The soil, especially In the river and lake regions, Is enor mously productive. Little Is known ot the mineral wealth, but It Is certain that gold exists In paying quantities at u number of points. Diggings have long been worked by the nntlves near Mlsamis and Suiigao. After landing at Kiimbonnsrn. the oldest of tlii- Spanish settlements in H Mindanao, our authors party proceed ed ;o Ayala, which may bo regarded as the type of the vlllag-s of decent, civilized natives under Spanish con trol. Such a village lias a church. .1 convento or piiostY, house, and til bunale, wh,leh Is u sort of town hall, where the head imm meet to transact business. It Is frequently used as a barracks for troops end as a lodging house for tr.ivcleis, who have it light to p it up there, and who usually find hinging on the wall a list of the pioper loial prices for rice, fowls, eggs, meat and other articles of food, as well as tor' horse hire, buffalo hire, carriers, etc. A very Importnnt personage in every Philippine town or village Is the Gobernadorclllo, or 'Little Governor." He is always a native or mestizo (half breed), and is the local represen tative of the governor of his province, from whom he jee.ives instructions und to whom he sends repoits. Ills headiuarters nre at the uibunale. He Is addressed as captain dining his term of office, and, after his surcessor lias bejn eliur.cn, Is known as u cap tain pasado. He settles all local question-', except those which assume a serious legal uspeet, and. therefore, belong to the justice of the peace: but his most Important duty is to see that the taxes of his town 1110 collect ed, and to turn them over to tne ad ministrator of the province. He Is personally responsible for these taxes, and must obtain them from his cabe zas, or make good the deficit. The famlllec of every town ale divided Into groups ot from 40 to t'0, each un der a "Cnbivu de Rnrangay." who, if he cannot get the taxes from the peo ple, must pay them out of his own pocket. For obvious rcanons, they are actually kept In office as long as they have anything to lose. Professor Wor cester lias seen cabczas uuffcr confis cation of property urd deportation, because! they could not pay di-bts which they did not owe. The (Jober nailorclllo is obliged to aid the gu.irdla civ d In the capture of criminals, and to assist the parl3h friar In promoting tho Interests of the church often, also, lu advanclm; the friar's private ends. The "Little Governor," moreover. Is nt the beck and call of all tho olllclals who may chume to visit his town, lie has to entertain them at his own ex pense, and not infrequently finds It ndvlsnblc to make them prerents. He Is liable at any time to bo summoned to the capital of the province, but he receives no compensation for the cost of traveling or loss of time. If ho does not speak Spanish he must em ploy a cletk. Then is u gteat deal of writing to bo don" c.t tho tribunate, nnd ns tho ullowiince for clerk hire Is usually Insufficient, the Goberna dunillo must make up the difference. In return for nil ibis he is allowed a nalnry of $2 per month nnd permitted to earn a cane. If he iloe3 not squeeze his fellow townsmen or steel public funds lie Is apt to come out Imdlv be. hind. Nevertheless, as there Is noth ing quite so dear to tho averngo Philippine native ns n little authority over his fellows, the position, In splto of its numerous druwb.uiw, Is In some plneos eagerly cought. Wo should add that the "Little Governor" has a Min istry, consisting of tho flret und sec ond tenientes, (lluetenants), who take his place In his absence, other ten ientes having charge of outlying dis tricts, and chiefs of police, plantations nnd cattle, A man who has been elected Gobernndorelllo ro Tcniente, or who has served ten years ns n Cabeza de Uarangay, Is numbered among the "head men" of tho place, who meet at the trlbunalo from time to time and dlficut'3 public affairs with gravity. They ussemble also every Sunday mor ning and, headed by tho "Little Gover nor," nnd frequently ulso by a band playing lively airs, they march to the convento, or priest's house, nnd escort the friar to the church, where they ull attend mass. The state dress which they wear on such occasions Is de scribed ns picturesque. Their white shirts dangle outside of their trousers, after the Philippine fashion, and over them they wear tight-fitting Jackets without tails which reach barely to their waists. When the Jacket Is but toned it causes the shirt to stand out In a frill, producing a grotesque effect. Never did the lsltors fall to be touched by the hospitality of the vil lagers. The Christianized native seems always ready to kill his last fowl for a sttanger, or share with him his lost pot of rice. When Piofessor Worcester'! party stopped at a hut and asked for a drink, Its inmates were loath to offer thorn water In the cocoa nut shell cups which eerved their own pu.rpo.ie, but hunted up and washed old tumblers, or even sent tr. n neighbor's to borrow them. With a glass of water they always gave a lump of panoche, .'oais-e brown suar. that the traveler, as they expressed It, might "have thirst." The houses at Aynla vv?re found to be like those of tho poorer civilized native throughout the archipelago. The typical Philippine house rests 011 four or mow heavy timbers, which are firmly set In the ground. 'Jin floor Is raied from five to ten feel into the air. There Is not a nail or a peg In the whole structure. Th- frame is t f bamboo, tied together with rattan. The sides and root are usually ot ulna palm, although the for mer may bo made by splitting green bamboos, poi.ndlng Hit nalves Hut, and then weaving them tottlier; while, if nlpa is scarce, the root may oe (hatch ed with the long grass called cogon. The lloor Is usually made of bamboo .strips with their cinvcx shies up: they uio lied firmly In place, but In such a way that wide cracks cue left between them. The windows ikiv provided with swinging shades, which can be propped open during the dav. You linvrt to climb a ladder to enter the house. Fiequently llleie is but olio room for looking, eating nnd sleeping. The cooking H done over an open fire built on a heap of earth In one coiner, and the house Is olUn rendered almost urinhnoltahle by Mnoke. In the bet ter dwellings thete Is a place par titioned off for cooking, usually ut the head of the ladder, while the body of til" house is divided into two or more rooms. Professor Worcester says that native dwellings of this latter sort have much to rccoi.imend thun. The ventilation Is perfect, und the air Is kept much cooler than In it tightly closed building. Moreover, if iuch Sdbrlcs nro i-hoken down by an earth quake, or bloivn down by a typhoon, no one gets hurt; for the- mauiiuls used are too Hunt lo d harm when they fall. It sterns that rlc-h natives sometimes build Iiojsoh of boards with galvanized Iron roof und limestone foundations, but they are verv much more expensive, and nio pronounced (peidedly less comfortnhh than the humbler dwellings or bamboo and nlpa palm. VI. During his second vlolt to Mlndanau our author saw a good deal of Hie Mo ros, or, Mohiiinmgjhin Mii"'. wiw have playe'd nn-(mportont"!art in the history of the Philippines. They en tered the archipelago from liorneo Just nt the time of the Spanish discovery. They first landed tn lliull.in. but rapid ly f-prcad over the small Islands of tho Sum and Tawi Tawl gioups, und even tually occuplttd the whole coast of Mindanao, as well us Cagaym. tlulu. Halabac and the southern third of Tn lavvun. neforo they could complete the conquest of the lust-numed Island they hail their first serious collision with Spanish -troops.-and thuy luivo not slnccwJieVn-nClo .fo.ftxt'iu.T tltSlr-t.u-rU toryibut most oi wluit tiiey had al ready taken thoy have continued to hold. Hostilities between tho Span iards and the Moros were precipitated through nn unprovoked attack by the former on one of the Moro chiefs in north Mindnnno. The attacking force was almost annihilated, nnd the fanat ical passions of the Moslem warriors were thoroughly aroused. They forth with began to organize forays against the Christianized native coast towns ol the central and northern Islands. From the outset they met with great success, and their piratical expeditions soon be came annual events. With each recur ring southeast monsoon hordes of Mo ros manned their war praus and sailed for the north, whore they harried tho coast, butchered the men and made captives of women and children, until changing winds warned them to turn their faces homeward. For two nnd u half centuries this state of affairs continued. Embold ened by continued success, the Moros did not confine their attention to de fenseless natives. Spanish planters nnd even government officials were killed nnd held for ransom. The spe cial delight of the Moslem warriors was to capture the Spanish priests and friars, toward whom they displayed tho bitterest hatred, a feeling that was reciprocated by the churchmen. The Spaniards, on their part, did not tame ly submit to such incursions. Expedi tion after expedition was organized against the Moros. Millions of dollars and thousands of lives were wasted. Temporary success would be gained, but they resulted In no perma nent advantage. On several oc casions landings were made 011 Sulu Itself, the residence ot the Moro Sultan; fortp were built 'there and garrisons established; but tho troops were, eventually, massacred or driven from the island. The steel weup dns of the Moros were of excellent qual ity, und for many years they were really better armed than were the sol diers sent against them. But such can non and lilies as they possessed were antiquated, and the gradual Improve ment In tliearms brought to the Span lards nn advantage In which the Moros did not share lo nny great extent. It was not, however, until the day ot light-draught steam gunboats nnd rapid-fire guns thnt piracy was finally checked. An efficient patrol of gunboats was at last established. The Moro praus were forbidden to put to sea without a wiitten permit from the neai est Spanish Governor, nnd were or dered to lly the Spanish flag. When 0. priui wns encountered thnt did not Mhovv the Hag or could not produce a passport it was rammed nnd cut In two, or sunk by the fire of muchinc-guns-. No quarter was given. As opportunities offeied, the gunboats would shell the villages which were built over tho sea, nnd so could be easily reached. The town of Sulu, which had always been the re.it of the .Moro Government, and the residence of the reigning Sultan, ns destroyed In 1876, and a Spanish military post was established in Its place-. At first the Moros had the habit of dropping In and decimating the gar rison, but this was constantly rein forced, und from 1870 to the present day Spanish occupation hus been nearly continuous. Other points In Mindanao, Uasllnn, Sulu and Tawi Tawl were taken nml fortified. Many of tho coast villages were burned, and the Inhabi tants driven Inland, until, finally, a sort of armed truce prevailed. Such was the condition of affairs on the south coast of Mlrdannn and in the smnller neighboring Islands at the time of Prof. Worcester's visit. IJefore- taking leave of this book, we would say 11 word about Cebu, pnrtly beriuiso the Island occupies an Import ant strategic position In the center of the archipelago, nnd partly becauso th Germans en said to have desired to inquire It. The Island Itself Is some what smaller than out r.tute of Dela ware. As being the site of tho first Sparlsh settlement In tho Philippines, the town ot Cebu Is a place of consid erable historic Interest. 1'p to 1571 It wns the capital of the colony, and up to ::w It continued to huv? a mu nicipal government, which was then abolished because there was but one Spaniard In the plncc capable of b? iim a cliv counsellor. The municipal government w is not restored until ISOO. Th city Is on the east coast, of the Island, u little north of Its center. The population at the tlmo of our nuthor's visit was computed at 10,000, Tho town was clean and well built, and, what- Is- unusual- in the "Philip pines, fairly good carriage roads ltd out from It for som distance in tr mcroua and conspicuous direction.
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