THE SOKAiNTON T1UBUNJ4-SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 2G. 1898,
10
Tb? Philippic? Islands
M. W.
Tn a small quarto limu of Bora.
five hundred pages, entitled, The Phil
ippine Islands and Tholr People, tlie
Mnemlllans Imvu published a record ot
prsonnl observation mill experience,
together with n summary ot! the mote
importnnt facts la the nnnnls of tho
m-.-hlptlago. Tho author, Professor
1inn C. Worcester, of the University
.. Michigan, spent eleven months Hi
th" 'Philippine archipelago In 1SS7-SS,
urd In 1SP0 visited the islands fi sec
ond tltnc and remained there two year.
r.cl eight mouths. The author had ex-
nptlonal opportunities of ucuulrlnij
information, having spent some tlmo
In every one of the lnrger Islands, and
having mingled with all classes of the
P-.iple, Itoni the highest Spanish olll-c-'als
to the wildest savages. The com
prehensive knowledge that lie thus se-
ured will b- found set forth In the
hook before us, which he has prefaced
with u brief account of the principal
in the history of the aichlpelnso. Af
tr a glance at the place which, the
Philippines have occupied In history,
no shall direct uttentlon to the chap
ters In which the author describes
what he ow In tin- two larger Islands,
Luzon and Mindanao.
i.
Something, perhaps, should first be
said about the archipelago from a
i llniatologlcal point of view. Til
Philippine; extern! from 4 degrees 2.1
minutc-u t'i !! degrees north lutitud.-.
Lying, as they do. wholly within tbw
t ropier, a hot climate is to be eNpccted
In all of them; but since they extend
through some sixteen degrees of lati
tude, it follows that the intensity o!
th- heat varies considerably In differ
ent parts ot the group No one city
inn be taken as typical ot the whole
archipelago, but as. the only pine's
where continuous temperature records
have b. i'ii Kept Is the Jesuit observa
tory at Manila, our uulho has had to
I'onteiit himselt with the statistic?
gathered at that point, lly averaging;
the result- of observations extending
over a period of thirteen years he finds
that the mean annual temperature at
Manila is SO degrees Fahrenheit, The
thermometer nlmos never rises above
PHi degrees In the shade, nor does It
fall below (i'l degrees. There Is no
month In the yecr during which It does
not rise at least once as high as t'l
iisreer. The mean monthly tempera
ture ranges from 77 degrees in Decem
ber and January to S4 degrees In May.
It should nNn b nuntloned that, dur
ing much of the lime, the uir is heav
ily charged with moisture, which ren
ders the heal doubly trying, lit !''
eember, Junuary and Februuty the
nights are fairlv cool, but during the
hot season little relief is obtainable
from one week's end to another. Mnl
nila ! prevalent In some of the Islands,
notably In Mlndnro. Halabac and por
tions of Palawan, Mindanao and Lu
zon: on the other hand, there are
many localities entirely free Horn it.
As to the effect of the climate upon
white men, Professor Worcester sums
tip the facts as follows: If one Is per
manently situated In a good locality,
where he can secure suitable food and
good drinking water; if he is scrupu
lously careful as to his diet, avoids ex
cessts of nil kinds, keeps out of the
sun In the middle of the day and re
frains from severe and long-continued
physical exertion, he Is likely to re
main well, assuming, of course, that
he Is fortunate enough to escape mul
arial Infection.
Our author knew an old Spaniard
w ho, at the end of a residence of thirty
nine years lu the Philippines, was able
to boast that he had not been ill a day.
On the other hand, the explorer, the
engineer, the man who would fell tim
ber, cultivate new ground, or. In other
ways, develop the resources of the
country. Is pretty certain to contract
malarial fever, of w hlch there are sev
eral type: one recurs every Xi-cond
day: another, every third day, and a
third daily. If taken in hand promptly
and energetically any of these feveis
may be taken off, but the much-dreaded
calontura. perniclosa Is a very malig
nant disease, running Its course lu a
few hours, and frequently terminating
In Mack vomit and death. Luckily, "la
perniclosa" Is limited to ceitaln local
ities, and the places; where It is known
to exist are shunned by natives and
whiter alike. In a number of Instances
It has been shown that the malaria
Many men and women are almost
within the deadly grasp of consumption.
Although its fatal hand is unseen, its
presence is
made known by
unmistakable
symptoms. Ca
tarrh often
leads to con-
sumption.
A stubborn
cough, sore throat, pains in the chest,
bronchitis, bleeding at the lungs, loss of
flesh and general weakness arc warnings
that this relentless disease is about to
gather in a victim.
A remedy for all the diseases which,
if neglected or badly treated, lead up
to consumption, is found in
Dr. Pierce's
It builds up the weak places and fortifies
the system against the onslaughts of
ilUefse. It helps the appetite, assists
digestion, is an aid to the proper assimi
lation of food, and cleanses the blood
of all its impurities. It is a strictly
temperance medicine, containing not au
atom of whisky or alcohol in any form.
" Your medicine i the bt I have ever taken,"
wrltei Mrs. Jennie Dltiprman, of Vnnbureu, K.-vl-katlca
Co., Mich. " Last sprlne I had a baa
rough; (rot io bad I hail to be In bed alt the time.
My husband thought I had consumption, lie
wanted me to get a doctor, but I told him if it
was consumption they could not help me. We
tnought we would trv Dr. Pierce's domett Medi
cal Discovery and before I had taken oue bottle
the cough stopped and I have since had no signs
f its returning,"
For the most obstinate forms of con
stipation nnd biliousness, use Dr. Pierce's
Pleasant Pellets. Their action is prompt
yet comfortable; their effect is perma
nent. Insist that the druggist does not
give you something else.
f:J?H
S2ff
find Their Inhabitants.
HAZELTINE, in New York
I was due to remediable causes. Thus
Slilu, before the time ot General Arolas,
wa n, fever centre. 11 Improving tho
drainage of the town, however, nnd by
filling In low places with coral Band he
succeeded In stamping out the disease
almost completely. Still moru striking
results were obtained at Tutann In
Tawl Tawi by tin olllccr who had
wotkod under Genet. U Arolas In Suln
After the primeval forest had been
cleared away for half a mile around the
bloeUhoin-v. and the ground had been
thoroughly denned up, fever almost
completely disappeared. Malaria nnd
digestive troubles aside, the health of
the colony is fairly good, und the dan
ger from epidemic disease is compara
tively slight. The bubonic plague has
never gained a hold upon the Philip
pines. The soil of ninny of the islands Is de
scribed by this Ilrst-hand observer as
ustonlshlngly fertile. Year after year
crops are taken from the same piece ot
ground without thought of enriching It
artificially. The productive area Is by
no means limited to the vnllevs nnd
bottom lands. Some of the most valu
able crops grow particularly well on
the mountain side. The value of the
forest products is incalculable. Fine
woods, useful for cabinet making or
) building, are abundant; the nlpa palm
furnh'hes it valuable material for
thatching and siding houses, and from
the sap obtained by cutting off Its blos
som stalk a strong alcohol of excellent
quality Is readily obtained; there are
many vailetles of that most useful of
plants, bnmboo; the hard, outer wood
of the nlnin brava resists the action of
water Indefinitely, and the trunks are
used not only for conducting streams
of fresh water, but for piles under
wharves; rattan of excellent quality is
one of tho Important forest products,
and is useful In many wuys; In addi
tion, there are gutta-percha, dammar,
cinnamon, wax, and gums of various
sorts. Our author also bears witness to
the fact that the mineral wealth of the
Island is urent, although it has never
been developed. Gold exists In paying
quantities in Luzon and Mindanao,
while valuable deposits of Iron and
other minerals have long been known.
There are extensive lignite beds lu
Cebu and Mlndoro, and petroleum has
been found In the former Island. We
scarcely need add that hitherto the
lack, not only of railroads, but of roads
of any description, has impeded com
munication and transportation.
II.
It is well known that Magellan, In the
memorable voyage the outcome of
which wns the llrst circumnavigation
of the globe, discovered the Ladrone
Islands on March IB, l.WO. They were
named "flobber Islands," from the fact
that the natives proved adroit thieves,
even going so far as to steal a boat
from one of the ships. After a short
stay in this group. Magellan continued
on his westward course and next
ieached the north coast of Mindanao.
After taking possession of that island
In the name of the King ot Spain, the
exploier pioceeded to I'ebu, und foimed
nu offensive and defensive alliance with
its King, lu pursuance of the com
pact, he entered Into a wur against
the enemies of this chief, and on April
25, 1S21, perished lu a skirmish on the
little island of Mactan, It Is well
known that n part of his comrades,
after making other discoveries and suf
fering many vicissitudes, ultimately ar
il ved in Spain by the route nround the
'ape of Good Hope. Although, after
the return of Magellan's companions,
two more expeditions lo tho Philippines
was organized by tho Emperor narles
V,, the value of the Islands seems to
have been for a time imappteelated.
The first serious attempt to take actual
possession of them was made under
Philip II., in whose honor they had
been named. To this end four ships
arid u. frigate were made ready on the
coust of Mexico. The commander of
the expedition, l.egaspl, landed at Cebu
on April "7, 150.", and tool; possession
of the town. The pacification of this
and neighboring Islands was proceed
ing steadily enough when the Portu
guese arrived and set up a claim to
them, in 1570 Legaspl's grandson Sal
cedo. was sent to subdue Luzon. He
disembarked near the site of Manila
and the territory now Included In the
province of Matangnx was soon sub
dued, as was the Island of Mlndoro, and
communication was established with
Legnspl. who was subjugating Panay.
Ik. hastened to Manila, and on arriv
ing there declared that city the capital
oi the archipelago and the King ot
Spalr. the sovereign of tho whole group.
The method of subduing lefractory
tribes adopted by Salcedo hau bepn fol
lowed more or less closely by his suc
cessors up to the present day. It con
sisted in nllowing the conquered peo.
pte to be governed by their own chiefs
so long ns thfa latter acknowledged the
sovereignty of the Spanish King.
It wns not alone by the Portugese
that the Spaniards were disturbed In
their possession of the Philippines,
Shortly after Legaspl's death one Llm
ahong, a Chinese pirate, brought n for
midable fleet of sixty-two armed Junks
to attack Manila, and forced his way
within the walls of the citadel Itself,
mil was nn.-iiiy repulsed. Subsequently
he landed on the west coast of Luzon
and organized a settlement nt tho
mouth of the Agno rlvei'. Eventually,
however, a strong force was sent
ngalust him, and ho was compelled to
leave the archipelago. About the sams
time liesran the long series of dissen
sions between Church and state which
have continued to disturb the peace of
tho colony up to tho present day. Su
premacy vat claimed by both civil nnd
eccleslaatleul authorities, und so much
trouble arose that the Plshop of Ma
nila dispatched u priest to Spain with
Instructions to lay tho whole matter be
fore the king. This appeal to the sov
ereign resulted In tho publication of nn
important decree which provided In de
tail for tho conduct of affairs In the
Philippines. Hy this organic law, which,
may be regarded as the basis of the
fystem of government hitherto pursued,
tribute was to be levied upon the na
tive, and the sum thus raised was to
be divided In a definite ratio between
the church, the treasury und the army.
Import and export duties were ulso es
tablished, as well as fixed stipends for
all soldiers and state employes, The
fortifications of Manila wer to be Itn-
Sun,
proved, hospitals were to be founded,
four penltentlnrle'3 were to be ploced
nt suitable points, and It was further
ordained that n number of well-armed
war vessels should be kept In commis
sion to repel attacks from without. An
Important feature of this decree was u
provision that nil tlm slaves of tho colo
nies should be set freo within it speci
fied time, nml that no one should bo
enslaved In future. Money was pro
vided for the erection of a. cathedral,
the number of Augustlnlan friars was
Increased by forty, and the wandering
mendicant friars who had pievlously
Infested the colonies were suppressed.
Meanwhile, the only communication be
tween Spain and the Philippine! was
to be by way of Mexico, and the col
ony was to be dependent for nddltlonnl
troops, for manufactured goodn of all
descriptions, and even for money, on
the galleons which arrived at long In
tervals from Acupulco.
in.
At the beginning of the seventeenth
centuiy the hoitllltlc! between tho
Spanish and the Hutch extended to tho
Philippines. Tho Hollanders not In
frequently sent strongly armed vessel-
to capture the Mexican treasure ships,
thereby indicting heavy losses upon
the colonle.i. Professor Worcester say:
that a detailed account of the naval
engagements which took place in Phil
ippine waters at this period would fill
a volume. At one time a formidable
Dutch lleet arrived oft Manila Bay at
a time when the Governor wns ill pre
pared to repel an attack, and had tho
ndvantage been pressed the capital
might have been taken and the history
of the Philippines been changed. De
lay ennblcd the Spaniards to concen
trate their resources, and they eventu
ally routed the Dutch fleet In the bat
tle of Playa Honda. Though reprlsnl
followed, the Dutch never succeeded
in effecting a permanent lodgment In
the Philippines. They captured, how
ever, n Spanish colony In Formosa, but
were themselves diiv-n out of that
Island by the Chinese twenty years
later. After half a century of strife
they censed to molest the Spaniards
and concentrated their energy on the
development of their own East Indian
possessions, which lay further south.
Tor some years afterward the only
causes of disturbance In the Philip
pines were the dishonesty ot officials
and the incessant dissensions between
church und i;tate.
An event of importance In the history
of the archipelago was the first mas-sacr-s
of Chinese. II seems that, at
the time of the Mnnchu Invasion of
China In the first half of the seven
teenth century, n mandarin named
Kuseng retired to the Island of Klnuen,
but, finding his communication with
the mainland cut off, turned his at
tention ic Formosa, on which there
wet-?, at the time Dut'-h settlements.
Twenty-eight hundred Europeans were
attacked by about a hundred thousand
Chinese and forced to surrender. Ku
seng then bethought himself of the
Philippines, and despatcned a Domin
ican mlssionaiy to demand from their
go ernor the payment of tribute under
penalty of attack. In lti0 this envoy,
named Hictlo, arrlveu at Manila, but
meanwhile Inflammatory letters from
Formosa had reached some- of the Chi
nese ut the Philippine capital, and the
governor, learnint,- the lact, accused
them cf conspiracy. All his available
forces were i oncentrated nnd. when
everything was icady, the Chinese
were incited to rebel and a general
massacre followed. Some of the Chi
nese, however, escaped to Formosa,
and Kuseng prepaid! to take ven
geance on the Spaniards, but died of
fever before his plans could be carried
out.
In 17lil war was declined by Great
liiitfiln against Spain, and u fleet was
despatched under Admiral Cornish,
with orders to take Manila. On Sept.
2'.', 1762, the vessels arrived before the
city, and land torces were disembarked.
The Spanish gunlsou. though Infei lot
to the English In numbers, made a
stout resistance, and 5,001) native re
cruits came to Its support. . ne city
ultimately fell, but tne terms of capit
ulation arranged with the Archbishop
of Manila provided for freedom in the
exercise of religion us well us for the
security of private property and as
sured free ttade to all the Inhabitants
of the island, together with the main
tenance of the powers of the Stianlsh
Supreme court. An Indemlty of $4,000,
000 was exacted. The surrendered ter
litorj included the whole archipelago,
but the English never occupied more
than that part of Luzon which lay
Immediately around Manilu. The peace
of Paris, concluded in Februury. 17C2,
provided for tho evacuation ot tho
town, and th Spaniards regained pos
session of it In the following year, al
though a considerable portion of the
Indemnity remained unpaid. After the
depart tire of the British several re
lolls against Spanish authority De
clined. In Jt.23 a body of native troops
rose in lebeiiion and unsuccessfully
tried to seize the capital and place
their captain at the head ot the gov
ernment. Other uprisings followed
among which may be mentioned one In
Cebu In 1WT and one In Negros In
1st I. The latter is said to have been
due to the governor compelling stnto
prisoners to work fur his private ad
vantage. Tho most formidable Insur
rection before that of 1SPG broke out at
Cnvlto n 1 87?. A conspiracy had been
formed not only at the nrsenal, but
nlwi In the capital, and it had been
agreed that when the. opportune mo
ment arrived the Mnnlta contingent
should give the signal by discharging
a rocket. The Cuvlte Insurgents mis
tool: fin works sent up nt a local cele
bration for the expected notlllcntion,
nnd began operations prematurely.
They were forced to retire to the aispn
nl. and eventually all were killed or
captuied. Hostility to the Spanish
friars was ot the bottom of this up
rising. A certain Dr. Ilurgns had
headed a party which demanded ful
filment of the decision of the Council
of Trent prohibitum friars from hold
ing parishes. Tho provision had never
been carried out In the Philippines.
It Is believed that tho monastic orders
were the tnr.tlgutors of this revolt, de
siring to Involve Uurgos and his fol
lowers In treasonable transactions, and
thus bring about their death. How
ever this may have been, It Is cortaln
that the execution of the ringleaders
took place.
Our author sayn that the revolt of
lSOfi was to him no surprise, for, dur
ing the years of 18D0-M, while traveling
In the nrchlpelngo, he heard every
where the inuttcrlngs that go before n
storm, Repeated on all sides were tho
old complaints of compulsory military
service! of taxes too heavy to bo borne,
while Imprisonment or deportation, with
confiscation of property, was meted
out to those who could not pay them;
of Justice, withhold from nil except
those who could afford to buy It; of
cruel extortion by tho friars In the
moro secluded districts; of wives nnd
dnughters ruined: of the Inordinate
cost of the marriage ceremony; of the
refusal of burial to tho dead except
upon pnyiupiit of a substantial sum In
advance: of the withholding ot oppor
tunities for education, und of the small
encouraf,vment nfforded to Industry
and economy, since to acquire wealth
meant to become u target for ofilclnls
and friars nllke; these nnd other
wrongs hnd goaded tho unlives" and tho
hnlf-cnstes, until they were stung- to
desperation. We need not here dwell
at any length upon the early successes
of tho rebel In 1S96: their subsequent
retreat to the mountains; tho fearful
mrotallty caused by the climate nmong
the Spanish troops sent against them,
or their ultimate paclllcatlon by prom
ises of reform and by tho bribing of
their leader. These things are all
matters of common knowledge, as well
as the failure of the governor-general
to carry out his promises, which caused
a fresh revolt that was rapidly assum
ing dangerous proportions, when Ad
miral Dewey's victory over the SparJrh
fleet gave it such an Impetus as no oth
er uprising lu the Philippines has had.
IV.
Wo pass to a chapter dealing exclu
sively with Luzon, which, with Its 42,
000 riuuro miles, Includes more than
a third of the aggregate land nrea of
the Philippine Islands. In Its northern
portion are extensive chains of lofty
mountalnt. There are also a number of
volcanic peaks, active and extinct, ami
Prof. Worcester tolls us that the world
does not contain a moro perfect cono
than that of the Mayon volcano In Al
bay province. It rises to a height of
nearly ten thousand feet, and from
every point of view Its outline is per
fect. Tan!, on the other hand, is ono
of the lowest active volcanos known;
It hi now but 900 feet high. Its whole
top having been blown off durlmg a
terrific eruption In 1719. The river and
lake systems of Luzon nro second In
importance only to those of Mindanao.
The Klo Grande de Cagayan rises In
tho South Caruballo Mountains, near
the centre of the Island, and empties
at Its extreme northern end, after
draining nn Immense area. The soil
throughout its valley Is extraordinarily
fertile, pioduclng the best tobacco
grown In the archipelago. The Itlo
Grande de la Pnmpanga nlso rises In
the South Caraballo range, but Hows
in the opposite direction, emptying Into
Manila Hay by more than twenty
mouths, The low ground along its bank
produces good crops of rice and sugar
cane. Among other considerable
streams In Luzon may be mentioned
the Itlo Agno und the Picol. The La
guua de Hav, distant hut a few miles
from the capital. Is probably the larg
est body of fresh water In the archi
pelago, although some of the Mindanao
hikes approach It closely in size. Its
greatest length Is 23 mlloj'and Its great
est breadth 21. It empties Into Manila
I3ay by the Paslg river, which separ
ates the newer portion of the city from
the old. Lake Dombon, from the centre
of which rises the Taal volcano, meas
ures 14 by 11 miles. The population of
Luzon, roughly estimated at 5,000,000,
is divided Into numerous tribes, of
which the Taguls, or Tagalogs, and the
Ilocnnos are the most Important. Both
of the-- races are civilized, and as n
rule, orderly, although brigandage is
not uncommon In Tagal territory. There
are a few Negritos loft In Marldoles
Mountain, near the month of Manila
Riv, and In the vicinity of Cape En
gimo they me still quite numerou1.
They are commonly believed to bo th
tru.- aborigines of the Philippines, but.
even at the outset of the Spanish con
n'.iest, they were getting the worst of
It In their struggle with the Malay In
vaders. They are described as a sick
ly race, ot almost dwarfish stature;
their skins are black, their hair Is
curly, their features are coarse and
icpulstve. They practice agriculture
but little, living chiefly on the fruits
and tubers wlili h they find In the for
est and on the game which they bring
down witli poisoned arrows. Some of
the lemniulng wild tribes in Luzon are
of pure Mal-iy extraction, nnt' others
ate, apparently, hnlf-brccds, between
Malay: nnd Negrito:; one of the Igor
rote peoples Is believed to be descend
ed from the followers of the Chinese
invader Llmnhong. The word 'Igor
rote," which wus originally the mime
of a single tribe, was extended to ln
(lude all the head-hunting peoples of
Luzon, and later became almost
synonymous with wild, so that when
one uses the term today he refers to
a number of fierce hill tribes which
differ more or less Inter se. Head
hunting Is practiced with especial zest
by the Gnddunes, but Is for the most
part confined to the season when tho
llretice Is in bloom. It Is said to be
impossible lor a young man ot this
tribe to find u bride until In- has at
least one bead to his credit. There
are a number of other head-hunting
peoples, among whom may bo men
tioned the Altnsanea t'lid Apayaos. Not.
all of the wild peoples, however, are
warlike, the Tlngu'nnncs, for example,
being a peaceable, well-disposed tribe.
Professor Worcester mado two visits
to the Island of Mldanuo. winch is
nearly as large as Pennsylvania. Until
recently next to nothing was known
of Its interior, but the priests ot the
Jesuit mission have persistently pushed
explorations until they huvo gathered
data for a fairly complete and accurate
map. They recognize In the Island
twenty-four distinct tribes, of which
seventeen are pagan and fclx Moham
medan (Moro), while tho remainder
are Christian Visayans. who have mi
grated from tho Visaya group and set
tled at various points In Mindanao,
especially along tho north const. Most
ot tho wild tribes are of Malay origin,
but then- still remain a considerable
number of the little black Negritos,
with whom some of the Mnloys have
Intermarried. Tho warlike Moros are
dreaded. They are found nlong the
southern und southwestern coasts nnd
near the large rivers nnd Inland lakes.
Although the island is nominally divid
ed Into provinces, Spanish control Ih,
as a innttet- of fact, effective only In
narrow und morn or less isolated strips
along the sen and near a few of the
rivers, which afford tho only means of
communication with tho interior. There
are no roads, and tho futility of at
tempting to move troops inland was
demonstiuted by Gonernl Weyler dur
ing our author's serond visit.
The scenery in Mindnnno Is described
as particularly fine. Exjlnct volcanoes
are numerous, and there are several
ik WHAT ' 1
I Wiola Allen 1
fe "I have found your I liff& ' l" 1
s Oil All nl w0&lv8m
r HOF f S fsffBl 1
I Mali Exlraci MB. I
to be wonderfully mk Z
strength-giving MWlM I
& when fatigued from mBwk IwllSS S
k overwork, and glad- mSM
? ly acknowledge its iHlf&ilBlB J
tW great value as a SmW mmMSBM
most erncient tonic. iwt PiBUlWF n5
m Malt Extract I J &
tW Gives Strmngth '
active ones, the most famous of which
Is Mount Apo, which rises to a height
of 10,312 feet. Extensive areas nre cov
ered with magnificent trees, and, apart
from tho valuable forest products
which Mindanao has In common with
several of the other islands, gutta
percha is abundant In several locali
ties. The largest known flower, meas
uring some three feet In diameter, has
been discovered there. As might be
Inferred from Its name, which signi
fies "man of the lake," Mindanao Is
well watered. Its rivers nre more Im
portant than those of Luzon. The IJu
tunn rises within a few miles of the
south coast, and, running north, tra
verses the whole Island. The Klo
Grande, on the other hand, takes Its
rise near tho north coast, and Hows
south und west. Considerable lakes
are connected with both these streams,
while Lake Lanao, situated where the
western peninsula joins the main body
of the Island, empties into the sea by
the Hlver Agus. The soil, especially In
the river and lake regions, Is enor
mously productive. Little Is known ot
the mineral wealth, but It Is certain
that gold exists In paying quantities at
u number of points. Diggings have
long been worked by the nntlves near
Mlsamis and Suiigao.
After landing at Kiimbonnsrn. the
oldest of tlii- Spanish settlements in H
Mindanao, our authors party proceed
ed ;o Ayala, which may bo regarded
as the type of the vlllag-s of decent,
civilized natives under Spanish con
trol. Such a village lias a church. .1
convento or piiostY, house, and til
bunale, wh,leh Is u sort of town hall,
where the head imm meet to transact
business. It Is frequently used as a
barracks for troops end as a lodging
house for tr.ivcleis, who have it light
to p it up there, and who usually find
hinging on the wall a list of the pioper
loial prices for rice, fowls, eggs, meat
and other articles of food, as well as
tor' horse hire, buffalo hire, carriers,
etc. A very Importnnt personage in
every Philippine town or village Is the
Gobernadorclllo, or 'Little Governor."
He is always a native or mestizo
(half breed), and is the local represen
tative of the governor of his province,
from whom he jee.ives instructions
und to whom he sends repoits. Ills
headiuarters nre at the uibunale. He
Is addressed as captain dining his
term of office, and, after his surcessor
lias bejn eliur.cn, Is known as u cap
tain pasado. He settles all local question-',
except those which assume a
serious legal uspeet, and. therefore,
belong to the justice of the peace:
but his most Important duty is to see
that the taxes of his town 1110 collect
ed, and to turn them over to tne ad
ministrator of the province. He Is
personally responsible for these taxes,
and must obtain them from his cabe
zas, or make good the deficit. The
famlllec of every town ale divided
Into groups ot from 40 to t'0, each un
der a "Cnbivu de Rnrangay." who, if
he cannot get the taxes from the peo
ple, must pay them out of his own
pocket. For obvious rcanons, they are
actually kept In office as long as they
have anything to lose. Professor Wor
cester lias seen cabczas uuffcr confis
cation of property urd deportation,
because! they could not pay di-bts
which they did not owe. The (Jober
nailorclllo is obliged to aid the gu.irdla
civ d In the capture of criminals, and
to assist the parl3h friar In promoting
tho Interests of the church often, also,
lu advanclm; the friar's private ends.
The "Little Governor," moreover. Is nt
the beck and call of all tho olllclals
who may chume to visit his town, lie
has to entertain them at his own ex
pense, and not infrequently finds It
ndvlsnblc to make them prerents. He
Is liable at any time to bo summoned
to the capital of the province, but he
receives no compensation for the cost
of traveling or loss of time. If ho
does not speak Spanish he must em
ploy a cletk. Then is u gteat deal of
writing to bo don" c.t tho tribunate,
nnd ns tho ullowiince for clerk hire
Is usually Insufficient, the Goberna
dunillo must make up the difference.
In return for nil ibis he is allowed a
nalnry of $2 per month nnd permitted
to earn a cane. If he iloe3 not squeeze
his fellow townsmen or steel public
funds lie Is apt to come out Imdlv be.
hind. Nevertheless, as there Is noth
ing quite so dear to tho averngo
Philippine native ns n little authority
over his fellows, the position, In splto
of its numerous druwb.uiw, Is In some
plneos eagerly cought. Wo should add
that the "Little Governor" has a Min
istry, consisting of tho flret und sec
ond tenientes, (lluetenants), who take
his place In his absence, other ten
ientes having charge of outlying dis
tricts, and chiefs of police, plantations
nnd cattle, A man who has been elected
Gobernndorelllo ro Tcniente, or who
has served ten years ns n Cabeza de
Uarangay, Is numbered among the
"head men" of tho place, who meet at
the trlbunalo from time to time and
dlficut'3 public affairs with gravity.
They ussemble also every Sunday mor
ning and, headed by tho "Little Gover
nor," nnd frequently ulso by a band
playing lively airs, they march to the
convento, or priest's house, nnd escort
the friar to the church, where they ull
attend mass. The state dress which
they wear on such occasions Is de
scribed ns picturesque. Their white
shirts dangle outside of their trousers,
after the Philippine fashion, and over
them they wear tight-fitting Jackets
without tails which reach barely to
their waists. When the Jacket Is but
toned it causes the shirt to stand out
In a frill, producing a grotesque effect.
Never did the lsltors fall to be
touched by the hospitality of the vil
lagers. The Christianized native
seems always ready to kill his last
fowl for a sttanger, or share with him
his lost pot of rice. When Piofessor
Worcester'! party stopped at a hut and
asked for a drink, Its inmates were
loath to offer thorn water In the cocoa
nut shell cups which eerved their own
pu.rpo.ie, but hunted up and washed old
tumblers, or even sent tr. n neighbor's
to borrow them. With a glass of
water they always gave a lump of
panoche, .'oais-e brown suar. that the
traveler, as they expressed It, might
"have thirst." The houses at Aynla
vv?re found to be like those of tho
poorer civilized native throughout the
archipelago. The typical Philippine
house rests 011 four or mow heavy
timbers, which are firmly set In the
ground. 'Jin floor Is raied from five
to ten feel into the air. There Is not
a nail or a peg In the whole structure.
Th- frame is t f bamboo, tied together
with rattan. The sides and root are
usually ot ulna palm, although the for
mer may bo made by splitting green
bamboos, poi.ndlng Hit nalves Hut, and
then weaving them tottlier; while, if
nlpa is scarce, the root may oe (hatch
ed with the long grass called cogon.
The lloor Is usually made of bamboo
.strips with their cinvcx shies up: they
uio lied firmly In place, but In such a
way that wide cracks cue left between
them. The windows ikiv provided
with swinging shades, which can be
propped open during the dav. You
linvrt to climb a ladder to enter the
house. Fiequently llleie is but olio
room for looking, eating nnd sleeping.
The cooking H done over an open fire
built on a heap of earth In one coiner,
and the house Is olUn rendered almost
urinhnoltahle by Mnoke. In the bet
ter dwellings thete Is a place par
titioned off for cooking, usually ut the
head of the ladder, while the body of
til" house is divided into two or more
rooms. Professor Worcester says that
native dwellings of this latter sort
have much to rccoi.imend thun. The
ventilation Is perfect, und the air Is
kept much cooler than In it tightly
closed building. Moreover, if iuch
Sdbrlcs nro i-hoken down by an earth
quake, or bloivn down by a typhoon,
no one gets hurt; for the- mauiiuls
used are too Hunt lo d harm when
they fall. It sterns that rlc-h natives
sometimes build Iiojsoh of boards with
galvanized Iron roof und limestone
foundations, but they are verv much
more expensive, and nio pronounced
(peidedly less comfortnhh than the
humbler dwellings or bamboo and nlpa
palm.
VI.
During his second vlolt to Mlndanau
our author saw a good deal of Hie Mo
ros, or, Mohiiinmgjhin Mii"'. wiw
have playe'd nn-(mportont"!art in the
history of the Philippines. They en
tered the archipelago from liorneo Just
nt the time of the Spanish discovery.
They first landed tn lliull.in. but rapid
ly f-prcad over the small Islands of tho
Sum and Tawi Tawl gioups, und even
tually occuplttd the whole coast of
Mindanao, as well us Cagaym. tlulu.
Halabac and the southern third of Tn
lavvun. neforo they could complete the
conquest of the lust-numed Island they
hail their first serious collision with
Spanish -troops.-and thuy luivo not
slnccwJieVn-nClo .fo.ftxt'iu.T tltSlr-t.u-rU
toryibut most oi wluit tiiey had al
ready taken thoy have continued to
hold. Hostilities between tho Span
iards and the Moros were precipitated
through nn unprovoked attack by the
former on one of the Moro chiefs in
north Mindnnno. The attacking force
was almost annihilated, nnd the fanat
ical passions of the Moslem warriors
were thoroughly aroused. They forth
with began to organize forays against
the Christianized native coast towns ol
the central and northern Islands. From
the outset they met with great success,
and their piratical expeditions soon be
came annual events. With each recur
ring southeast monsoon hordes of Mo
ros manned their war praus and sailed
for the north, whore they harried tho
coast, butchered the men and made
captives of women and children, until
changing winds warned them to turn
their faces homeward.
For two nnd u half centuries this
state of affairs continued. Embold
ened by continued success, the Moros
did not confine their attention to de
fenseless natives. Spanish planters
nnd even government officials were
killed nnd held for ransom. The spe
cial delight of the Moslem warriors
was to capture the Spanish priests and
friars, toward whom they displayed tho
bitterest hatred, a feeling that was
reciprocated by the churchmen. The
Spaniards, on their part, did not tame
ly submit to such incursions. Expedi
tion after expedition was organized
against the Moros. Millions of dollars
and thousands of lives were wasted.
Temporary success would be gained,
but they resulted In no perma
nent advantage. On several oc
casions landings were made 011
Sulu Itself, the residence ot
the Moro Sultan; fortp were built 'there
and garrisons established; but tho
troops were, eventually, massacred or
driven from the island. The steel weup
dns of the Moros were of excellent qual
ity, und for many years they were
really better armed than were the sol
diers sent against them. But such can
non and lilies as they possessed were
antiquated, and the gradual Improve
ment In tliearms brought to the Span
lards nn advantage In which the Moros
did not share lo nny great extent. It
was not, however, until the day ot
light-draught steam gunboats nnd
rapid-fire guns thnt piracy was finally
checked. An efficient patrol of gunboats
was at last established. The Moro
praus were forbidden to put to sea
without a wiitten permit from the
neai est Spanish Governor, nnd were or
dered to lly the Spanish flag. When
0. priui wns encountered thnt did not
Mhovv the Hag or could not produce a
passport it was rammed nnd cut In two,
or sunk by the fire of muchinc-guns-. No
quarter was given. As opportunities
offeied, the gunboats would shell the
villages which were built over tho sea,
nnd so could be easily reached. The
town of Sulu, which had always been
the re.it of the .Moro Government, and
the residence of the reigning Sultan,
ns destroyed In 1876, and a Spanish
military post was established in Its
place-. At first the Moros had the habit
of dropping In and decimating the gar
rison, but this was constantly rein
forced, und from 1870 to the present day
Spanish occupation hus been nearly
continuous. Other points In Mindanao,
Uasllnn, Sulu and Tawi Tawl were
taken nml fortified. Many of tho coast
villages were burned, and the Inhabi
tants driven Inland, until, finally, a
sort of armed truce prevailed. Such was
the condition of affairs on the south
coast of Mlrdannn and in the smnller
neighboring Islands at the time of
Prof. Worcester's visit.
IJefore- taking leave of this book, we
would say 11 word about Cebu, pnrtly
beriuiso the Island occupies an Import
ant strategic position In the center of
the archipelago, nnd partly becauso th
Germans en said to have desired to
inquire It. The Island Itself Is some
what smaller than out r.tute of Dela
ware. As being the site of tho first
Sparlsh settlement In tho Philippines,
the town ot Cebu Is a place of consid
erable historic Interest. 1'p to 1571
It wns the capital of the colony, and
up to ::w It continued to huv? a mu
nicipal government, which was then
abolished because there was but one
Spaniard In the plncc capable of b?
iim a cliv counsellor. The municipal
government w is not restored until
ISOO. Th city Is on the east coast, of
the Island, u little north of Its center.
The population at the tlmo of our
nuthor's visit was computed at 10,000,
Tho town was clean and well built,
and, what- Is- unusual- in the "Philip
pines, fairly good carriage roads ltd
out from It for som distance in tr
mcroua and conspicuous direction.