'ifw 'Tf . 4JfVvr'j(r',wr?iinnr"T''' W.yi THE SCRANTON. TRIBUNE-FRIDAY. MARCH 11 1898. B CHANGES WROUGHT IN ONE CENTURY New York City at It Was One Hundred Years Ago. Bargain Magnets for Friday TALES A CENTENARIAN MIGHT TELL From 40,000 to :i, 000,000 Populn tloifWhat Win Considered Grant Wealth at tlio Beginning ol tlio Proient Cciitury-Otlior Drnmntlo Comparisons. From tho New York Sun. The last census showed thnt Now York had ut least four centenarians among her Inhabitants. Should one of. these attend tho proposed Charter Day celebration ho might tell nti Interesting talc of tho city's growth. When he was horn Now York was tho national capital, with a population of 40,000 who lived mainly below tho canal, which, at its intersection with Broadway, was crossed by a stone bridge. In his boy hood there was where the Clallln ware house now stands In "West Broadway a largo orchard In which duels wore fought. John Jay the first, who lived In College place, had just returned from treaty making nbroad, to tho an .ger of Spain, to which government no treaty had been offered. Consequent ly, concurrently with tho return of Jay to recelvo the plaudits of his fellow Now Yorkers, there had nlso arrived Don Diego Gordoqul an Imposing-appearing Castlllan as Spain's llrst min ister to tho Infant republic. New Yorkers wero then disposed to bo friendly with Spain, whoro lay their hope of sherries, Sevlllo oranges, and olive oil. Don Diego was heartily wel comed by President Washington and taken Into the house of representatives by Secretary of iStato Hamilton and duly received. If the New Yorker had friends to visit In Brooklyn at tho close of the last century he took a row-boat at the Hver stairs at tho foot of Wall street. If he walked up Broadway from tho Commons ho would pause to admire at Astor place and Great Jones Btreet a row of young French voplar trees freslily imported ns a compliment to tho land of Lafayette, the recent guest of New York. If he paused to take a breath nt tho head of what wo now know as Franklin street ho would see on either hand, oast or west, steep de clivities remains of which can still be observed, notwithstanding much grad ing. From that vantage place on Broadway ho could see nt the foot of tho hill at the point whero now Is tho Criminal courts building, a largo pond, on which canoes would bo skimming along In summer, or If It wore winter with groups of skaters on it. That pond was then known as "The Col lect." It was fringed with trees and bushes and thither tho laundresses would repair to do their washing on the banks of the pond. AT CENTURY'S BIRTH. When the now century began New York city boasted of 00,000 residents nnd was fast arousing new Jealousies in Boston and Philadelphia. Duane nnd Reade streets had Just been laid out, nnd a race had set In on tho oast nnd tho west sides of the Island be tween Washington street and Cherry in their progress northward. In 1S00, where now stands J. P. Morgan & Co.'s hanking house in Wall street stood a night-watch house. Where is now the Mortimer building nt Wall and New streets stood Becker's tavern. Oppo site to whero Is now tho Sun building stood Grenzeback's delicatessen shop. Whero is now the Tribune building stood a low frame building running along Nassau street and known both ns Marking's long room and the Tam many Wigwam. If the centenarian ns a schoolboy wished to treat a little sweetheart to lee croam he would take her to a garden opposite the park kept by John H. Contolt, who subsequently In his confectionery business elsewhere amassed a fortune which a son of his who recently died Increased largely and divided by will between a daughter of the lato Recorder Hackett (who mar ried Contolt's step-daughter) and "Ned" Hall, a clerk of the court of sessions. Where the Astor House stands then resided Vice-President Aaron Burr and Mayor Livingston, nnd In Inter years Mayor Philip Hone also resided on the same site. As a Columbia college boy no doubt the centenarian Joined In the grand procession got up by the Colum bian Order or Tammany society for the burial with honors of the bones of the 11,000 Colonial and Revolutionary soldiers who were imprisoned by the British on the prison ships anchored off the Wallabout or where the navy yard Is now. Congress had failed to make an appropriation to disinter and rebury tho bones under a monument, although It had been widely petitioned to do so; wherefore the Tammany soci ety raised the money. The cornerstone of the monument was laid on April 13, 1808, after a procession in which the Tammany society lea and military companies and citizens joined. Joseph D. Fay, a prominent Now York lawyer he who was the law preceptor of Charles O'Connor delivered an elo quent and Impassioned oration. His opening sentences were these: "Upon this day wo lny the corner stone of a tomb and monument pnerod to the memory of the 11,000 patriot martyrs who fell victims to Kngllsh greed and oppression. Hitherto their ashes have been blown about like sum mer's dust In a whirlwind. But hero what remains of those ash'cs shall re pose nnd over them shall rise a marble column to tell to future ages tho story of those who choso death In preference to political slavery. Moreover, tho cur ious mariner shall, as ho passes at a distance, point hither In silent udmlra tlon, and posterity shall call It the Tomb of Patriots."' BABY HUMORS Instant relief for skin-tortured babies and Test for tired mothers In a warm bath with Cimcrnx So.it, and a single application of CimcuiiA (olntnient)t the great akin cure. Tho only speedy and economical treatment for Itching, burning, bleeding, scaly, and pimply humors of tlio skin, scalp, aud blood. (uticura (yH9 (4 Cr Km Bby Jlanux," milll tnt. BABY BLEMISHES rrevtat tfid Curt! ti CUTICl'tU MJit. Good Quality Apron Ginghams, today's price - - '2c White Night Gown Flannel, big value at 3c Table Doylies, in all colors, fringed, today at 3c Fancy Colored Outing Flannel, great bargain at - - 4c Full width Kitchen Toweling and Checked Glass Toweling, yd, 44c Handsomely Printed Flannelettes, today at 44c Yard Wide Printed Cambrics, worth 10c a yard, today at 5c Largest Size Turkish Wash Cloth. Today's price, 3 for 5c the eREm store Within th'o following month tho vault was completed, and in It wore laid tho bones which had been disinterred. In another procession In honor of tho dead Mayor De "Witt Clinton of New York, tho trustees of tho village of Brook lyn, Gov. Tompkins, members of con gress, and military and naval ollicers participated. Tho embers of Revolu tionary 'Ires still were alive, roadv to blow Into llame, nnd Great Britain on the ocean was perpetrating outrages upon American ships nnd sailors, so that patriotic memories wore Iseenly nllve In the popular breast. The pro ccfsIoii wns headed by a herald trum peter mounted on a black charger, and In his left hand he carried a bind: ban ner on which was inscribed in golden letters, "Mortals behold, 12,000 spirits of the Martyred Brave attend us. Ap proach ye the Tomb of Honor, Glory, and Virtuous Patriotism." Benjamin Romalne, Tammany's Grand Sachem, was marshal of the day, and Dr. Ben jamin Do Witt delivered an Impressive oration, which, as read In these days, sounds artificial, but then aroused great admiration from hearers and newspapers. Next, amid the "Dead March," played by .the Navy Yard Band, tho cofllns were decorously ar ranged in the granite tomb. The pro prietors of the horscboat ferry and of the hundreds of rowboats which car ried New Yorkers over to the village of Brooklyn declined to receive pay for ferriage, Perhaps the centenarian, in thinking of that Wnllabout funeral march, will realize best the growth of Greater New York. STEADY GROWTH. New York next, a few years later, magnified herself over the naval war with England. Commercially speak ing, war has always Improved this city. In the naval, tho Mexican and the civil war, the national treasury Avns a great buyer and money circulated, nnd while Borne few Interests suffered, In the main there was prosperity. Up to the close of the naval war In 1815, the city grow along both rlveiw, and farms and gardens gradually, gave way to resi dences, and old residences to business, slowly but surely all the time up to 1820 the march of the municipality of New York to its present greatness pro ceeded. That greatness the phophetic yes of De Witt Clinton saw; so that during the years 1SOS-9-10 a street com mission, whose appointment was In spired by him, was In operation, man ping the Island area Into streets and avenues pretty much as they now x 1st, Brooklyn, too, was shedding Its village uhell and takinff on town and eventually city looks. The plan of the officials was to avoid crooked or nar row streets and alleyways; hence out numbered streets beyond Houston and numbered or lettered avenues between the rivers, nil to the disregard, doubt less, of the picturesque, but to the com fort and safety of the future popula tion. John Rundel the civil engineer who did the main mapping and survey ing for the commission deserves to be remembered at tho approaching cele bration, nnd also Henry C. Murphy, who during half a century of his pub lie career In Brooklyn did much to de velop It. Mr. Randel has left on rec ord an Interesting picture of what New York Island topographically was in his day. He wrote thus: "Whilst nctlng ns surveyor nnd sec retary to the commissioners of streets nnd roads and also ns their chief en gineer in superintending in the surveys and maps of the assistants employed by them, I went dally from tho city I by which term ho meant as much of It as lay south of tho canal) to our ofllce In tho country nt the northwest corner of Christopher nnd Herring streets previous to performing my field work. I generally crossed a ditch cut through tho Llspennrd salt meadows (now a culvert under Canal street) on a plank laid across It mldwny between the nrched stone bridge at Broadway nnd nn excavation then being made for tho foundation of St. John's chapel, where the rural residents of Trinity parish were to worship. At the north end of this crossing place I followed a well-beaten path leading to tho village of Greenwich; passing through partly fenced fields mostly under cultivation and remote from any dwelling house. except Rlohmond Hill, the country seat of Aaron Burr (In what Is now Charl ton street, between Vnrlck und Mac dougall street). I continued along this main path to a branch path diverging from It to tho eastward, south of Mln etta water, whero I took a branch path through the country farm of ex-Mayor Vnrlek to our office. Arrived there I had only passed threo dwellings, which wcro two-story frame houses, and one of which was that In which Tom Palno lived and died. Our work was greatly Impeded all over the Island by land owners, who arrestod us for trespass ing, until a legislative rider act pre vented. Wo drank wafer furnished and sold from casks and palls at Knapp's spring, near tho west end of Green wich avenue. At tho bend of Broad way by Tenth street was tho residence of Captain Randall, which, with the farm land around, it he afterward be queathed to maintain Bailors' Snug Harbor. Between It and Love Lane (Twenty-first street) along Broadway wero only half a dozen frame dwelling houses. EARLY SURVEYS. "The Bowery was the principal road leading to Hnrlaem and Manhattan vllle, and ho on to Boston and Albany. At tho corner of North street (now JONAS LONG'S SONS, Houston) we began mapping streets and avenues northward. We encount ered In our surveys ancient and ne glected hawthorn hedge fences, now grown Into saplings, that were impass able without tho aid of the ax. When wo came to tho crossing and union of the Bowery road and tho beginning of the Bloomingdale road an acute angle Intersected by streets left so awkward an area for building purposes that we laid out a square in it, and because of these Interfering unions of thor oughfares we named it Union square. We so arranged streets above Hous ton that every twenty of them consti tuted a mile. Wo made 'ns an average eight lots to every block front." These published plans and maps ex cited In many quarters Irony and sar casm, Tho men who built tho rear of the city hall of red stone because back of It were only suburbs laughed at the Idea of the city's ever extending to the Harlem river, where tho commission ers ended their plan. A Thirteenth avenue and 150th street excited laugh ter among the unthinking. Similarly when Henry C. Murphy, as corpora tion counsel of Brooklyn, predicted that Coney Island and Jamaica would one day become boundaries of his city, he also was laughed at. When the Island of Manhattan was thus mapped Into lots, naturally spec ulation in them was engendered, and residences gradually increased north ward. With Bishop Berkeley the course of the star of empire was west ward, but for the Gothamltes, because of the rivers, necessarily It was north ward only. Tho census of 1814 showed 96,000 In habitants for New York and Brooklyn, 1,000 of whom wero slaves a published fact which set on foot the movement, soon successful, of making Now York a free state. WEALTH FIGURES. Seventy-eight years ago only 300 res idents and estates paid personal tax on sums of more than $3,000. Only four teen paid personal estate ranging In value between $30,000 and $100,000; among these taxpayers were Isaac Bronnon, Henry C. De Rham, Peter Harmony, Philip and John Hone, Her man Hendricks, Nathaniel Primer, Peter nnd Daniel Remsen nnd 1'eter Schermerhorn. Then the Henry A. Coster ostate paid on $300,000, John M. Asplnwall on $100,000, John G. Coster on $200,000, William Jauncey on $120,uw, Robert Lenox on $100,000, Thomas H. Smith on $1S0,000 and Stephen Whit ney on $160,000. New York's only mil lionaire was John Jacob Astor. And that was a day when assessments wero laid by ward elected officers who were honestly anxious to reach the full amounts. There are a dozen million aires in this city today each of whom enjoys wealth greater than possessed by all who paid personal tax In 1820. In 1820 Peter Goelet's personal wealth was officially estimated at $00,000 None of the three Hamersley brothers had personal property assessed at more than $15,000; none of tho How lands at more than $23,000; only one of the ten Jones's reached $60,000; only one of the twelve Lawrences William) attained $50,000: only one (Robert F.) of the eight Livingstons reached $30, 000; Nicholas Low was ranked at $20,- uuu; Anson u. Phelps reached only $3,000; William Rhinelander only $40, 000; only one Roosevelt had $20,000; Re corder Van Wyck was figured at $10, 000, and not a Vanderbllt was named. MYSTERIES OP THE SEA. Recalled by tho Destruction of (ho Maine in llnvnnn llnrbor. Tho, Maine was not the first United' States ship of war to meet destruction by explosion In time of peace. An ar ticle by Charles Frederick Stansbury in Tho Illustrated American states that on June 4, 1829, the Demalogos, which wns also knoyn as Fulton II., was de stroyed by tin explosion In the harbor of New York. Twenty-four persons wero killed and nineteen wounded. The mystery of the explosion was never cleared up. There wero numerous sur mises, and suspicion rested for awhile on a gunner's mate who had been Hogged on tho day of the catastrophe for a breach of discipline. Some peo ple Inclined to the opinion that tho ac cident was caused by carelessly ex posed gunpowder, of which there were several barrels on board. Tho Demalo gos was Interesting ns being the first steam war vessel ever constructed. Sho was to have been used In the War of 1812, but was not completed In time. Somewhat later In the century tho United States warship Wasp put to sea and was never again heard of. Her fato can only bo conjectured. Dr. Holmes, either In the Autocrat or tho Professor, tells most graphically how for years, In the New England seaport, every tlmo ho heard tho firing of can non the thought sprung Into his mind, "Here comes the Wasp!" It is a sin gular coincidence that In 1887 tho Brit ish warship Wasp put to sea with or deia to join the China squadron. Like her American namesake, she also com pletely disappeared. The fate of tho gallant commanders and bravo crews of these Ill-fated ships, each bearing tho same striking name, appeals strongly to the imagination. Its Only Use. "But, my dear," expostulated Mrs. Sub bubs, as they wore moving Into their now houHe, "whnt on earth do you want a study for? You dont smokol" Punch. SPAIN'S MANY WARS. X IJrnvo Country with Iirnvc People but Sonihow in Lnto Years Always Unlortiiunto. II. S. Cnnfleld, In Tlrncs-Herald. "No man Is braver than a Spaniard," said Sir Richard Grenvllle of Devon. The history of Spain Is a history of Incessant struggle, Incessant warfare and incessant cruelty. Spain, ns we understand .the name, came Into be ing with tho marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella. By this union two groat provinces were made one and others camo In to make the whole. Under Ferdinand and Isabella began the voy ages of discovery which were to give Spain control of nine-tenths of the new (world. Being .the Initiative reign of Spain as u nation It was, of course, a warlike reign. Three men out of four when asked to name the leading events of Ferdinand's occupancy of the throne will say that Columbus made an egg stand up for his delectation, and dis covered America, and stop there. Yet in that reign the Moors were driven from Spain; the inquisition was es tablished; Torquemnda was a power second only to the pope himself; the Jews were expatriated: there were many wars In Italy; .there was a war with Franco to recover Cerdagne and Roussillon, which had been mortgaged to France by Ferdinand's father; there was the rise and world-filling fame of Gonsalvo de Cordova, the great sol dier; there was the utter defeat of the French on Italian soil; there were successful wars In Africa, and the war of .the so-called Holy League. CORTE53 AND PIZARRO. In the days which followed Hernando Cortez fought nnd conquered Mexico nnd Francisco Plzarro under contract fought and conquered Peru. This man gave to fe'paln a territory which ex tended through thirty-nine degrees of latitude and Included all of those coun tries now known as Peru, Ecuador, Bo. livla and Chile. Every day of Plzarro's adventurous life In the west was a day or warfare, nnd every main actor In the drama of the Incas died a violent death. These possessions poured Into the coffers of the conquering country a steady stream of gold and sliver. Within fifty years the Spanish navi gators made of Spain the greatest em pire the world had ever known. The Atlantic and Pacific oceans became Spanish lakes, and became so through constant wars. Every foot of this vast western holding, with tho exception only of Cuba nnd Porto Rico, has been lost by war or through the direct con sequences of war. Since the dethrone ment of Ferdinand VII. and enthrone ment of Joseph Bonaparte revolutions have ocst Spain nearly all of her transatlantic colonies. Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Ecuador went In 1S24. Ven ezuela went in 1823, Mexico achieved Independence In 1829, and the Isthmian republics in 1823. DOMINATED EUROPE. In 1519 the Frankfort diet gave tho crown of Germany to Charles V., who was a Hapsburg, and Spain leaped at once into prominence and power In the wide field of European politics. For eighty years It dominated the nations of Europe, always at war and always ruling, when it ruled, with an iron hand, At thnt time facing each oth er were four of the greatest kings of history. They were Charles V. of Spain, Francis I, of France, Henry VIII., of England and Solyman the Magnificent. The ablest of them was Charles. During all of his reign his people had small breathing tlmo be wns engaged in what are called tho Itallnn wars. Ho was really behind tho Constable de Bourbon's sacking of Rome In 1527, because Pope Clement had absolved Francis from a truce, and that merry monarch had Imme diately begun fighting again. In tho eight years between 1527 and 1535 ho had his usual war with Francis, a war with tho Florentines, assailed the Bar bnry pirates and captured Tunis. In 153G ho Invaded Provence, and In that year whipped the rebellious burghers of Ohent, He had an African war In 1541 and another war with France from 1542 to 1544. In 1513 he began his sav. nge attacks on Protestantism. In 1547 he took Maurice of Saxony prisoner, and fought him ugaln In 1552, Ho fol lowed this with one more war with his old foeman of France. At this time Spain was mistress of Mexico, Peru, Francho Comte, the Netherlands, Nap les, parts of Germany and a dozen of other principalities. During his reign Charles rolled back tho Turks from Europe, fought for Christians In Tunis nnd Algiers, had traveled over Italy, x'rance, England, Germany and Flan ders forty times In war and peace. Ho had fought every ono who disagreed with him on any subject, and when he resigned his crown to Phillip and retired to a monastry, was tho most potent and dreaded monarch of his day. PHILIP AS A FIGHTER. Philip, who camo to the throne when 29 years old, fought tho pope; fought France; fought long wars with the Protestant Netherlands; fought the Turk viciously; mado one of tho Holy League which fought tho great sea fight of Lepanto which forever shat tered tho Turkish dream of an empire in Africa, and In which Cervantes, a private soldier, lost the use of his left White India Linen, nice finish, fine' quality, today at, yard, 5c Children's Fast Black Hose, double knee, today at - 10c 4 'Quo Vadis," paper bound, today at - 18c A Great BOOK BARGAIN Handsome leather bound vol umes, best authors, very special today at - 19c Extra Large Size Bleached and Unbleached Turkish Towels, also linen, hemmed and fringed, today at 3 for - 25c 54-inch All Wool Scotch Suitings, in diagonals, mixtures and checks, 75-cent value. Today at - 29c hand; fought Henry of Navarre; main tained a perpetual sea wnr with Eng land after tho accession of Elizabeth. He sent tho Invincible armada In 1588, nnd of tho 30,000 men who manned his ships only 10.00U returned. He pent an other armada In 1596-7. Mexico was coined Into ducats for these wars English, French and Dutch. Philip wns royally Spanish or Spanlshly roy al. He lived and breathed murder. He attempted to assaslnate Elizabeth, Henry of Navarre and John of Olden Barneveld, the great burgher, and he did assassinate Egmont, Hoorne, Wil liam the Silent, Don Carlos, at that time his only son, his Illegitimate son, Don Juan, millions by one edict In the Netherlands, and his private sec retary, Escovedo, who knew too much. For many years of Philips reign tho skull of the chief justice of Arngon adorned a Spanish market place. Here Is what ho governed: Peru, Mexico, Brazil,, the Antilles, seventeen Nether land provinces, twelve kingdoms of Spain and Portugal, tho two Sicilies, Milan, parts of Tuscany, Barbary, Guinea, the Afrlcon coast southwest, the Indian Sea peninsulas and archi pelagoes, the Philippine and Malucca Islands, tho Grand Duchy of Florence and tho Republic of Geneva. He wns titular king of England, through his marriage with Mary, and a claimant to tho throne of France through his daughter. RETROGRESSION. Under Philip III., Philip IV.. and Charles II., tho great empire rapidly retrograded. Under Philip HI. there were .thirty years of war. Philip IV. reigned forty-four years, which were of almost uninterrupted war with the Netherlands. Italy and France under Richelieu. Philip V., who was a Bour bon, and Ferdinand VI. wero compar atlely quiescent. Charles III. wns guilty of two foolish wars with Eng land, In both of which he wns worsted. In the Spanish' war with England In 1752 the English took Havana, with $15,000,000 in plunder, and nlso Trinidad and Manilla. Spain bought them back with Florl la. In 1793 Spain warred with France, a war which was ended by disgraceful concessions of Spanish territory. In 1797, Spain then being once more embroiled with England, the battle of St. Vincent was fought. It resulted In the practical annihilation of the Spanish marine. This was fol lowed by her lengthy troubles with France under Napoleon, In all of which she lost strength and prestige. Final ly came the successful revolutions of hr American dependencies and tho civil wars of Don Carlos. Spain today, after four centuries of steady warfare, has but little more teirltory than was hers when Arngon and Castile joined hands, but Spanlbh steel has Hashed in all lands, and the Spanish gentle man adventurer has graven his name deep Into the ages, MISTAKES OF PRINTERS. Andrew Lang suffered recently at the hands of a printer in a manner which, while harmless, left tho writer in rather a ridiculous light In the eyes of the read ing public. A magazine article of his nppenred with tho following sentence: "The want of historical perspective, which makes tho moment hide the great Shakespeure of time," etc. Ho had writ ten "the great nbysm of time" und tho proofreader had questioned the word "abysm." Mr. Lang wrote "Shakespearo" in tho margin to Bhow his authority and his Intention being misunderstood the name of the bard of Avon was Inserted. o A slmllur mistake was made in tho 12 mo. Bible printed in 1S03 at Cambridge. The proofreader was in doubt as to whether ho should remove a comma, and his superior penciled "to remain" on tho margin. Tho "to remain" went into tho body of tho text, was repeated in tho S vo edition; those Bibles are, to this day, known as tho "To Remain Bibles." o In tho eyes of collectors those books of tho scripture which have printers' errors aro moro valuable than the correct ones. Of tho "Breeches Blblo" most peoplo havo heard, but the "Hug Blblo" had a less extended circulation. "Bus" was originally Identical with "bogle," and Is rendered ns "terror" In the unauthorized editions. In the edition of 13G1 tho old word Is retained and Psalm xcl, 22, reads, "Thou shall not neade to bo afraid for nny bugges by night." Tho "Treable Bi ble" of 156S substitutes that favorite con diment for "balm" in Ollead. In the "Ear-to-Kar Blblo" of 1810 tho "h" Is loft out of tho second "hear." Perhaps tho most Interesting Blblo mistake, however. Is In tho New Testament Issued by the Rev. Edward Hnrwood, D. T an eigh teenth century divine, who struck upon the brilliant Idea of clothing "the genu ine ideas and doctrines of the apostles with that propriety and perspicuity in which they themselves would havo ex hibited had they now lived nnd written In our language." While ho ndmlttsd that the commonly accepted version en Joyed a certain "venerable sacredncss," tho fastidious doctor announced that "nn attempt to dlffuso over tho sacred pages tho elecanco of modern English might allure men of cultivated minds to a book all too generally neglected." Hence Nlcodemus Is described as a "gentle man," the convert Damarls as a "lady of distinction" and the daughter of He rodlas ns "a young lady who danced with Inlmttablo grace and elegance." The words addressed to the daughter of Jalrus nro "Young lady, rise," and fit. Peter on the Mount of Transfiguration exclaims; "Oh, sir, what a delectable residence we might fix hero!" A Nice Distinction. "Well, Willie," asked grandma, "havo you had all tho dinner you want?" "No," answered llttlo Willie; "but ' I havo had all I can eat,""-Tlt-Bits, ELEPHANTS ON THEIR MUSCLE A Trial of Strength Given nt Unr num and llniley'n Circus in Eng land. From tho London Standard. The chief members of the great show at Olympla were occupied yesterday afternoon In witnessing some curious trials of strength, In which horses, ele phants, and men were engaged. The object was chiefly to usccrtaln the strength of ono or two of the elephants owned bv Messrs. Barnum and Bailey, tho proprietors being under the Impres sion that the strength of an elephant had never been demonstrated. So far as this country is concerned, this is probably the case; but thero Is no doubt that records of trials of this sort exist In India, whero the elephant Is strictly under the care of the government, and his abilities have been made a close study. The experiments yesterday were not quite perfect, because the resist ance set the various animals was sta tionary, and took the form of a dyno meter, lent by Messrs. Thornycroft, of Chlswlck. The Instrument registered to thirty tons, but against It neither horse nor elephant could be positively said to have put out Its full strength, he dynometer wns placed on a small trolley, and attached at one end by means of ropes to half a dozen hold fasts, driven Into the earth of the arenn. Tho driving of these holdfasts was watched with great Interest. The men were perfectly drilled, and sunk a stake live feet long four feet Into the ground In about a minute. They were men who ore habitually engaged put ting up the huge tent which covers Bar num and Bailey's show In Its provin cial tours, and they can either drive In or pull out a holdfast In a wonder fully short space -of time. The first animals tested yesterday were a pair of powerful weight horses, who are considered capable of hauling on a wagon on n'n ordinary road from eight to nine tons. Yoked by means of Whipple trees to the dynometer, they only pulled 1 2-10 tons, but they did not by any means put out their full strength, owing to the weight not yield ing in the least. They dragged a wagon, weighing about 35 cwt with great ease, but even when It was at tached to the dynometer they could not overcome n greater resistance than that mentioned. The elephants had tho next turn. The first of them was Mandarin, one of the tallest In the show. The ropes leading to the dynometer were passed round his forehead, nnd he ran the In dicator up to 1.83 tons. In a second at tempt he put the finger up to 2 5-10 tons. The elephant Behe, a smaller but, as It proved, much stronger beast, was next put to It, and she In her first attempt reached 5Vs tons. The conditions evidently did not please her, for she trumpetted loudly as she put her head to the yoke. On a second at tempt Bhe became seriously annoyed, and turned round as if she meant to punish some one. The people who were In the arena fled in all directions; but thu alarm was unnecessary. She was perfectly under the control of her driv er, who again got her to bend her head to the yoke. The result was a pull which overcame a resistance of five and a half tons. After that she shoved, with her head resting on tho tailboard, the heavy wagon already mentioned round the whole arena. This task sho did with great ease, although the wag on contained no fewer than fifty-eight men, and was, all told, of an estimated weight of live tons. Man had then his turn. Some elghty-threo of the show hands were put on to tho ropes at tached to tho dynometer, and pulled against It as In a tug-of-war. With a strain of 2 7-19 tons the rope broke, and precipitated tho whole crowd of men to the ground. It was attached afresh, and ngaln broke, this tlmo at 3 2-10 tons. With a new rope the at tempt was again made, when a resist ance of 5 6-10 tons wns overcome. There Is no doubt that had tho men been drilled to put every ounce of their strength and weight Into tho pull, as are our army tugs-of-war teams, an even greater resistance would have been overcome. TO PROMOTE BEAUTY. A Now York Society to Wntch City Legislation for That Purpose. From tho Washington Post. An attempt will bo mado to protect, New York from bad legislation affect ing publlo buildings, parks, bridges, and tho like, by mentis of a newly or ganized body of trained citizens. A union for this purposo has been formed by tho building trades, real estate as sociations, engineering organizations, and art societies. A general committee will be appointed, to consist of chair men of special committees. It will re. ceive copies of all legislative bills relat ing to municipal matters, and It will also suggest measures. It Is to be a non-polltlcal union. It will pay par ticular attention to the building laws. It will undertake to have tho docks beautiful us well as useful, and to es tablish recreation piers for tho use of the public. It will try to havo all bridges artlstlo as well as substantial, and to have the parks, driveways, and publlo buildings consider beauty and comfort, with the general purpose of adding to the attractiveness of the city. Among other things It will aid the Tree, Planting Association, eo that tigbisme the streets shall bo lined with shads trees. Heretofore nobody outsldo of the pol iticians has shown nny interest in local measures, except when the person hap pened to bo directly Involved. Bills have gono through In spite of the pro tests of the newspapers, because It was tho business of nobody except thoso who looked for selfish advantages, to go to Albany to enlighten tho legisla tors. It is the opinion of intelligent men that this union will soon win tho support of tho whole public, and that It will result in nn artlstlo revolution of New York. LAWS POlt IIELLIUEKENTS. Somo Results, if Wo Ilecognlzo the Belligerency ol tho Cubans. Though this nation has not outlined its policy In regard to Cuba, tho Malno Incident aside, thero la a belief moro or less general that tho first step to bo taken would bo the submission to congress of all the facts in tho pos session of the administration in rela tion to tho revolution nnd possibly a recommendation that tho belligerency of tho Cuban republlo should bo recog nized. There Is more difference of opinion! about what tho recognition of the bel ligerency of the insurgents means and what rights It would guarantee to them or give to them about any other question now under discussion. Here, briefly told, Is what the accepted books on International law pays about It: A neutral nation shall not lend mon ey to a belligerent. It shall not sell to It any munitions of war or any war ships. A nation bound to uso duo dili gence to prevent the fitting out, arm ing, or equipping within its jurisdic tion of any vessel which it has reas onable ground to believe Is intended to cruise or carry on war with a pow er witli which it Is at peace, such ves sel having been specially adapted In wnole or In part within such Jurisdic tion to warlike use. It shall not permit or suffer cither belligerent to make use of Its ports or waters as the baso of naval operations against the other, or for the purposo of renewal or aug mentation of military supplies or arms or the recruitment of men. That Is to say, If the United States recognized the Insurgents as belliger ents It could not lend money to them. It could not sell tbem war supplies or warships, It could not permit their ships to remain In our ports except In stress of weather or to make re pairs uny longer tlmo than Is neces sary to take on board provisions (which may Include coal sufficient only to per mit the return of the vessel to one of the Insurgents' ports If they have one). But the Individual Is not so bound. The law Is that between the belliger ents and the Individual no legal obli gation can bo said to exist. An Indi vidual citizen of this country may lend money to tho Insurgents. That Is a. matter of business. Woolsey says: "The private person, If the laws of his own state or some special treaty does not forbid, can lend money to the enemy of a state at peaco with his own coun try, or can enter Into Its service as a soldier without involving the govern ment of his country in guilt." Snow, another great authority, says: "As to tho munitions of war an application of this same rule seems logical." The fol lowing quotation from Thomas Jeffer son gives tho past nnd present prac tice of this nation as to Individuals:, "Our citizens have always been free to make, vend, and export arms. It is the constant occupation and livelihood of some of them. To suppress their callings, tho only means, perhaps, of their existence, because a war exists In foreign nnd distant countries in which wo have no concern, would scarcely be expected. It would bo hard In principle and Impossible in practice. The law of nations, therefore, respect ing tho rights of thoso at peaco doea not require from them such an Inter nal derangement of their occupation. It is satisfied with tho external penalty; pronounced in the president's procla mation, that of confiscation of such portion of these arms as shall fall Into the hands of tho belligerent power on their way to the ports of their ene mies." So, It would seem, tho Insur gents would havo the right to purchase hero all manner of munitions of war and ship them subject only to tho risk of capture by tho Spanish. The recognition, of belligerency would nlso give to Spain and to Cuba, If It gets a navy, tho right to hold up Amer ican shins whenever they meet them and search them for articles contra band of war, and If those articles nro destined for tho use of tho enemy to tho ship holding them up, that ship has a right to confiscate tho articles and any other things In the ship's cargo that may belong to the consignor of the munitions of war. Jnst n Cold In tho Ilond Very often develops Into tho most ac ute and disgusting form of Catarrh. Dr. Agnew's Catarrhal Powder relieves a cold In tho head In 10 minute and piccludes the possibility of tho catarrh malady, but should catarrh have sain ed headway th! wonderful remedy will euro It In a wonderfully short time. The Lord Bishop of Toronto pver h)s own signature gyes a strong testi mony to Its curing qualities. Hold by Matthews Bros, and W. T. ClilU.-62. A .J id fc-'-mfcAwnSm ,-JSHJi
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers