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THE SCRANTON. TRIBUNE-FRIDAY. MARCH 11 1898.
B
CHANGES WROUGHT
IN ONE CENTURY
New York City at It Was One Hundred
Years Ago.
Bargain Magnets for Friday
TALES A CENTENARIAN MIGHT TELL
From 40,000 to :i, 000,000 Populn
tloifWhat Win Considered Grant
Wealth at tlio Beginning ol tlio
Proient Cciitury-Otlior Drnmntlo
Comparisons.
From tho New York Sun.
The last census showed thnt Now
York had ut least four centenarians
among her Inhabitants. Should one of.
these attend tho proposed Charter Day
celebration ho might tell nti Interesting
talc of tho city's growth. When he
was horn Now York was tho national
capital, with a population of 40,000 who
lived mainly below tho canal, which,
at its intersection with Broadway, was
crossed by a stone bridge. In his boy
hood there was where the Clallln ware
house now stands In "West Broadway
a largo orchard In which duels wore
fought. John Jay the first, who lived
In College place, had just returned
from treaty making nbroad, to tho an
.ger of Spain, to which government no
treaty had been offered. Consequent
ly, concurrently with tho return of Jay
to recelvo the plaudits of his fellow
Now Yorkers, there had nlso arrived
Don Diego Gordoqul an Imposing-appearing
Castlllan as Spain's llrst min
ister to tho Infant republic. New
Yorkers wero then disposed to bo
friendly with Spain, whoro lay their
hope of sherries, Sevlllo oranges, and
olive oil. Don Diego was heartily wel
comed by President Washington and
taken Into the house of representatives
by Secretary of iStato Hamilton and
duly received.
If the New Yorker had friends to
visit In Brooklyn at tho close of the
last century he took a row-boat at the
Hver stairs at tho foot of Wall street.
If he walked up Broadway from tho
Commons ho would pause to admire at
Astor place and Great Jones Btreet a
row of young French voplar trees
freslily imported ns a compliment to
tho land of Lafayette, the recent guest
of New York. If he paused to take a
breath nt tho head of what wo now
know as Franklin street ho would see
on either hand, oast or west, steep de
clivities remains of which can still be
observed, notwithstanding much grad
ing. From that vantage place on
Broadway ho could see nt the foot of
tho hill at the point whero now Is tho
Criminal courts building, a largo pond,
on which canoes would bo skimming
along In summer, or If It wore winter
with groups of skaters on it. That
pond was then known as "The Col
lect." It was fringed with trees and
bushes and thither tho laundresses
would repair to do their washing on the
banks of the pond.
AT CENTURY'S BIRTH.
When the now century began New
York city boasted of 00,000 residents
nnd was fast arousing new Jealousies
in Boston and Philadelphia. Duane
nnd Reade streets had Just been laid
out, nnd a race had set In on tho oast
nnd tho west sides of the Island be
tween Washington street and Cherry
in their progress northward. In 1S00,
where now stands J. P. Morgan & Co.'s
hanking house in Wall street stood a
night-watch house. Where is now the
Mortimer building nt Wall and New
streets stood Becker's tavern. Oppo
site to whero Is now tho Sun building
stood Grenzeback's delicatessen shop.
Whero is now the Tribune building
stood a low frame building running
along Nassau street and known both
ns Marking's long room and the Tam
many Wigwam.
If the centenarian ns a schoolboy
wished to treat a little sweetheart to
lee croam he would take her to a
garden opposite the park kept by John
H. Contolt, who subsequently In
his confectionery business elsewhere
amassed a fortune which a son of his
who recently died Increased largely and
divided by will between a daughter of
the lato Recorder Hackett (who mar
ried Contolt's step-daughter) and "Ned"
Hall, a clerk of the court of sessions.
Where the Astor House stands then
resided Vice-President Aaron Burr and
Mayor Livingston, nnd In Inter years
Mayor Philip Hone also resided on the
same site. As a Columbia college boy
no doubt the centenarian Joined In the
grand procession got up by the Colum
bian Order or Tammany society for
the burial with honors of the bones of
the 11,000 Colonial and Revolutionary
soldiers who were imprisoned by the
British on the prison ships anchored
off the Wallabout or where the navy
yard Is now. Congress had failed to
make an appropriation to disinter and
rebury tho bones under a monument,
although It had been widely petitioned
to do so; wherefore the Tammany soci
ety raised the money. The cornerstone
of the monument was laid on April 13,
1808, after a procession in which the
Tammany society lea and military
companies and citizens joined. Joseph
D. Fay, a prominent Now York lawyer
he who was the law preceptor of
Charles O'Connor delivered an elo
quent and Impassioned oration. His
opening sentences were these:
"Upon this day wo lny the corner
stone of a tomb and monument pnerod
to the memory of the 11,000 patriot
martyrs who fell victims to Kngllsh
greed and oppression. Hitherto their
ashes have been blown about like sum
mer's dust In a whirlwind. But hero
what remains of those ash'cs shall re
pose nnd over them shall rise a marble
column to tell to future ages tho story
of those who choso death In preference
to political slavery. Moreover, tho cur
ious mariner shall, as ho passes at a
distance, point hither In silent udmlra
tlon, and posterity shall call It the
Tomb of Patriots."'
BABY
HUMORS
Instant relief for skin-tortured babies and
Test for tired mothers In a warm bath with
Cimcrnx So.it, and a single application of
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Tho only speedy and economical treatment
for Itching, burning, bleeding, scaly, and
pimply humors of tlio skin, scalp, aud blood.
(uticura
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BABY BLEMISHES
rrevtat tfid Curt! ti
CUTICl'tU MJit.
Good Quality Apron Ginghams, today's price - - '2c
White Night Gown Flannel, big value at 3c
Table Doylies, in all colors, fringed, today at 3c
Fancy Colored Outing Flannel, great bargain at - - 4c
Full width Kitchen Toweling and Checked Glass Toweling, yd, 44c
Handsomely Printed Flannelettes, today at 44c
Yard Wide Printed Cambrics, worth 10c a yard, today at 5c
Largest Size Turkish Wash Cloth. Today's price, 3 for 5c
the eREm store
Within th'o following month tho vault
was completed, and in It wore laid tho
bones which had been disinterred. In
another procession In honor of tho dead
Mayor De "Witt Clinton of New York,
tho trustees of tho village of Brook
lyn, Gov. Tompkins, members of con
gress, and military and naval ollicers
participated. Tho embers of Revolu
tionary 'Ires still were alive, roadv to
blow Into llame, nnd Great Britain on
the ocean was perpetrating outrages
upon American ships nnd sailors, so
that patriotic memories wore Iseenly
nllve In the popular breast. The pro
ccfsIoii wns headed by a herald trum
peter mounted on a black charger, and
In his left hand he carried a bind: ban
ner on which was inscribed in golden
letters, "Mortals behold, 12,000 spirits
of the Martyred Brave attend us. Ap
proach ye the Tomb of Honor, Glory,
and Virtuous Patriotism." Benjamin
Romalne, Tammany's Grand Sachem,
was marshal of the day, and Dr. Ben
jamin Do Witt delivered an Impressive
oration, which, as read In these days,
sounds artificial, but then aroused
great admiration from hearers and
newspapers. Next, amid the "Dead
March," played by .the Navy Yard
Band, tho cofllns were decorously ar
ranged in the granite tomb. The pro
prietors of the horscboat ferry and of
the hundreds of rowboats which car
ried New Yorkers over to the village
of Brooklyn declined to receive pay for
ferriage, Perhaps the centenarian, in
thinking of that Wnllabout funeral
march, will realize best the growth of
Greater New York.
STEADY GROWTH.
New York next, a few years later,
magnified herself over the naval war
with England. Commercially speak
ing, war has always Improved this city.
In the naval, tho Mexican and the civil
war, the national treasury Avns a great
buyer and money circulated, nnd while
Borne few Interests suffered, In the main
there was prosperity. Up to the close
of the naval war In 1815, the city
grow along both rlveiw, and farms and
gardens gradually, gave way to resi
dences, and old residences to business,
slowly but surely all the time up to
1820 the march of the municipality of
New York to its present greatness pro
ceeded. That greatness the phophetic
yes of De Witt Clinton saw; so that
during the years 1SOS-9-10 a street com
mission, whose appointment was In
spired by him, was In operation, man
ping the Island area Into streets and
avenues pretty much as they now x
1st, Brooklyn, too, was shedding Its
village uhell and takinff on town and
eventually city looks. The plan of the
officials was to avoid crooked or nar
row streets and alleyways; hence out
numbered streets beyond Houston and
numbered or lettered avenues between
the rivers, nil to the disregard, doubt
less, of the picturesque, but to the com
fort and safety of the future popula
tion. John Rundel the civil engineer
who did the main mapping and survey
ing for the commission deserves to be
remembered at tho approaching cele
bration, nnd also Henry C. Murphy,
who during half a century of his pub
lie career In Brooklyn did much to de
velop It. Mr. Randel has left on rec
ord an Interesting picture of what New
York Island topographically was in his
day. He wrote thus:
"Whilst nctlng ns surveyor nnd sec
retary to the commissioners of streets
nnd roads and also ns their chief en
gineer in superintending in the surveys
and maps of the assistants employed
by them, I went dally from tho city
I by which term ho meant as much of
It as lay south of tho canal) to our
ofllce In tho country nt the northwest
corner of Christopher nnd Herring
streets previous to performing my field
work. I generally crossed a ditch cut
through tho Llspennrd salt meadows
(now a culvert under Canal street) on
a plank laid across It mldwny between
the nrched stone bridge at Broadway
nnd nn excavation then being made for
tho foundation of St. John's chapel,
where the rural residents of Trinity
parish were to worship. At the north
end of this crossing place I followed a
well-beaten path leading to tho village
of Greenwich; passing through partly
fenced fields mostly under cultivation
and remote from any dwelling house.
except Rlohmond Hill, the country seat
of Aaron Burr (In what Is now Charl
ton street, between Vnrlck und Mac
dougall street). I continued along this
main path to a branch path diverging
from It to tho eastward, south of Mln
etta water, whero I took a branch path
through the country farm of ex-Mayor
Vnrlek to our office. Arrived there I
had only passed threo dwellings, which
wcro two-story frame houses, and one
of which was that In which Tom Palno
lived and died. Our work was greatly
Impeded all over the Island by land
owners, who arrestod us for trespass
ing, until a legislative rider act pre
vented. Wo drank wafer furnished and
sold from casks and palls at Knapp's
spring, near tho west end of Green
wich avenue. At tho bend of Broad
way by Tenth street was tho residence
of Captain Randall, which, with the
farm land around, it he afterward be
queathed to maintain Bailors' Snug
Harbor. Between It and Love Lane
(Twenty-first street) along Broadway
wero only half a dozen frame dwelling
houses.
EARLY SURVEYS.
"The Bowery was the principal road
leading to Hnrlaem and Manhattan
vllle, and ho on to Boston and Albany.
At tho corner of North street (now
JONAS LONG'S SONS,
Houston) we began mapping streets
and avenues northward. We encount
ered In our surveys ancient and ne
glected hawthorn hedge fences, now
grown Into saplings, that were impass
able without tho aid of the ax. When
wo came to tho crossing and union of
the Bowery road and tho beginning of
the Bloomingdale road an acute angle
Intersected by streets left so awkward
an area for building purposes that we
laid out a square in it, and because
of these Interfering unions of thor
oughfares we named it Union square.
We so arranged streets above Hous
ton that every twenty of them consti
tuted a mile. Wo made 'ns an average
eight lots to every block front."
These published plans and maps ex
cited In many quarters Irony and sar
casm, Tho men who built tho rear of
the city hall of red stone because back
of It were only suburbs laughed at the
Idea of the city's ever extending to the
Harlem river, where tho commission
ers ended their plan. A Thirteenth
avenue and 150th street excited laugh
ter among the unthinking. Similarly
when Henry C. Murphy, as corpora
tion counsel of Brooklyn, predicted that
Coney Island and Jamaica would one
day become boundaries of his city, he
also was laughed at.
When the Island of Manhattan was
thus mapped Into lots, naturally spec
ulation in them was engendered, and
residences gradually increased north
ward. With Bishop Berkeley the
course of the star of empire was west
ward, but for the Gothamltes, because
of the rivers, necessarily It was north
ward only.
Tho census of 1814 showed 96,000 In
habitants for New York and Brooklyn,
1,000 of whom wero slaves a published
fact which set on foot the movement,
soon successful, of making Now York
a free state.
WEALTH FIGURES.
Seventy-eight years ago only 300 res
idents and estates paid personal tax on
sums of more than $3,000. Only four
teen paid personal estate ranging In
value between $30,000 and $100,000;
among these taxpayers were Isaac
Bronnon, Henry C. De Rham, Peter
Harmony, Philip and John Hone, Her
man Hendricks, Nathaniel Primer,
Peter nnd Daniel Remsen nnd 1'eter
Schermerhorn. Then the Henry A.
Coster ostate paid on $300,000, John M.
Asplnwall on $100,000, John G. Coster
on $200,000, William Jauncey on $120,uw,
Robert Lenox on $100,000, Thomas H.
Smith on $1S0,000 and Stephen Whit
ney on $160,000. New York's only mil
lionaire was John Jacob Astor. And
that was a day when assessments wero
laid by ward elected officers who were
honestly anxious to reach the full
amounts. There are a dozen million
aires in this city today each of whom
enjoys wealth greater than possessed
by all who paid personal tax In 1820.
In 1820 Peter Goelet's personal wealth
was officially estimated at $00,000
None of the three Hamersley brothers
had personal property assessed at
more than $15,000; none of tho How
lands at more than $23,000; only one of
the ten Jones's reached $60,000; only
one of the twelve Lawrences William)
attained $50,000: only one (Robert F.)
of the eight Livingstons reached $30,
000; Nicholas Low was ranked at $20,-
uuu; Anson u. Phelps reached only
$3,000; William Rhinelander only $40,
000; only one Roosevelt had $20,000; Re
corder Van Wyck was figured at $10,
000, and not a Vanderbllt was named.
MYSTERIES OP THE SEA.
Recalled by tho Destruction of (ho
Maine in llnvnnn llnrbor.
Tho, Maine was not the first United'
States ship of war to meet destruction
by explosion In time of peace. An ar
ticle by Charles Frederick Stansbury
in Tho Illustrated American states that
on June 4, 1829, the Demalogos, which
wns also knoyn as Fulton II., was de
stroyed by tin explosion In the harbor
of New York. Twenty-four persons
wero killed and nineteen wounded. The
mystery of the explosion was never
cleared up. There wero numerous sur
mises, and suspicion rested for awhile
on a gunner's mate who had been
Hogged on tho day of the catastrophe
for a breach of discipline. Some peo
ple Inclined to the opinion that tho ac
cident was caused by carelessly ex
posed gunpowder, of which there were
several barrels on board. Tho Demalo
gos was Interesting ns being the first
steam war vessel ever constructed.
Sho was to have been used In the War
of 1812, but was not completed In time.
Somewhat later In the century tho
United States warship Wasp put to sea
and was never again heard of. Her
fato can only bo conjectured. Dr.
Holmes, either In the Autocrat or tho
Professor, tells most graphically how
for years, In the New England seaport,
every tlmo ho heard tho firing of can
non the thought sprung Into his mind,
"Here comes the Wasp!" It is a sin
gular coincidence that In 1887 tho Brit
ish warship Wasp put to sea with or
deia to join the China squadron. Like
her American namesake, she also com
pletely disappeared. The fate of tho
gallant commanders and bravo crews
of these Ill-fated ships, each bearing tho
same striking name, appeals strongly
to the imagination.
Its Only Use.
"But, my dear," expostulated Mrs. Sub
bubs, as they wore moving Into their now
houHe, "whnt on earth do you want a
study for? You dont smokol" Punch.
SPAIN'S MANY WARS.
X IJrnvo Country with Iirnvc People
but Sonihow in Lnto Years Always
Unlortiiunto.
II. S. Cnnfleld, In Tlrncs-Herald.
"No man Is braver than a Spaniard,"
said Sir Richard Grenvllle of Devon.
The history of Spain Is a history of
Incessant struggle, Incessant warfare
and incessant cruelty. Spain, ns we
understand .the name, came Into be
ing with tho marriage of Ferdinand
and Isabella. By this union two groat
provinces were made one and others
camo In to make the whole. Under
Ferdinand and Isabella began the voy
ages of discovery which were to give
Spain control of nine-tenths of the
new (world. Being .the Initiative reign
of Spain as u nation It was, of course,
a warlike reign. Three men out of four
when asked to name the leading events
of Ferdinand's occupancy of the throne
will say that Columbus made an egg
stand up for his delectation, and dis
covered America, and stop there. Yet
in that reign the Moors were driven
from Spain; the inquisition was es
tablished; Torquemnda was a power
second only to the pope himself; the
Jews were expatriated: there were
many wars In Italy; .there was a war
with Franco to recover Cerdagne and
Roussillon, which had been mortgaged
to France by Ferdinand's father; there
was the rise and world-filling fame of
Gonsalvo de Cordova, the great sol
dier; there was the utter defeat of
the French on Italian soil; there were
successful wars In Africa, and the war
of .the so-called Holy League.
CORTE53 AND PIZARRO.
In the days which followed Hernando
Cortez fought nnd conquered Mexico
nnd Francisco Plzarro under contract
fought and conquered Peru. This man
gave to fe'paln a territory which ex
tended through thirty-nine degrees of
latitude and Included all of those coun
tries now known as Peru, Ecuador, Bo.
livla and Chile. Every day of Plzarro's
adventurous life In the west was a day
or warfare, nnd every main actor In
the drama of the Incas died a violent
death. These possessions poured Into
the coffers of the conquering country
a steady stream of gold and sliver.
Within fifty years the Spanish navi
gators made of Spain the greatest em
pire the world had ever known. The
Atlantic and Pacific oceans became
Spanish lakes, and became so through
constant wars. Every foot of this vast
western holding, with tho exception
only of Cuba nnd Porto Rico, has been
lost by war or through the direct con
sequences of war. Since the dethrone
ment of Ferdinand VII. and enthrone
ment of Joseph Bonaparte revolutions
have ocst Spain nearly all of her
transatlantic colonies. Peru, Bolivia,
Chile and Ecuador went In 1S24. Ven
ezuela went in 1823, Mexico achieved
Independence In 1829, and the Isthmian
republics in 1823.
DOMINATED EUROPE.
In 1519 the Frankfort diet gave tho
crown of Germany to Charles V., who
was a Hapsburg, and Spain leaped at
once into prominence and power In the
wide field of European politics. For
eighty years It dominated the nations
of Europe, always at war and always
ruling, when it ruled, with an iron
hand, At thnt time facing each oth
er were four of the greatest kings of
history. They were Charles V. of
Spain, Francis I, of France, Henry
VIII., of England and Solyman the
Magnificent. The ablest of them was
Charles. During all of his reign his
people had small breathing tlmo be
wns engaged in what are called tho
Itallnn wars. Ho was really behind tho
Constable de Bourbon's sacking of
Rome In 1527, because Pope Clement
had absolved Francis from a truce,
and that merry monarch had Imme
diately begun fighting again. In tho
eight years between 1527 and 1535 ho
had his usual war with Francis, a war
with tho Florentines, assailed the Bar
bnry pirates and captured Tunis. In
153G ho Invaded Provence, and In that
year whipped the rebellious burghers
of Ohent, He had an African war In
1541 and another war with France from
1542 to 1544. In 1513 he began his sav.
nge attacks on Protestantism. In 1547
he took Maurice of Saxony prisoner,
and fought him ugaln In 1552, Ho fol
lowed this with one more war with
his old foeman of France. At this time
Spain was mistress of Mexico, Peru,
Francho Comte, the Netherlands, Nap
les, parts of Germany and a dozen of
other principalities. During his reign
Charles rolled back tho Turks from
Europe, fought for Christians In Tunis
nnd Algiers, had traveled over Italy,
x'rance, England, Germany and Flan
ders forty times In war and peace. Ho
had fought every ono who disagreed
with him on any subject, and when
he resigned his crown to Phillip and
retired to a monastry, was tho most
potent and dreaded monarch of his
day.
PHILIP AS A FIGHTER.
Philip, who camo to the throne when
29 years old, fought tho pope; fought
France; fought long wars with the
Protestant Netherlands; fought the
Turk viciously; mado one of tho Holy
League which fought tho great sea
fight of Lepanto which forever shat
tered tho Turkish dream of an empire
in Africa, and In which Cervantes, a
private soldier, lost the use of his left
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4 'Quo Vadis," paper bound, today at - 18c
A Great BOOK BARGAIN Handsome leather bound vol
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also linen, hemmed and fringed, today at 3 for - 25c
54-inch All Wool Scotch Suitings, in diagonals, mixtures and
checks, 75-cent value. Today at - 29c
hand; fought Henry of Navarre; main
tained a perpetual sea wnr with Eng
land after tho accession of Elizabeth.
He sent tho Invincible armada In 1588,
nnd of tho 30,000 men who manned his
ships only 10.00U returned. He pent an
other armada In 1596-7. Mexico was
coined Into ducats for these wars
English, French and Dutch. Philip
wns royally Spanish or Spanlshly roy
al. He lived and breathed murder. He
attempted to assaslnate Elizabeth,
Henry of Navarre and John of Olden
Barneveld, the great burgher, and he
did assassinate Egmont, Hoorne, Wil
liam the Silent, Don Carlos, at that
time his only son, his Illegitimate son,
Don Juan, millions by one edict In
the Netherlands, and his private sec
retary, Escovedo, who knew too much.
For many years of Philips reign tho
skull of the chief justice of Arngon
adorned a Spanish market place. Here
Is what ho governed: Peru, Mexico,
Brazil,, the Antilles, seventeen Nether
land provinces, twelve kingdoms of
Spain and Portugal, tho two Sicilies,
Milan, parts of Tuscany, Barbary,
Guinea, the Afrlcon coast southwest,
the Indian Sea peninsulas and archi
pelagoes, the Philippine and Malucca
Islands, tho Grand Duchy of Florence
and tho Republic of Geneva. He wns
titular king of England, through his
marriage with Mary, and a claimant
to tho throne of France through his
daughter.
RETROGRESSION.
Under Philip III., Philip IV.. and
Charles II., tho great empire rapidly
retrograded. Under Philip HI. there
were .thirty years of war. Philip IV.
reigned forty-four years, which were
of almost uninterrupted war with the
Netherlands. Italy and France under
Richelieu. Philip V., who was a Bour
bon, and Ferdinand VI. wero compar
atlely quiescent. Charles III. wns
guilty of two foolish wars with Eng
land, In both of which he wns worsted.
In the Spanish' war with England In
1752 the English took Havana, with
$15,000,000 in plunder, and nlso Trinidad
and Manilla. Spain bought them back
with Florl la. In 1793 Spain warred
with France, a war which was ended
by disgraceful concessions of Spanish
territory. In 1797, Spain then being
once more embroiled with England, the
battle of St. Vincent was fought. It
resulted In the practical annihilation
of the Spanish marine. This was fol
lowed by her lengthy troubles with
France under Napoleon, In all of which
she lost strength and prestige. Final
ly came the successful revolutions of
hr American dependencies and tho
civil wars of Don Carlos. Spain today,
after four centuries of steady warfare,
has but little more teirltory than was
hers when Arngon and Castile joined
hands, but Spanlbh steel has Hashed
in all lands, and the Spanish gentle
man adventurer has graven his name
deep Into the ages,
MISTAKES OF PRINTERS.
Andrew Lang suffered recently at the
hands of a printer in a manner which,
while harmless, left tho writer in rather
a ridiculous light In the eyes of the read
ing public. A magazine article of his
nppenred with tho following sentence:
"The want of historical perspective,
which makes tho moment hide the great
Shakespeure of time," etc. Ho had writ
ten "the great nbysm of time" und tho
proofreader had questioned the word
"abysm." Mr. Lang wrote "Shakespearo"
in tho margin to Bhow his authority and
his Intention being misunderstood the
name of the bard of Avon was Inserted.
o
A slmllur mistake was made in tho
12 mo. Bible printed in 1S03 at Cambridge.
The proofreader was in doubt as to
whether ho should remove a comma, and
his superior penciled "to remain" on tho
margin. Tho "to remain" went into tho
body of tho text, was repeated in tho S vo
edition; those Bibles are, to this day,
known as tho "To Remain Bibles."
o
In tho eyes of collectors those books of
tho scripture which have printers' errors
aro moro valuable than the correct ones.
Of tho "Breeches Blblo" most peoplo
havo heard, but the "Hug Blblo" had a
less extended circulation. "Bus" was
originally Identical with "bogle," and Is
rendered ns "terror" In the unauthorized
editions. In the edition of 13G1 tho old
word Is retained and Psalm xcl, 22, reads,
"Thou shall not neade to bo afraid for
nny bugges by night." Tho "Treable Bi
ble" of 156S substitutes that favorite con
diment for "balm" in Ollead. In the
"Ear-to-Kar Blblo" of 1810 tho "h" Is loft
out of tho second "hear." Perhaps tho
most Interesting Blblo mistake, however.
Is In tho New Testament Issued by the
Rev. Edward Hnrwood, D. T an eigh
teenth century divine, who struck upon
the brilliant Idea of clothing "the genu
ine ideas and doctrines of the apostles
with that propriety and perspicuity in
which they themselves would havo ex
hibited had they now lived nnd written
In our language." While ho ndmlttsd
that the commonly accepted version en
Joyed a certain "venerable sacredncss,"
tho fastidious doctor announced that "nn
attempt to dlffuso over tho sacred pages
tho elecanco of modern English might
allure men of cultivated minds to a book
all too generally neglected." Hence
Nlcodemus Is described as a "gentle
man," the convert Damarls as a "lady
of distinction" and the daughter of He
rodlas ns "a young lady who danced with
Inlmttablo grace and elegance." The
words addressed to the daughter of
Jalrus nro "Young lady, rise," and fit.
Peter on the Mount of Transfiguration
exclaims; "Oh, sir, what a delectable
residence we might fix hero!"
A Nice Distinction.
"Well, Willie," asked grandma, "havo
you had all tho dinner you want?"
"No," answered llttlo Willie; "but ' I
havo had all I can eat,""-Tlt-Bits,
ELEPHANTS ON THEIR MUSCLE
A Trial of Strength Given nt Unr
num and llniley'n Circus in Eng
land. From tho London Standard.
The chief members of the great show
at Olympla were occupied yesterday
afternoon In witnessing some curious
trials of strength, In which horses, ele
phants, and men were engaged. The
object was chiefly to usccrtaln the
strength of ono or two of the elephants
owned bv Messrs. Barnum and Bailey,
tho proprietors being under the Impres
sion that the strength of an elephant
had never been demonstrated. So far
as this country is concerned, this is
probably the case; but thero Is no doubt
that records of trials of this sort exist
In India, whero the elephant Is strictly
under the care of the government, and
his abilities have been made a close
study. The experiments yesterday were
not quite perfect, because the resist
ance set the various animals was sta
tionary, and took the form of a dyno
meter, lent by Messrs. Thornycroft, of
Chlswlck. The Instrument registered
to thirty tons, but against It neither
horse nor elephant could be positively
said to have put out Its full strength,
he dynometer wns placed on a small
trolley, and attached at one end by
means of ropes to half a dozen hold
fasts, driven Into the earth of the
arenn. Tho driving of these holdfasts
was watched with great Interest. The
men were perfectly drilled, and sunk
a stake live feet long four feet Into the
ground In about a minute. They were
men who ore habitually engaged put
ting up the huge tent which covers Bar
num and Bailey's show In Its provin
cial tours, and they can either drive
In or pull out a holdfast In a wonder
fully short space -of time. The first
animals tested yesterday were a pair
of powerful weight horses, who are
considered capable of hauling on a
wagon on n'n ordinary road from eight
to nine tons. Yoked by means of
Whipple trees to the dynometer, they
only pulled 1 2-10 tons, but they did not
by any means put out their full
strength, owing to the weight not yield
ing in the least. They dragged a
wagon, weighing about 35 cwt with
great ease, but even when It was at
tached to the dynometer they could
not overcome n greater resistance than
that mentioned. The elephants had tho
next turn.
The first of them was Mandarin, one
of the tallest In the show. The ropes
leading to the dynometer were passed
round his forehead, nnd he ran the In
dicator up to 1.83 tons. In a second at
tempt he put the finger up to 2 5-10
tons. The elephant Behe, a smaller
but, as It proved, much stronger beast,
was next put to It, and she In her
first attempt reached 5Vs tons. The
conditions evidently did not please her,
for she trumpetted loudly as she put
her head to the yoke. On a second at
tempt Bhe became seriously annoyed,
and turned round as if she meant to
punish some one. The people who were
In the arena fled in all directions; but
thu alarm was unnecessary. She was
perfectly under the control of her driv
er, who again got her to bend her head
to the yoke. The result was a pull
which overcame a resistance of five
and a half tons. After that she shoved,
with her head resting on tho tailboard,
the heavy wagon already mentioned
round the whole arena. This task sho
did with great ease, although the wag
on contained no fewer than fifty-eight
men, and was, all told, of an estimated
weight of live tons. Man had then his
turn. Some elghty-threo of the show
hands were put on to tho ropes at
tached to tho dynometer, and pulled
against It as In a tug-of-war. With a
strain of 2 7-19 tons the rope broke,
and precipitated tho whole crowd of
men to the ground. It was attached
afresh, and ngaln broke, this tlmo at
3 2-10 tons. With a new rope the at
tempt was again made, when a resist
ance of 5 6-10 tons wns overcome. There
Is no doubt that had tho men been
drilled to put every ounce of their
strength and weight Into tho pull, as
are our army tugs-of-war teams, an
even greater resistance would have
been overcome.
TO PROMOTE BEAUTY.
A Now York Society to Wntch City
Legislation for That Purpose.
From tho Washington Post.
An attempt will bo mado to protect,
New York from bad legislation affect
ing publlo buildings, parks, bridges,
and tho like, by mentis of a newly or
ganized body of trained citizens. A
union for this purposo has been formed
by tho building trades, real estate as
sociations, engineering organizations,
and art societies. A general committee
will be appointed, to consist of chair
men of special committees. It will re.
ceive copies of all legislative bills relat
ing to municipal matters, and It will
also suggest measures. It Is to be a
non-polltlcal union. It will pay par
ticular attention to the building laws.
It will undertake to have tho docks
beautiful us well as useful, and to es
tablish recreation piers for tho use of
the public. It will try to havo all
bridges artlstlo as well as substantial,
and to have the parks, driveways, and
publlo buildings consider beauty and
comfort, with the general purpose of
adding to the attractiveness of the city.
Among other things It will aid the
Tree, Planting Association, eo that
tigbisme
the streets shall bo lined with shads
trees.
Heretofore nobody outsldo of the pol
iticians has shown nny interest in local
measures, except when the person hap
pened to bo directly Involved. Bills
have gono through In spite of the pro
tests of the newspapers, because It was
tho business of nobody except thoso
who looked for selfish advantages, to
go to Albany to enlighten tho legisla
tors. It is the opinion of intelligent
men that this union will soon win tho
support of tho whole public, and that
It will result in nn artlstlo revolution
of New York.
LAWS POlt IIELLIUEKENTS.
Somo Results, if Wo Ilecognlzo the
Belligerency ol tho Cubans.
Though this nation has not outlined
its policy In regard to Cuba, tho Malno
Incident aside, thero la a belief moro
or less general that tho first step to
bo taken would bo the submission to
congress of all the facts in tho pos
session of the administration in rela
tion to tho revolution nnd possibly a
recommendation that tho belligerency
of tho Cuban republlo should bo recog
nized. There Is more difference of opinion!
about what tho recognition of the bel
ligerency of the insurgents means and
what rights It would guarantee to
them or give to them about any other
question now under discussion. Here,
briefly told, Is what the accepted books
on International law pays about It:
A neutral nation shall not lend mon
ey to a belligerent. It shall not sell to
It any munitions of war or any war
ships. A nation bound to uso duo dili
gence to prevent the fitting out, arm
ing, or equipping within its jurisdic
tion of any vessel which it has reas
onable ground to believe Is intended
to cruise or carry on war with a pow
er witli which it Is at peace, such ves
sel having been specially adapted In
wnole or In part within such Jurisdic
tion to warlike use. It shall not permit
or suffer cither belligerent to make
use of Its ports or waters as the baso
of naval operations against the other,
or for the purposo of renewal or aug
mentation of military supplies or arms
or the recruitment of men.
That Is to say, If the United States
recognized the Insurgents as belliger
ents It could not lend money to them.
It could not sell tbem war supplies
or warships, It could not permit their
ships to remain In our ports except
In stress of weather or to make re
pairs uny longer tlmo than Is neces
sary to take on board provisions (which
may Include coal sufficient only to per
mit the return of the vessel to one of
the Insurgents' ports If they have one).
But the Individual Is not so bound.
The law Is that between the belliger
ents and the Individual no legal obli
gation can bo said to exist. An Indi
vidual citizen of this country may lend
money to tho Insurgents. That Is a.
matter of business. Woolsey says: "The
private person, If the laws of his own
state or some special treaty does not
forbid, can lend money to the enemy
of a state at peaco with his own coun
try, or can enter Into Its service as a
soldier without involving the govern
ment of his country in guilt." Snow,
another great authority, says: "As to
tho munitions of war an application of
this same rule seems logical." The fol
lowing quotation from Thomas Jeffer
son gives tho past nnd present prac
tice of this nation as to Individuals:,
"Our citizens have always been free to
make, vend, and export arms. It is
the constant occupation and livelihood
of some of them. To suppress their
callings, tho only means, perhaps, of
their existence, because a war exists
In foreign nnd distant countries in
which wo have no concern, would
scarcely be expected. It would bo hard
In principle and Impossible in practice.
The law of nations, therefore, respect
ing tho rights of thoso at peaco doea
not require from them such an Inter
nal derangement of their occupation.
It is satisfied with tho external penalty;
pronounced in the president's procla
mation, that of confiscation of such
portion of these arms as shall fall Into
the hands of tho belligerent power on
their way to the ports of their ene
mies." So, It would seem, tho Insur
gents would havo the right to purchase
hero all manner of munitions of war
and ship them subject only to tho risk
of capture by tho Spanish.
The recognition, of belligerency would
nlso give to Spain and to Cuba, If It
gets a navy, tho right to hold up Amer
ican shins whenever they meet them
and search them for articles contra
band of war, and If those articles nro
destined for tho use of tho enemy to
tho ship holding them up, that ship
has a right to confiscate tho articles
and any other things In the ship's cargo
that may belong to the consignor of
the munitions of war.
Jnst n Cold In tho Ilond
Very often develops Into tho most ac
ute and disgusting form of Catarrh.
Dr. Agnew's Catarrhal Powder relieves
a cold In tho head In 10 minute and
piccludes the possibility of tho catarrh
malady, but should catarrh have sain
ed headway th! wonderful remedy will
euro It In a wonderfully short time.
The Lord Bishop of Toronto pver h)s
own signature gyes a strong testi
mony to Its curing qualities. Hold by
Matthews Bros, and W. T. ClilU.-62.
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