S296BS ?c ? :- 4 7pW- THE PITTSBURG-' DISPATCH, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1, 189L 12 t t I THE POWER OF AIR. In Compressed Form It Is Already a Rival of Electricity. V APPLICATIONS OP IT IS PARIS. JlacMncrjand Br.ilway Cars Run j Hand Clocks Regulated. 0TI1ER WOXDEKS OP THE XEW SCIENCE, Tew York, Sept. SO. If Engineer Kob ert Gillhaai, of Aldricli Court, be correct in Ills observations compressed air will shortly he in the field in opposition to electricity as one of the revolutionizing forces of this, century. He has just returned from an ex tended sojourn in Paris, where he made a thorous'n study of the compressed air sys tem of that metropolis. The stories that Mr. Gillham brings bsck border upon the marvelous. The new dy namic agent, according to his report, has within an almost incredibly short time fairly revolutionized many lines of indnstry in the gay French capital. It is at this moment propelling surface cars with un equaled eare, furnishing motive power for a multiplicity of uses, running 10,000 clocks with absolute simultaneity and preserving meats of all kinds. Of the multiplied uses to which the inge nious and inventive Frerichmen have ap plied compressed air, and of the develop ment they "hare made in means of creating and distributing it, Sir. Gillham speaks as an enthusiast. WONDERS OF THE SCIENCE. "I was simply amazed," said he in talk ing of his work, "at the progress made in the application of the comparatively new s-cieuce. Why, in a refricerator about 15 feet .square I found the bodies of a man and woman who had lain there 13 months, and in both the flesh ot the body and face were in ns good condition as immediately after death. I was informed that the bodies were being kept for the medical university." One fact of importance noted bv Sir. Gill ham on his visit was the preparation Paris engineers arc making bv means of com pressed air with a view to averting the ter rors of another seige such as was experi enced in 187L Kelrigerator sta ions can in anemergency be made to contain enough food to last i'aris for over a year. -'Ilefore accepting the invitation of Mr. Victor Popp to visit the great central sta tion," said the eneineer, "my time was oc cupied bv personal visits to numerous con sumers, with the view of discovering the various uses of compressed air in Paris, its ndvantaees and disadvantages, and especially to learn how the consumers felt regarding its use atter having much ex perience with it. ENGINES RUN BY AIK. "At a very large cafe on Avenue de l'onera I saw some interesting applications. A 2." horse-power engine, which was for merly operated by steam, is now run by compressed air. The pressure in the street main at this point registered six atmos pheres. Near the engine in the pipe is ar ranged a pressure-reducing valve, which can be adjusted to any pressure. In this cne the air was reduced from six atmos pheres to four atmospheres. From the re daction valve the air is conducted to a small coke radiating device made from cast-iron, IS inches in diameter. "The heater is a hollow cylinder, having vertical di isions, the central hollow space being 12 inches in diameter, w ith a small iver on top. Arouhd and outside this space, in which the coke is burnt, is ar ranged a series of vertical spaces betwcea the lire space and the outside sheil. "Ihe air is introduced into this space at normal temperature of air in the street mains is earned upw ard through the first vertical di isiou or chamber to the top of the heater, w here it passes into a second chamber or division, then downward through this to the bottom of the heater, where it passes into the third chamber or division, aud thus the process of leading the air up and down throush the various verti cal divisions of the heater, numbering ten divisions in this case, is continued until the nir has secured a creatly increased tempera ture, due to contact with the interior heated mrface of the divisions or chambers ot the heatcr,the degret of temperature depending upon the character of the fire maintained in the heater. THE MODE Of OPERATION. "The air is then conducted to the engine, vhcre it operates exactly as steam. The crgiae is connec;ed w ith a dynamo, which generates all the electricity used in lighting the premises of one or two neighbors. Elec tric accumulators are ar anged in an adjoin ing room next the engine room of capacity sufficient to furnish light for two days. In case any failure occurs in the engine, dyn amo or air lisht can be provided. "The exhaust air is taken Irom the engine and conducted to a refrigerator of consider able size, in which are arranged meats of all kinds, game aud vegetables. The tempera ture in the refrigerator is never above 40. It is, however, arranged in two compart ments. In one the temperature is main tained at or near the freezing point and the other above it "I was inlormed that by increasing the air pressure and using the same pressure in the engine as that maintained in the street jaain six atmospheres he had witfi the exhaust air manufactured 2u0 pounds of ice per day. Table bottles filled with water Mere arranged in order in the refrigerator and the water frozen solid, and whep ice water is needed in the cafe they are placed on the table. Here is a list of the various applications of compressed air in the city of Pane: -rri.TCATIO.-S OK TOE AIR. Force 401 motors, representing 1,837 horse power and 1.108 kilojrrameters. Iteliigeraiorsand cold rooms 1S5 horse power. Electricity 17,559 incandescent lamps and lt arc lamps. Clock service About 10 CH) clocks. Canalized public roads lor distribution of compressed air, .Iul 1. 1S9J: Total length of Jipe, 125 miles Up to April 1, 1S91, there is si total length of pipe distributing com yn etsed air for pow -r pui pises of CO miles and for clock service 05 miles. .Motive Power Medical applications, air Ttaths, medical elect uclty, electric light dental apoaiatus. clt vntors, prinders, pipes, raising of liquids, manipulation of wines and lira wine of beer, wringing machines, 6ewlns machine, embroiderv machines, machines for hashing ineat-., etc. ice machines, miws, grindstone printing and press machines, cucnlar saws for Ivory, cabinet making, Joirinir, cardbnard nwvjfacturinsr, packing, jiinuldinc. marble, etc. Lathe' Saw. polish inir lathe, repulsing lathe crystal lathe, cork li'.ttc, meerschaum mauufactunng ana bil liard balls, etc Other appuat!o'i Dynamo, feather-dyeing macr.'na. tapping machines, cardboards, fcliarpenicj machines, clipping macliinc, furnace blowing pump pape- waters, smell ing iracliiue. (Traveling machines, coiToe bunilng machines. Iace-inakimj machines, Ftmm pumps, cilding machines, nickeling machines, umbrellas, chains, boiin.j srac!iiiie-, cleansing machine, wearing innchln-s, pill pres,.-eltzer-water machines, n'lvcrtisement'!, coffee grinders, copper- rcitli's wot ks, transmission of telegrams combs, cylinder ciaiiufncturtng. stamping, turbine. "ardlnr. 'c Ite'riee:tit!on; Ventilation and Cold Iioouis rieMTvat.oi) of the dead, ivrctherapy, rreat 1 frieritlO!i. elc. Elrcinsltv Municipal service, electric lis lis, nejie-s, concert hallo, newspapers, etc. AX ALMOST PERFECT AGEST. "Con-pressed air is unquestionably apcr fo : -agent for the transmission of time indi cations an 1 records, because of this applica tion the pulsation of central located clock can be transmitted to an indefini c number of clocks in different parts of the city with rapidity and accuracy, which pulsations iictuaf.-- the local clocks by means of most ti tuple devices. There are two central pendulum clocks, one in use; the other is lis J only in case of accident, and the oper ating cl"o"k. Trese are operated by means of s If-windicg gears and weights; thus there is no possibility of forgetting to tend the central clock. "Twice every minute at 20 seconds and at 60 seconds the clock automatically opens the valve communicating with the receiver described, permitting the discharge of the contained air in the receiver to one and one half pounds. In less than 20 seconds the air thus liberated has reached 10,000 clocks and forced upward a small valve at each clock, by which the hands of the clocks are made to'move forward one minute;the valve that liberated the air is then automatically closed and the reducing valve opened, and the receiver again charged with air, ready for the next discharges "until the operation is continued. "The location of the clock, though it may be at the most remote part of the system, makes no difference, the hand is advanced with those on other clocks. In order to ac tuate the 10,000 clocks on the system, three cubic meters.of 35.3 cubicfeet of compressed air, at ten pounds pressure per square inch, is used per minute. It can be noted that about 5,000 clocks could be operated as well bv the same expenditure of air. After the clocks have thus been actuated by the air it is allowed to escape from the pipes, which usually requires 38 seconds. THE BIG MAIN STATION. "I next visited the large compressing sta tion, wherein can be found the history of this wonderful and most complete air-com-presSing system in the various designs of machinery, showing a progressive improve ment and a development in the efficiency of the system as experience was gained and the field of application broadened. "This great system found its origin in a small pneumatic clock system established by Mr. Popp in 1880 in Rue St, Anne, quite near the commercial center of Paris. The success of the undertaking and the con sequent growth of the system compelled the establishment of a new and lar.er central compressing station, which was erected in the Eue St. Fargeau, nearly five miles from the Chamber of Deputies, in the eastern portion of the city, called Belleville. "We first entered the old compressing room, where two single horizontal and one beam compressing engine wew pointed out, which, up" to a little less than tiiree years ago, furnished all the air required in the servic". Xow there are ten large cross com pound condensing engines operating 20 com pressors, representing 5,000 horse-power, which by next February will be increased with the new plant to 17,000 horse-power. 'After compression the air is forced at a pressure varying from 5 to C atmospheres into a series of iarge wrought iron receivers or accumulators arranged longitudinally along the building in front of the com pressors. As the front or street end of the building is approached receivers are placed higher, affording opportunity for the free ing of water from the air before taking it into the street mains. SUCCESSFUL MOTOR SYSTEM. "We made au examination of the Me- karski compressed air motor system, which is being successfully operated and has been in actual use for several years at Mantes, France. "The gauge of the track in Paris is 4 feet !) inches; the rails are the grooved pattern. The lenqth of the track (single), including branch line, is about four miles, with a very great number of curves and excessive grades about 8 feet in 100. The motors are similar to an ordinary street car, haying a deck roof, upon which seats are arranged for passengers as well as seats inside the motor car, no seating capacity being occu pied by motor appliances. "The engines operating the motor are or slide valve design, protcctod from dust by means of an apron and a dust pipe compart ment below the seats of the car. By rais ing the apron by the side of the car the en gines are exposed and can be examined if desired. Under the floor of the car attached to the frames are suspended a series of nine air receivers the air being used from the first three to make the down trip, and from the second three for the return trip, the other three bciug charged with air, which can'be used should emergency require. "These receivers are connected with a small but round reheating device 20 inches in diameter arranged in the forward plat form of the motor, in which is arranged a reduction valve and pressing gauge control ling the pressure of air used in the engine. Each set of receivers has independent throttling valves. The total weight of the motor is 10 tons, without passengers,' and it can scat 50 of the latter." Mr. Gillham gives it as his opinion, after an extended study, that compressed air is already a formidable competitor of the cable and electricity as a means of surface tran sit. E00M POB TBAPFIC. lllrcrmen Fai or the Proposed Bridge, but Under Conditions. Captain AV."W. O'Xeil said yesterday that the opposition of the river operators to the jiroposcd Twenty-second street bridge should not be misconstrued. He, for one,. had no objection to the construction of the bridge. On the contrary, he thought it was a necessity; it would lessen the hauling dis tance between that end of the south city and the city proper, and it would be a good property. "What the rivermen protested against was tbe undue and unnecessary in terference with the waterway of the bridge as at present planned. Thi law regulated the manner in which rivers should be spanned. The designers of this proposed bridge sought to disregard the law by not allowing due passage lor river craft. The design could be altered to suit all require ments by increasing the cost, and this should be done, and would be-done if the rivermen had any strength left. He thought Colonel Merrill would report against the design as it now was; and would see that the river traffic was not interfered with. Ho Not Agree With Judge Ewlng. It isn't likely that many people will be found in the borough of Esplen who will agree with Judge Ewing that it should be merged with McKee's Kecks. Mr. J. Schmid states that borough government if honestly conducted cannot be expensive in Esplen. It has no streets to keep in order, save a few, all combined less than a mile in length, for the main one is kepi in order by the street railway company and the turn pike company. As street-making usually costs about as much as all other municipal government and frequently much more, Espleu ought to grow fat. It has some board walks to maintain, a school and a con stable and that is aboul all the government expenses entailed. On the other hand the expense of street maintainance in McKee's Itocks, if it ever became a borough will be the important item. Therefore the streets have swallowed stone with apparently little benefit, but this year's covering bids fair to last for some lime. Few Temedies, after GO years' trial and constant use, retain their position as th best: yet such is the case with Dr. D. Jayne's Tonic Vermifuge. "Whether as a tonic or slrcngthencr in dyspepsia in adults, or the indinestion and derangements of the stomach in children, it is simply invalua ble; and as a Worm Kemedy it is one of the most safe and best Sold by all drug gists. BLAINE. Free Trains Every Day. Get work, secure a home, make an in vestment in the future great Monqngahela Valley town. For tickets, maps', price lists and full particulars, call on ClIAKLES SOMEKS & CO., 129 Fourth aveuui baloon Keepers, Attention. If you desire to please your customers and thereby increase your business yon should sell the beer, ales" and porters made by the Iron Citv Brewing Company. Te'ephoae 1186. ' . MThssu An Easy Matter To find what will 'become your children in the matfer of dress and at the same time be come your pocketbook. Come to Gustfy's and see the finest assortment of clothing for the little ones ever brought to Pittsburg. Gusky?s. WARTIME APPLE JACK The Fiery Kind That Was Found Throughout the Old Dominion. COUNTING 1ft THE ENEMY'S LAKD. Some of tlie Susceptible and Soldier Wedded Virginia Girls. INCIDENTS DUEING 1S64 AND 1S63 During the war a few Union soldiers were married to Southern girls, sirys a writer in the Baltimore American. In our company Jacob Henderson (married & girl at Beverly, W. Va., and Will C. Amos married one in London county, Virginia. On the night of December 17, 1804, when encamped Tiear Winchester, Va., a German boy named Henry, member of the First Battalion of our regiment the Fourteenth Pennsylva nia Cavalry came into our company and inquired for, Captain Duff, the Commander, whp was a minister before the war. Henry wanted to get married. He was a raw re cruit and knew but little Ennlisk. He had been detailed tt guard a house occupied by a family which rented a small farm, and while doing guard duty had fallen in love with the farmer's only daughter, a girl about 18. He said the girl had promised to marry him. He did not see Captain Duff, as there was some excitement in the com pany that evening over the loss of some of our company, who were waylaid by Mosby's command. Early in the morning of that day Captain Miles, commander of Company I, was ordered to take charge of a scouting expedi tion, and move toward Ashby's Gap. A few men from each company of the regiment were detailed for the occasion. If ear Mill wood, six miles from Berryville, Va., Mosby's men, who were hid in the woods, pounced upon Captain Miles and his men. They killed 12, wounded 19 and took all prisoners. Curt Pontious, of our company, who made his escape to tell the story, came into camp riding a horse of one of Mosby's men. Pontious was covered with blood. He had a large saber cut on his head. After Pontious had surrendereu, giving up ma weapons and horse, somehow he managed to knock the guard out of his saddle, jump on the guard's horse and make his escape. Captain Miles was among the killed. He was a handsome man, and as brave as a lion. His remains were sent home to his father, Judge Miles, of Eric, Pa. The next day Henry was ordered to re port to his command and get ready for a march. He had to postpone his marriage until if ew Year's Day. A LAND OF CORN ASD APPLE JACK. On the morning of the 19th the whole cavalry corps, commanded by General Tor bert, started towards Gordonsville, Va. The corps was made up of four divisions. Most of this cavalry was from the Army of the Potomac It was sent to the valley a few months before. On our march we passed through Chester Gap, and on the night of the 20th we encamped in Bap pahannock county, Va. As we had no wagon train, we depended on the country for feed. Each regiment marched by twos; some regiments did not keep closed up. As there were fully 15,000 men in this corps more cavalry than I ever saw before marching in one column it took from early morning until the middle of the afternoon for the line to pass by us. Six from our regiment who had gone out alter corn had to wait nearly all day before our company came, as it was in the rear of the line. "While we were waiting I noticed a lot of' men who were drunk. This country was a land of corn and apple jack. I did not notice a drunken officer in the whole corps. The drunken men were all privates. Many of them were tied to their horses. They ap peared to be in a good humor, and those who were not too drunk to sing sang their favorite song: "We'll all drink stone hllnd, Johnnie, fill up the bowl." Mosby's men followed after the rear guard. In one way Mosby's command was a help to our army. It kept our men from straggling. That night we encamped near Madison Court House. TVAKTED TO BE PP.EE. "Where in thunder did you come from? "What do you want? Can't you keep your big feet out of my frying pan?" said a sol dier that night, as he lay on the ground wrapped up in a blanket, to an old colored man who came through the woods to our camp, stumbling over saddles, naversacss and frying pans. The old colored man said: "I wants to see de boss ob de Linkum sojers. I wants to git free." "Free?" said the soldier. "Why, man, you are already free." The old colored man said: "Ise free, is I? Is my wife, Lizer, mv chil'n and gran'chil'n free?" "Yes," said the soldier, "you are all free, for on the first day of January, 18G3. Abra ham Lincoln with a quill pen broke the fet ters which held 4,000,000 slaves." Early the next morning, the 22d, we left Madison Court House. The day was clear and cold, and a stiffbreeze was in our faces. Our regiment was one of the advance regi ments. We galloped our horses through the fields and skirmished with the enemy for 20 miles. At Liberty Mills, on the Bap pahannock river, the enemy took a stand, and skirmished with pur division for oyer an hour. Our division withdrew and en camped behind a hill. Firing ceased on our side of the river, but the enemy kept throw ing shells over our camp, and now and then a spent bullet would drop among us. We knew that the enemy had not men enough to drive ns back; therefore wc were not un easy. General Torbert sent a division to cross the river some miles above Libertv; Mills. It was to move down on the south side of the river, close to where we had th i: !-1. A 4l ! .& 1 1 1 BJiJiuiibjj. .nuruss me jiver bluuu u large brick farm house. Some of the soldiors went there for fjourf but found it deserted. After we went into camp Henry and some other boys also went for flour. Soldiers often had orders read to them not to take anything from a house. Once a sol dier who belonged to our brigade was dmmmed out of the service for stealing sil verware. Another, who stole a book, ras made to eat part of it A boy in our com pany took a bee-hive and carried it in frpnt of him on his horse for ten miles. The next morning the boys had plenty of honey and a few bee stings. " The boys called "taking things confiscating. ( RUNNING A RISK FOR HIS GIRL, j When Henry went to this house for flour, which we weie allowed to take, as we hnd no wagon train, and our rations had givfcn out, his eyes rested on a red quilt, which He thought would make a nice present for hs sweetheart. He put the quilt under his ami, mounted his horse and started back to his company. He knew that it would not do to let any of the officers see him with the quilt He thought he would go around a hill and leach his company without being noticed, aud then he could wrap it up in his rubber blanket. But in going around the hill the enemy's sharpshooters got sight of the red, quilt and sent a shower of bullets after him. He was a little too far away to be hit; but as this washis first fight, he was scared half to, death: but he held on to the quilt. f Juat at twilight that evening we heard musketry. It was the division which Gen- j oral Toiliert had sent up the river some' hours before. His men had come down on the south side of the riyer. From where wet stood, on the top ot a niu, it was a Deautiful sight to see the flashes from the guns. The, enemy gave way and our men captured manv nrisoners and four pieces of artillery I We returned to Madison Court House the next day. The next morning we started for Winchester by way of Warrenton, Pied mont and Ashby's Crap. That being the day before Christmas, some of the bovs looked after theiR apple-jack, but didn't find much. On Christmas Eve, when pass ing a large house in Culpeper county, a soldier yelled, "Appe-;ack in the cellar!" A rush was made tor thj cellar, where there were about a dozen barrels. Hundreds of canteens were soon filled There was no time to stop and taste (he juice, and some of them did not find out'what they had in their canteens until they' caught up with their companions. A few got apple-jack, others got cider and more got vinegar. STOPPED A REGIMENT FOR A CHEW. The next morning (Christmas) it was snowing, but the boys were cheerful. When we were saddling our horses a soldier, known as "Crazy Jake," came into our company and asked for a chew of tobacco. Tire soldier pointed to a Colonel at the head of the regiment in the lead of a column, and said: "That Colonel is a clever fellow. He chews the best weed in the .market" Crazy Jake galloped his horse across a meadow toward tne place, and made a mo tion for the Colonel to stop. The Colonel, thinking that Jake was an orderly and had a message from the General, halted his regi ment. As soon as Jake cot in speaking distance. the Colonel asked Jake what he wanted. Jake said: , "Colonel, have you any good chewing tobacco?" We arrived at Winchester on the night of tha 27th, and went into camp. New Year's morning, 1865, was clear and cold. Most of the soldiers went to work building winter quarters. We called our camp "Camp Bus sell." It was named after the gallant and distinguished General Kussell, commander of the' Sixth Army Corns, who was kUled on that ground a few months before. A QUILT NOT ENOUGH TO MARRY ON. Henry was not to be found that day. Some of the boys of his company said that he left camp quite early that morning. He took the quilt with him. He returned that evening and brought the quilt back. Some of the boys asked him if he was married. "No," he said, "I got bo badly scared at Liberty Mills that I've triven up the no tion." The boys didn't believe him. The next day some of them rode over to the girl's house and asked her why she did not marry Henry. She said: "Whatl Marry that crazy Dutchman? I'd like to catch myself marrying such a duck. I had no notion of it" About two weeks ago, when he was guarding our house, he asked me to marry bim. I thought he was only in fun, and I told him yes. Yesterday he came back carrying a red quilt, and said that he was now ready to be married. Marry a man with only a red quilt? Wouldn t 1 like to see myself do suck a thing." WELSHMEN'S BIG PROFITS. They Slake From 33 to 45 Per Cent An In stanca Cited Whore Such a Return Was Made by a Tinned Plate Maker rast l'ear. A statement made recently by "Judge" James Arkell, in an interview with a Dispatch reporter, to the effect that Welsh tinned plate makers reaped a profit of from 33 to 45 per cent, andthat thebusiness was con trolled by a trust of the largest makers, was received with a great deal of incredulity by some local iron and steel men. They hint that such statements are made to "help along the cause," and that no such profits as these are made in "Wales, or out of it, in any branch of the iron and steel business. Mr. Arkell told the Dispatch reporter what he himself had learned from one of the Welsh makers. A gentleman now living in Pittsburg, who at one time was engaged in the manufacture of tinned plate in Wales, furnibhes The DlSPATCn with figures which show that such profits are really made in Wales. This gentleman has infor mation from Wales that one maker there, who has a plant of four mills, made 120,000 in the last 12 months. This maker is re puted as being a keen buyer and a good seller, but he is not so very much more so than his competitors as to make his profits much proportionately greater than theirs. "You can get some idea of this particu lar maker's profits," said the gentleman referred to, "by taking the cost of a plant of two mills and multiplying it by two. Here are the figures on a plant of two mills: Engine, 26x60 inches, 510,000; two mills, ?u,000; co.d mill, including doublers sheers and shearer shears, 4,000; four turning pots, 4,000; auxiliary engines and machinery, 5,000: three boilers, Galloway type, 25 feet by 6 feet, 3,000; five furnaces, 5,500; mill and annealing furnaces, 5,500; foundations, 200; buildings, 10,000; total cost of plant of two mills, 52,200. A plant of four mills will have double the capacity, but will not cost double what a two millplaut does; but supposing it did, you have the cost of this Welsh maker's plant at say 100;000. It requires a capital of 30,000 to run Ihe smaller plant, and we will just double that too, thus making the'total capital invested in this four-mill'plant 160,000. Well, this maker made 120,000 lass year out of his plant, O' 33 per cent. Any man who cannot see the money that lies in tinned plate mak ing in mis country unuer tne present condi tions, is hopelessly blind and not deserving of the good the gods sends him. That there are men who can see this is evident by the number of plarts under construction or consideration. By this time next year their w ill be not a few' in operation in this city alone. Took AU His Money. John Holmes complained to the police yesterday that ho had been robbed of 78 by IThomas Burns, a pipe liner. Holmes is a laborer and came here from Buffalo re cently. Sunday he met Burns and the two got considerably intoxicated. That night they slept together in an Eleventh street boarding house. Holmes claims that early Monday morning Burns took him into a boxcar standing near and relieved him of hisf money. Detective MeTighe' arrested- Brrns and also held Holmes as a witness. I A Dream of Happiness lay be followed by a mornlne of "La Grippe." Easily, and whyt Because the displacement of covering in bed, a neglected draught from a partly closed window, nn open transom cumieuwu witu a winay entry in a hotel, may convey to your nostrils and lungs the death-dealing blast. Terrible and swlttarethe inroads made by this new de stroyer. The medicated alcoholic principle in Hostetter's Stomach Bitters will check the dire complaint. A. persistence In this preventive of its further development will absolutely oheokmate the dangerous mal ady. Unmedicated alcoholic stimulants aro of little or no value. The just modiuin is the Bitters. Not less efficacious is It in cases of malaria, biliousness, constipation, rheumatism, dyspepsia and kidney trouble The weak are usually those upon whom disease fastens llrst. Invigorate with the Bitters. For Ten Years The ambition of the leading manufacturers of men's clothing has been to make a ready made article equal to custom work. Our stock this season shows that this has been accomplished, for we are showing a line this falLmade in the latest designs and with all the care and skill of the best tailors. Gusky's. Special Sale of Men's SHO uits. We have often made special offers and in ducements to buyers of clothing, but never yet nave we piacea on sale such a superb line of men's suits as we now show at 10 each. You have choice of cassimeres, chev iots (plain black or mixed), fine diagonals, sacks or cutaways, aud also a big variety of double-breasted sack suits. This is the king of all bargain offerings. Think of it I You can choose a suit of clothes from our superb stock for 10. Call to-day and get first choice of the best patterns. P. C C. C, Pittsburg Corabination'Cloth ing Company, corner Grant and Diamond streets. Tho Highest Priced Tailor In the city of Pittsburg cannot improve on the fit or finish of the fall overcoats we are showing this fall, and we have exactly the same materials from which to selectas the merchant tailor shows you, only about 20 times the quantity. Don't throw awav vnnr I money on a coat made-to-measure until you (have looked through our stock. Gusky's. Cannot sell 5 shoes for 3. "HVhy? They cost more than 3. 2To representations like this at Caik Bnos.,Jiberty and Sixth streets.. A PLEAF0R SILVER. The Monetary Question as Presented bjT a Free Coinage Man. FACTS IN FINANCIAL HISTORY. This Country Needs a Larger Currency, Silver as Well as Gold. A BASIS FOR PAPER MONEY NEEDED To the Editor of The Dispatch: Briefly, money may be defined, as a means of exchange of commodities and storing accu mulated wealth. It is a creature of law. To make it, fix its quantity, say of what it shall consist, and give it its legal power, is one of the legitimate functions of govern ment. It must consist in some form of one or more commodities. In coin form, or otherwise, it may le represented by paper promises, ordained by la.r to circulate as money and find its money functions in the fiat of law- that fixes a certain quantity of the commodities represented equivalent to the dollar of account. From an early antiquity, gold and silver have chiefly been used for this purpose, as in their nature they are well suited, and the fact that these metals, notwithstanding the fluctuations in their production, have, for thousands of years, held a parity of relative value, not varying much, from 1 of gold to 15 of silver, is significant, and should not be disregarded when considering the now pressing question as to what shall constitute the base of our money system. SOME HISTOISIC PACTS. Illustrative of this note the following facts: From 1801 to 1820 the world's an nual production of gold was 9,710,500, and of silver 36.847,500 four times as much silver as gold; from 1821 to 1840, of gold 11,466,000 and of silver 21,964,000, twice as much silver as gold; Irom 1H11 to labu, ot gold 85,150,000 and of silver 34,826,500, two and one-half of gold to one of silver; from 1860 to 1880, of gold 117,991,000 and of silver 68,043,900, nearly two of gold to one of silver. 2fow, during these fluctuations in the amount of the annual production of these metals, statistics in the bureau of the United States Mint, reported from the Lon don market, show that from 1801 to 1873 the extremes of fluctuations in the relative value of these metals were only as 1 of gold to 16.25 of silver, to 1 of go'ld to 15.11 of silver. We are further informed by statistics that from the year 1600 B. C. to 1497 A. D., a period of over 3,000 years, the comparative value of gold and silver fluctuated from 1 of gold to 10 of silver, to 1 of gold to 14.40 of silver, and that from 1697 to 1801 the greatest fluctuation was from 1 of gold to 10.70 of silver, to 1 of-gold to 15.74 of silver. And these were the extremes, far above the average. When in 1790 our Government commenced to coin money the ratio was fixed to about 1 of gold to 16 of silver, that is, 371.25 grains of fine silver to the dollar of account, and 22.32 grains of fine gold. THE SILVER DOLLAR IS HONEST. These facts show that the American sil ver dollar was no "fraud," but at a pre mium, as shown by the London market up to 1873, when its money function was taken away. How much the fiat of law.backed by the consensus of opinion and the practice of nations tor thousands ot years, had to do in maintaining the relative values of these metals I do not say. Probably back of .all this lies tbe simple fact that they represent the comparative cost of production; but that the fiat of law is a chief factor in maintaining a fixed quantity of gold or sil ver, equivalent to the fiction the dollar of account cannot be questioned, for certain I it is that if you deprive either metal of its money function you -will depress its value while increasing that of the other. I venture the following as postulating the logic of history on the money question: First Plenitude of money in circulation promotes activity in business, prosperity and peace; stops litigation and increases the wealth and comfort of the people: Second Scarcity of money in circulation causes idleness, poverty, starvation and crime, and renders great natural resources nugatory. Third For the chief use of money, to facilitate the exchange of commodities two conditions only are necessary convenience and currency. Pr.OOF OP THE POSTULATES. As proof of the above postulates I offer the following incidents in history, enacted through many years and on a large scale: For COO years preceeding this centnry, the bank of Venice, a great and popular monied institution ot the then commercial world, issued large sums of paper money and never paid out a dollar of coin for its paper; yet its paper was at par with gold and silver. In the early part of this century the Na poleonic wars had drained the treasuries of Great Britain, and her banks were com pelled to suspend specie paymeut and issue large sums of paper money; and for 26 years, until contraction had made money scarce and the banks resumed specie payment, England prospered and regained her finan cial standing in a marvelous manner, as though the nation had. received a new in spiration and impetus. In -Z 871-2, when the Franco-German War with the enormous indemnity exacted by urermaiiy cAiiiu6iu tuc Becie ui xruuee, she issued a large volume of paper money, and mark the results: industry, commercial and manufacturing activity sprang up in a wonderful manner, which rapidly repaired her losses in the war, while Germany, struggling with her tight money market, owing to her gold basis for money, soon paid back to France for merchandise the large sum of money exacted. For years the German people, pressed by poverty, have been flocking to this country by thousands, while the French are very prosperous at home. THE EXPERIENCE OP AMERICA. Thirty years go we entered into a great war to preserve the life Of tbe nation. Up to that time we had no financial standing in Europe. United States 6 per cent bonds were in London at a discount. Our wealth producing power was" not one-fourth what it now is. The great waV involved an ex penditure of over 4,000,000,000. Against the protests of financial experts, who'proph esied that it would ruin the country, we issued paper money, vast volumes of "greenbacks," promises to pay, and bonds oi uiiuu s, mm jur iour years me bloody drama was enacted. And what has beTheT?n?onoft1,eqtnfM fc ihe union oi the States was triumphant- ly established. We have already paid off tnrec-iuuriua ui wie what bonds are yet premium. Our paper nirnnlatinff as monpv nnrl in nnn nm r 400,000,000 of our "greenbacks" are per- , forming tne luii lunction of money, while ugoTldrn From the close of th wnr fn ii.i nn in i great war debt, and ana reiresniDg lO llie taste, ana aci3 Germanic, Oct. 14. llamlGermanle, Nor. 11.10am mfsefarfa'tr1 gently yet promptly on the Kidneys, I'ge&MSS 1873, when the United Statei joined the ' duced, pleasing to the tasto and ac conspiracy of the monied aristocracy of j OT,aM b tnmnn r, 5 Europe to make money scarcrfby demone tising silver, we had plenty of money in circulation. No countrv ever prospered so before; it arrested and attracted the atten tion of the civilized world. 6ur progress to solid w ealth was phenomena A STOP TO PROSPERITY. But the sudden contraction ii the volume of money that follotred thisjfatal suicidal act of our national legislature brought our industry and wealth.produciig activity to a sudden halt. Our banks Suspended pay ment, widespread bankruptcy and business failures and general stagnation followed men thrown out of employment, vainly seeking work, became denloralized tramps. This was the start of thisHisgraceful nuis ance. From the demonetizatfon of silver you may liate our labor trouHes, both in Europe and America, which noy threaten the peace and safety of our country. In 1878, after five years of stagnation, a partial coinage of silver was resumed by 'the purchase of 2,000,000 ounces of silver per month. This gave some relief, and the tide of progress to opulence was by degrees resumed. Our people, naturally active and ambiti ous for wealth in the midst of great natural resources, were only limited in their opera tions, by the amount of currency they could command. CUKEEKCY NEEDED. ' As the great work of development went on larger volumes were needed to meet this want. We invited and received large amounts of foreign capital, so that now foreigners own and control many, if not most, of ur great indnstrial enterprises. But at last the pressure for more money be came so great that last winter it culminated in a fruitless effort to fully remonetize sil ver. A change, however, was effected in regard to silver. The Treasurer of the United States was by law instructed to buy in the open market 4,500,000 ounces of silver per month and coin into money as may be deemed necessary. This is about the amount of our annual production. But why give the producer of gold the full money value of his gold and only give the producer of silver 75 per cent of the money value of his silver, while using as money silver and gold at their full money value. Is this not unjust, paradoxical, if not cowardly and beneath the dignity of our Government? AN AGE OP ENTERPRISE. Now, I have tried, briefly as possible, to sketch the facts of history.that throw light upon the money question, aud in applying its logic we must bear in mind that our age is one of gigantic enterprise, requiring the use, in order to smoothly move them and prevent money panics by too freely using private credit, of volumes of money unpar alleled in history. That it shall consist of gold alone, with paper based thereon, would fail to give us enough. Even with gold and silver paper money must be uoed largely in excess of the metals we hold. I will now proceed to set forth what seems to me fair deductions from past history applied to modern times on the money question: First Money we must have in larger volume than ever before or suffer the con seauence for years in getting down to a money basis where a small sum will answer, which would be to .lower all values of wages and commodities, cause stagnation, bank ruptcy and ruin to the mass of the produc ing classes of this generation. It could not be quickly done, and the attempt would probably end in riot, war and revolution. Second Gold and silver must be the base of all our money, though they cannot con stitute its volume. This their limited quantity and inconvenience of handling for bid. Vhatever be the amount or form of the paper money we issue it must be re deemable in the" standard coin of the Gov ernment. TREE COINAGE A NECESSITY. Third Free coinage of gold and silver is now au absolute necessity, and a complete monetary system, entirely free from all in dividual or corporate connection or in fluence, should be aimed at and be com pleted as soon as possible, consistent with not causing monetary disturbance and but one kind of well-executed paper money should be used, with no denominations under 5. That our present money system is a vast improvement on that of 30 years ago, is not disputed. That it is still susceptible of im provement, and that public sentiment de mands a better system, I believe is true. But will free coinage by our Governmens raise the value of silver to a parity with gold, of one of gold to 16 of silver, our pres ent ratio. Wc now produce half the silver of the world. The great populations of India and China are awaking to modern Western en terprise, and there, as here, more money is demanded, and there silver is chiefly used. Now, with one half of the silver product kept at home, to be used as a basis of our money system, can it be reasonably doubted that free coinage for American protected silver would promptly raise the price of sil ver to its money value? And, further, would not a complete system enable our merchants and tourists in Europe and throughout the commercial world, to use our paper money at par, and our money system become a powerful bulwarkto main tain the integrity of the Government? A DETENSE OP THE SILVER DOLLAR. It is quite common to speak disparagingly of the silver dollar to call it a fraud, etc. : but are such criticisms founded on good sense and correct views of this great ques tion? Suppose gold alone were to constitute our money basis, with paper issued thereon; would it not require a very large ratio of paper to the gold, thereby exposing the Treasury to the danger of being easily cor nered, followed by money panics, sudden depreciations of commercial values, with all its evil, attendant consequences? Less than 25 of our great millionaires could at their will do this, and thereby double their millions. Does present or past history justify the nation in exposing itself to such a catastro phe? Then why reduce the money basis to a narrow limit, thereby inviting it? If the habit of nations throughout the commercial world for ages; the fact that silver is used as money by nine-tenths of "the human race, are to be disregarded and we cease to use silver as money, what shall we substitute for it? But if we use it, does not common sense and honesty demand its free coinage the same as gold? Our present system is a confession of weakness, it not of down right dishonesty, well calculated to discredit silver as money and lower the tone of moral honesty in our country. To the arbitrament of reason these views are submitted, be lieving their deductions fairly drawn and of yalue to a nation soon to dispute financial supremacy frith England, and in wealth and influence lead the world. M. Huling. Oil City, September 29. rf-vT-r-m TrTVT'"r4""V,cr' UJ&JB JCcXV J - 3 Ka Both the method and results -when o ti- x i 'i. i Syrup of Figs 13 taken; it IS pleasant lem effectually, dispels Colds, head- acnes and fevers and cures habitual Syrup of Figs is the onlv Temedv of its kind ever Tiro- centable to the stomach, uromnt in its action and truly beneficial in its I effects, prepared only from the most neanny ana agreeaoie suDsiances, its many excellent qualities commend it to all and have made it the most popular remedy known. Syrup of Figs is for sale in 60c and 1 bottles by all leading drug gists. Any reliable druggist who may not have it on hancf will pro cure it promptly for any one who wishes to try it Do not accept any EUDStltUte. CALIFORNIA FIG SYRUP CO. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. lOUtSVlUE, KY HEW- Y0.1K, II.Y- ! jjiver ana xsoweis, cieanses ine svs- irrom wnuo star uoca, uut w "neuiu NEW ADVERTISEMENTS. Dun Visit every other place in the city and you won't find such a magnifi cent display of Fall Novelties under one roof. There are so many new things that we cannot enumerate- half of them. Come and see for yourself the greatest exposition of stylish, seasonable and fashionable wear ever at tempted in Pittsburg. U C P If lf A D I e warm weatner is now about over, and there'll rtLjat ffl Li nil ! be a brisk demand for neckwear. We show a large and carefully selected line one that will surely please all comers. High novelties in Feather Boas, Feather Ruchings, Ostrich Feather Col larettes, etc., from 1.25 to $2$. ' A Word About Underwear ! We have nothing but new goods in .stock no shop-worn garments to palm off upon unsuspecting purchasers. Prices are nevertheless down to a fine point. Just read and see : Bibbed Vests, . long, sleeves, Cotton, Merino and Wool, 25c, 48c, 75c, 95c Extraordinary values. Natural Wool Vests, 50c, 74c and ?L Fine Merino Vests, 35c, 40c, 45a Fine Bibbed Drawers, 50c to 1. Misses' fine Natdral Wool Vests, 25c to 75c. Misses' fine Scarlet Wool Vests, 25c to 75c. TIE ft I bexb&vin 510-518 MARKET STREET. EXPOSITION" IE IS & o s I T I o IsT iFEEUOH ID-A-IT "VIVE LA REPUBLIQUE." 'LIBERTIE." "EQUALITIE." "FRATERNITY.' FRENCHMEN, Visit the Exposition and hear the captivating mnsic of "La Belle France" performed by the MAGNIFICENT SEVENTH KEGI MENT BAND. WALTER KOGERS, the unrivaled cornetist, will, by request,play the "Marseillaise" at the 0 o'clock concert. BXPOSITIOIT A LOOKING GLASS And All Other Articles of Household Furniture For the Parlor, Chamber, Library, Dining Room or Kitchen, of any de sired kind. Also, Carpets of every description, fine, medium or inexpensive, but always of the most reliable class, my be had at the VERY LOWEST PRICES, For Casi or oa Out Popnlar Easy Payment Plan, At our truly reliable store. We have BAB GAINS in every department, on every floor of our establishment. We wish to callespecial attention to our name and number, as everyone is not always careful what store they go into, and quite often we have customers come into our store, after they have bought goods in another, and sav: "When I bought my goods I thought I wa3 buying them of Hoppers', but I found out my mistake too late." A word to the wise is sufficient. Be sure and call at our store or write for 'the rules govern ing our grand prize competition. Everyone has the same chance to get the 00 prize. J HOPPER BROS. & CO., PIONEERS OF LOW PRICES, STEAMERS A2D JEXCUKSIOXS; AMERICAN LINE, SaHIng every Wednesday from Philadel phia and Liverpool. Passenger accommoda tions for all classes unsurpassed. Tickets sold to and from Great Britain and Ireland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, etc. PETER WRIGHT & SONS, General agents, 303 Walnut St., Philadelphia. Full information can be had of J. J. MC CORMICK, Fourth avenue and Smithfield st. LOUIS 110ESEK, CIS Smithlleld street, mb8-4t-TT3 nUNARD LINE-JJF.W TOIiK AXDZLIVER U l'OOI, VIA QDEEXSTOWK-From Pier 40. North river: Fast express mail service. Etrurla, October 3, 5:30 a. si.: AuranU. October 10, 10 A. M.; Umbria. October 17. 5:30 A. M.: Servta, Octo ber 21. 10:30 A. M.: F.truria, October 31,5 A.M.; Aurania, November 7, 9 A. M.: Umbria, No vember H, 3 r. M.; Scrvia. November a. 9 a.m. Cabin passare-$60 and upward: according to location: second cabin, ?3. Steerapro tickets to and from all parts of Europe at very low rates. For freight and passage apply to the company's office, i Bowlimr Urecn. New "ion.. Vernon H. Brown Jt Co.. J. J. McCOKMICK. 630 and 401 famlthfleld street, Plttsbure. seSS-D -TTT-HITE STAR LINE I V For Queenstown and Liverpool. Itoyai aim umteu aiuies .uuu aiuvuicis. Stl PAfL sAinnrl iciiMii on tlipan BtMmflri. Snlrmti rates. $50 and upward. Second cabin $35 and $40. Bicursion tickets on iavoraulo terms. c jiiH nnnnfmf tfc"n WliltoStar draft payable on demand in i an tne principal umiiv wuuuuuui, uaiti Britain. Apply to JOHN J. MoCORMICK,K and 401 Smithfield St., Pittsburg, or H.MA1T LAND KERSEY, General A?ent,29 Broad way, New York. se30-D. . rf x.; f Viiftlrit ri mv mI m 4 - a. r ALLAN LINE IIOYALMAIL STEAMSHIP. Glasgow to Philadelphia, VTA DERBT -and GALWAVT The mo5t direct route from Scotland and North and Middle of Ire- Un1'ACCOMMODATIONS UNSURPASSED, intermediate, ?30. Steerage. J1J. . . r ) SERVICE OF STftXt i AiLAN IVnVB LINE ) STEAMSHlPa. NEW YORK AND GLASGOW, via Londonderry, every Fortnight. Oct. 1, State of Nebraska. 8:30 A. M. Oct. 15, Slite of California, 1 P. M. Oct. 43, State of Nevada, 1 p. M. CAMN , 35 and apwan. Return, ffi and upward. steerage, 10. Apnlv to J. J. McCOilRlCK. 633 Smithlleld street. Pittsburg, kI-d Malestic. Oct. 7. aaml'ilalestic, Nov. 4. 7ara i Misses fine Merino Wool Vests, 25c to 50c Gents' fine White Underwear, 50c, 75c, 51. Gents' Gray Camel's Hair, 50c, 75c, lto 2 50. Gents' fine Scarlet Wool, 51 to 1 75. Genls' fine Fancy Wool, 51 to 51 75. LATEST IS CAPES. The accompanying cut illustrates one of our new styles of Capes which will be extensively worn this season. They are made with and with out sleeves. We would invite a. critical inspec tion of these garments, knowing that the assort ment is unapproached by any other house in this section. Our stock of plain cheviot and fur trimmed Jackets is also unsurpassed in point of beauty and variety. Prices are sufficiently low to make trade brisk in the warmest weather. oci-11 307 HOOD ST., PITTSBURG. se22-W STEAMERS AND EXCUKSIO'S. TO ITALY, ETC. FALL AND WINTER touis by the new passenger steamrr service of the Jforddeutseber Lloyd; dfre.-t fast express route to the Mediterruncin. For particulars apply to MAX SCHAMIIEKG A CO., 527 Smithlleld St., Pittsburg, Pa. se3-62-Trs Ask my agents for W. I Douglas Shoes. II not for sale in your place ask your dealer to Sf'nd lor catalogue, becure the agency, and get them for you. 43-TAKE SO STOSTITCT.E-S WHY IS THE W. L. DOUGLAS 5f)3 SHOE. GENTLEMEN The Best Shoe in the World for the Money? It Is a seamless shoe, with no tacksorwax thread tohnrtthe reet; madeof thebest Cnecalr. stvllsh and easy, and because we make more shoes of this grade than any other manufacturer. It equals hand- sewca snoes cosiinnr ironi w w, w. -T OO GENUINE IIAND-SEWED, the flnest SO. calf shoe ever offered for pOO; equals French Imported shoes which cost from $3 00 to at. eaW ihoe. ever offered for POO; eqnahi P Ti ;izoo. IJ OO HAND-SEWED WELT SHOE, line calf, Ox. strllsh. comfortable and durable. The best shoe ever offered at thUpric: samejrrade ascus-toin-lnade hoc9 costing? froiA $0 00 to 00. 50 POLICE SHOE: Fanners. RaliroadMem C30. and Letter Carriers all wear them : flue calf, fceaiulpss. smooth inside, heavy three soles, exten sion edge. One pair will wear a year. Qtl 3o FINE CALF: no better shoe ever offered iD I. at this price; one trial will convince those who want a rfhe for com fort and service C0 23 and ( WORKINOMAN'S shoes are u7.ii. very stronjt and durable. Those who hare plren them a trial will wear no other make. HOYS' 5TO.n2 ;s etool shoes are worn JJ V J- Si t5Cih? boJ'8 "erywhere; they sell on their merits, as the increasing sales show. T , A T)TFS' ?100 "AND-SEWED shoe, tzii French Imported shoes costing from if 00 to 3 00 LADIES K 50. V 00 and II ?3 si (for Misle. a tn best Hue Dpnjrola. Stvllsh and durable. CABTION-See that W. L. Douglas- name and price are stamped on the bottom of each shoe. , W. L. DOUGLAS. Brockton. Mass. .S)!?bj'I-.Cil.r.terT9 Fifth ar.; E. C. Sperber. 1335 Carson it. : H. J. & G. M. Lanir. -S501 BnUerst. J. N. Frohring. 3S3 Firm ar.: HeuryKoSSr. " gneuy. E.J.Honman, No. 7Z Rebecca street, Allegheny, " TTS bW . I v. -. Jk tot'fej'- J fi. 'JS nSi"i 'jtii.-a,.!.. fi Ji,- -7 rttforffi-iSrk'lrfrH .-. . M IP- ( W . ..'''... -,- .., H , S , I'"- .,'v '
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers