SOME SANITARY ASPECTS OF BREAD MAKING, BY CYRUS EDSON, M. D,, Health Commissioner, New York City, It is NOCESsSAry, if one would under: stand the sanitary aspects of bread making, to fully comprehend the pres- | ent theory held by scientists of germs and the part played by themin disease, The theory of disease germs is merely the name given to the knowledge had of those germs by medical men, a knowl edge which is the result of innumera- ble experiments, Being this, the old term of a “theory” has become a mis- nomer. A germ of a disease is a plant, so small that I do not know how to ex- press inte Higibly to the general reader its lack of size. When this germ 1s in- troduced into the blood or tissues of the body, ite action appears to be an- alogous to that which takes place when yeast 18 added to dough. It certain elements of the blood or tissues, and destroys them, at the same time producing new substances, proper ¢ are to be ing raised warmth, matter of the after certain It is necessary point that ve when introdnes Ose or warmth and mentation. If the dough the of starch moisture flour on which the innges, feed, to fast 18 remember germ growth, and » a mixture of glu the sets 1 int in moisture starch, presence ap a fer iixture bea starchy Vesst oh int composes the into two new acid gas AD ia Now the ght stitnent f affords nidn dise ee anse 1 been and wi » bre wl wkers, suf wi bread trougl i Arts I bakers than {1aeases, irk no res are less hable t« other m wile Kn worked a long time ] obj INgLS nt ol ) CUT diseases and now, rv hous WH, YOast-raise d bread must be n. LRA standpol reason that the are in the sir an WAYS an | straps the hands ever #t olten Wow on the the which may ’ the Makes way hands hands of np his find their there, 10 Oe on he sure to baker LOT of bread are wav into the dough, find all the condit necessary for subdivision and growth. This is equivalent te that we must rely germs, because if is almost certain that the y will be there, Now, underdone or doughy bread is a form which every man and woman has seen It is a belief as old as the hills that underdone bread is unhealthful, This reputation has been earned for it by the experience of conntless genera tions, and no careful mother will wish her children to eat bread that has not been thoroughly cooked. The reason given for this recognized nnhealthful- ness has been that the uncooked yeast dough is very dificult to digest. No one but a phy sician wounid be apt to think of disease germs which have not been killed during the process of bak- ing as n ennse of the sickness following the use of ngeooked yeast bread, Yet this result from this cause is more than probable. I have not the slightest doubt that conld we trace back some of the cases of illness which we meet in our practico wo would find that germs collected by the baker have found their way into the yeast bread, and ons avin ) 11 those on heat to ki that the heat has not been sufficient to | destroy them, that the nneooked yeast bread has been eaten and with ‘it the colonies of germs, that they have found their way into the blood and that the eall for our werviees which followed, has rounded off this sequence of events, 1 have already pointed out that the germs of disease nro to be found in the sir aud dust, The longer any sub. attacks | be deposited on it, before being baked and this process may take anywhere from four hours to | ten. It has, then, the chance of col- lecting disease germs during this pros | cons of raising and it has two periods of working down or kneading during \ each of which it may gather the dirt containing the germs from the baker's hands, As no bread save that raised with ‘yeast, goes through this long process of raising and kneading so no bread save that raised with has 80 good a chance of gathering germs, What is meant by *“raising” bread is worth a few words. The introdue- yenst tion of the yeast into the moist dough | and the addition of heat when the pan is placed near the fire produces an enormous growth of the veast fungi— the yeast ** in other These fungi effect a destructive fer- mentation ol a port ya of the starchy matter of the flour mo | valuable nutrient elemer germ," words, one struction and witho process, which germs and ik | baked | warmth an noist two stance to be eaten is exposed to the air, produce earbouic noid gag, and having | the greater the chance that germs will | Broad raised with | yvenst 18 worked down or kneaded twice | done this, disappear, Its leavening drength has been found superior to other baking powders, and as far as | know, it is the only powder which will raise large bread perfectly, Its uss avoids the long period during which the yenst made dough must stand in order that the starch may ferment and there 1s als The two materials used in the Royal, eream of tartar and soda, are perie etly harmless, ut they combined . et » no kneading necessary, even when eaten, are in exact o that when chemical nection beging between them they practically disappear, the substance of both hav- ing been taken up to form the earbon- ic acid More than this, the | proper method of using the powde in the thorough with the flour. I'he proper quantity tak mixed with the flour and stirr it I'he turi ral times this in flour there t he tor compensating | waoights, Rs res most mixing being n, it is | around in fted seve hat in every part ol the mix 1B) win | shall be a few particles ol Fhe added, the salt snd milk or wa inde ug mould being dough 181 quickly and into the loaves. [he Ar Bat planed | the very ure attack ture o of tartar and i chrmicaily any | BREAD WITHOUT YEAST — ‘rae MOST ING hh the raising pro in food and the avoidance of th J the Rin in the exceedingly plain. But can langers which attend the nse of it is certain that the ve prodaced by it on the degre that if we system of rms as while we easily = last ™ riect are to substitute anv other bread making we must have i, first, results equally as good, will produce minute earbonie acid gas thronghont the mass of dough. Now it is in no way diffi enlt to prodoace earbonie acid gas chemically, but when we are working at bread we must use such ta are perfectly healthful these are not hard to find, The evils which attend the veast made bread are obviated by the use of a properly made, pure and wholesome baking powder in lien of yeast, Bak- ing powders are composed of an acid and an alkali which, if properly com. bined, should when they unite at destroy themselves and produce ear. bonie acid gna, A good baking pow der doos its work while the loaf is in the oven, and having done it, disap pears, But eare is imperative in selecting the brand of baking powder to be cor. tain that it is composed of non-injari- onus chemienls, Powders containing alum or those which are componnded from impire ingredients, or those which are not combined in proper pro- portion or carefully mixed and which will leave either an acid or un alkali in the bread, must not be used, It is well to sound a note of warning in this direction or the change from | the objectionable yeast to an impure beking powder will be a caso of jump: ing from the frying pan into the fire. The best baking powder made 1s, as shown by analysis, the “Royal” It contains absolutely nothing but cream of tartar and soda, refi to » chem- jes] purity, which when combined un- der the influence of heat and moisture one which will given mechanical that bubbles of is, that chemicals Fortunately noo PERFE ‘ specially of i | Siberia, | cisco and Yokohama. INCEIVABLE WAYA mn.’ have absolutely throngh which them Vast only gets an idea of Ras Siberia, by comparisons witkine, ehief of the en ng arm of the said, through his interpretor Russia's Area, of the stupen territory, and {ne d Mis extent 1A} Graeral Za fet Russian navy, “I am only stopping over to see the Exposi- tion while on my way to inspect forty fleations at Viadivostock, in Eastern one of our outposts, I am making the trip by way of Ban Fran. No, mnisnota roundabout way. By taking this route I enjoy all the facilities of comforte- ble travel, with only & few days of dis. comfort from Yokohoma Should | attempt to go by the way of Russian territorry, I could not make the re- turn to Bt. Petersburg before next December. By the American route | see your Exposition, coming and going, | and reach St. Petersburg in Septem | ber,” Chicago Tribune, n—— . A North Carolina Diamond A young lady near Weldon picked np what she thought to be a preity little pebble near the Warren line Captain Willis Cheek, off that place, saw the stone and purchased ®. He went it on to an expert in Npw York, and the jeweler there notified him thas it was a genuine diamond of the firs water, The eaptain paid the young Indy full value for it in the rough, and then had it out and set in a ring. His little danghter, Mise Fla, is now the proud owner of a dignond ring made of a gem picked up of North Carolina soil, in the old County of Halifax. Raleigh (N. OC.) News, cpa Russia produces 111,649 barrels of petroleum daily, REY. DR. TALMAGE. THE BROOKLYN DIVINE’'S SUN- DAY SERMON, Subject: ¢¢ Fireside Musing.” Texr: “While J burned.” ws ths fire Psalm xxxix., 3. Here is David, the psalmist, with the fore. finger of his right hand against his ble, the door shut against the world, angnged in contemplation. And it would be well for us to take the sama posture often, closing the door against the world while we sit down in sweet solitude to contemplate, In a small island off the coast J onoe passnd aSabbath in deiightful solitude, for I had resolved that 1 would have one day of entire quiet before i enterad upon sutun nal worl I thought to have spent the day in laying « inns for Christian work, but instead of that A became sn day of tender raminiscenos, reviewed my pastorate, an old departed friend again when the curtains The days of boy Lae k was 10 years of age, and was 8, and I There was on the is yet from break, when sevening u there musing tem I shook hands wi whom 1 » of life Hitnd and 1 Wins land the Are came Ri ore ne C8 Were al with « ong ago eonsed Youth is apt too much t md all § ng forward, Old apt to spend its time In s ir + and on the apex i be well for poking ba frighten ti barn an @ pwaliows Ir fhe ne egg and wil $f t) rafters of the | take just silenoe 3 hy saying the irink wed the and You take » that 1 oows at heads dusty home of the the hreat of buckwheat 3 u fal ple the pol so _ fvy and the yelloy nflower sentinel along the walk ar getmenots playing hide and seek f ng grass The father, wh the fel « the his again Pe the 4 and t Waln farm! nus uey f new may have in 3 nts and A tut mueh “that st i the for mid t used to in sunburned fron and =it 4 the doomill and wipe brow, may have gone t The mother who used sit at the Httie bent over, cap and spectacies face mellowing with the vicissitudes of many yoars, may have put down her gray head the pillow in the valley, but forget that bh you never will, Have you thanked God for 1? Have you rehearsad all these blessed remints Oh, thank God for a Christian father God for a Christian mother Thank God for an early Chirtstion altar st which 3 were taught 10 kneel, Thank God for an early Christian bone 1 bring to mind another passage in the his tony of your life The day came when You pet up your own houshoid he dave passed along in quiet biessednms, Your twain sat at the table morning and night and talked over your plans for the fature, The most signif) eant affair in your life became the subject mutual consultation and advisement, lou were #0 happy you felt you never aonld be any happier One day a dark cload hovered over your dwelling, and it got darker and darker, Dut out of that cloud the shining messenger of God descend incarnate an immortal spirit. Two little feet started on an eternal Journey, and you wera to lend them. A gom to flash In heaven's coronet, and you to polish if, Eternal ages of light and dark. ness watching tha starting out of & newly created being. wn or sweat from his overiascing rest to 3 A000» t her be i | Lhe doe "i 0 You rejolocd and you trembled at the re | sponsibility that in your possession an im mortal treasure was pl You prayed and rejoloed, and wept and Wondared, snd prayed wept and wondered. You p on that you might tha kingdom of God, | floctod any of these duties? Is your home ns | much to you ns it used to be? Have those auticipations been gratified? God heip you to-day in your solemn reminiscence and let Hix mercy fall upon your soul if your kind ness has been {11 requited | God have meray on the parent on the wrinkles of whose face is written the story of a child's sin! have merey on the mother who in addition to hr rn pangs has the pang ofl a ebild’s in | ! Ob, there are many, many sad nds fn this sad world, but the seldest und that Is ever heard is the breaking thers heart Are there any H smber that in that home they wore uni Are there those who wandered © that early home and left the mother with a broken heart? Oh, I stir that ence to 1 I find an God here in day your life history 1 found one were fn the wrong road wi could n aut night, There war just one word thst seemed tosob through your banking house, or through your offics, or your bedroom, and that was “‘eternity.” You said : “1 for it. O God, have meroy! Lord beard, Peace came to your heart, ¥ wnber how your hand trembled up of the holy communion Yo old minister who the church through the aisle y people who at the « your hand in theirs in gratulsting sympathy, ss much as tos “Welcoms hot you prodigal though those hands have all withered away that « Sabbath is resurrectsad Lo with sil its prayer ther point in you gloen } your shop ns y Wok the wir the ret it consecrated ember off you who carried member the the service to 14 Od Jost omn n It res ngs anda tears an mn is rrecto your it was = stalr disturt YOu o > . 1 inte flowers 11 wWaarinese ana juent on well yey thanked «day you can o wit in the fresh tf YOu are snd to sing God's to hear God's and to in rive in this place prajse, rod and to ask God's f Bless the | wi aoe and redeemeth our 8 help, healeth all « lives from de Ww wa a finar s gome of ¥ ir last sore nt i ngratuist pre mn One oparel, on a lous res verything you put your hand 1 ems 10 turn to gold, Dut there are others i who are likethe ship on which Pau where two met, and you ar by the violence of the waves By an nad vised indorsemant, or by a conjunction { unforeseen events, of Ly fire or storia, ora sengeleoss panic, you have been flung head and whera you once dispensed great have hard work t ative fosst ipation One on wong parities now you the two ends moet Have yoa forgotten to thank God for your days of prosperity, and that through your trinle some of you have made investments which will continue after the last bank © this world has exploded and the silver an gold are molten in fires of a burning world Have you, amid all your losses and discour ALPES, forgot that there was bread vour table this morning and that there sha bw & shelter for your head from the stor and there is alr for your lungs and blood for vour heart and light for your eye and a glial and glorious and triumphant religion for your soul? * Perhaps your last trouble was a bereave ment, hat heart which in childhood was your refuge, the parental heart, and whi! has been a soures of the quickest sympathy ever since, has suddenly becoas silent for ever. And now sometimes whensver in sud. den annoyance and without deliberation you gay, “1 will go and tell mother,” the thought flashes on you, “I have no mother,” Or the | father, with voios less vender, but at heart as } TANT | purest and loving -watehful of all your | ways, exuitant over your success without saying much, aithod the old puoyie do talk it over Ly themsolvos-is taken away | forever, Or there was your sompanion in Hie, | sharer of your joys and sorrows, taken, loay- the heart an old ruin, where the {ll winds ow over & wide wilderness of desolation, on of People looked down, ard they saw ft was only s few feet deep and « few feet wide, but to you it was a chasm down which went all | your hopes and all your expectations, Inter SN ut cheer up in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, the comforter He not golng to forsake you, Did the Lord take that child out of you Why, H« going to shelter it bette rou could. He is going fo array It in» give it 4 palm branch and have it 10 gros you at your henrt in in all ready coming that ome yes lohn river, i commin ADO While #1 ly Bpring IRIs waler wWHlers Bre th ue p hedghite of the of this world An Emperor at the Plow, to er {f the cul imy OCCASION officers while ot the hers scat- if r was busied {toa iraped in Emper- Emperor low the implements speeds baskets as to go after their and had oon une high t Pall Mall Budget I Hardships of Lite in the Polar Region, them tarn 3 Severe fro 1 for the Year, and whole region and the sen greater part of the water becoming almost indistinguish- but for the incessant movement and drift of the sea save McClne's Maga: 1 in 100 breaks up into floes which may drift away by the wind against the shores of continents or islands, leaving lanes of open water which a shift of wind may change and elose in an hour Teeby ris lannched from the glaciers of the land also drift with the tide, enrrent and wind throngh the more or or jess open water Possibly at some times the pack msy open aud a clear waterway run through to the pole, and old whalers tell of many a year, when they believed that a few days’ steam- ing would earry them to the ead of the world, if they conld have seized the opportunity. At other times routes traversed in safety time after time may be effect ively closed for years, and all ad- vance barred. Food in the form of seals or walras in the open water, reindesr, musk ox, polar bears or birds on the laud, may often be procured, but these sources cannot be relied upon. Advance northward may be made by water in a 1% iE] land abie, ioe, ne snmmer the Sea | ship, or by dog-sledge, or ou foot, over the frozen snow or joe,
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