Be. United States By WILLIAM C. UTLEY HE United States has declared war on crime, Federal agents got John Dillinger. They got “Pretty Boy" Floyd. And at the cost of two of the most promising young men in the Department of Jus tice secret service, Samuel A. Cowley and Herman BE. Hollis, they got “Baby Face” Nelson. Now with Federal bul- lets having stilled forever the heart- beats and having destroyed for all time the brains of these arch-criminal “big shots,” and with federal bars securely crippling the one time power of the biggest shot of them all, Mr. “Scarface Al" Capone, America feels that the time is ripe for an organized and con- certed mobilization of all of the forces of society in an irresistible drive not only to track down all of the murder- ers and criminals in the land, but to strike at their very breeding places and cauterize the open sores of society where the criminal pestilence is born. This was the reason for the recent national crime conference called by the President and Attorney General Homer 8S. Cummings. President Roosevelt himself, addressing the conference at its opening, declared that two things were immediately necessary in girding the land for the opening battles of the war, “First, I ask yon to plan and to con- struct with scientific care a constantly improving administrative structure—a structure which will tie together every crime-preventing, law-enforcing agency of every branch of the government the federal government, the 48 state governments, and all the local govern- ments, including counties, cities and towns,” said the President. “Your second task is of equal impor- tance. An administrative - structure that is perfect will still be ineffective in results unless the people of the Unit- ed States understand the larger pur poses, and co-operate with these pur- poses.” Inadequate organization of police forces was blamed by the President for conditions that have existed. He declared that “in many Instances, we may as well frankly admit, bandits have been equipped and better organ- ized than the officials who are supposed to keep them in check.” Cut Out the Glamor. Col. Henry L. Stimson, secretary of state under the Hoover administration, who by his very presence gave the con- ference an air of political nonpartisan- rhip, made the other keynote address. He pleaded that crime be robbed of the sensationalism that has been given it In many stories, newspaper accounts and moving pictures, advising that a sincere campaign to expose crime and rob it of its glamor in the public prints and the theaters could be of all-impor- tant value in waging this kind War. Colonel tardy and uncertain that valls in this country, citing by ecom- parison the speed and dispatch of Brit. ish trials, which are more undramatic than ours but and re minding the conference that the U States has a homicide times as high as that of England. He quoted statistics to show that in one of America’s largest cities you can com- mit a burglary and your chances for escaping any sort of penalty may be as high as 200 to 1. “The lawyer who uses his position as a member of the state legislature to tinker up the criminal code of his state in favor of the criminal class, which he makes a business of defending in the courts, is just as responsible for the breakdown of justice as is the cor. rupt jury fixer or bail broker” de clared Colonel Stimson, The first definite step in the cam. paign, as suggested by Attorney Gen- eral Cummings, would be the estab lishment of “a great national and scien- tific training center” for training law enforcement officials, This would make for our national police forces a sort of of a the nre. ¥ also scored Stimson justice more eflicient, ited rate twenty Herman E. Hollis “West Point” or “Annapolis” for the training of policemen, founded on the premise that while we have these world-leading Institutions for the train. ing of those men who are to protect the nation from onslaughts by foreign powers, there is nothing resembling such an institution for the training of the men who are every day protecting the same nation against equally seri ous and Important Invasions against the social order within the nation's borders, Such a school would undoubtedly fur nish highly trained and skilled police- J. E. Hoover. men for cities, towns and states who needed them, Need Specialized Training. With more universities and colleges and more opportunities for a young man to acquire an education than any other nation on earth, we still have no school which specializes in the train. ing of police, yet thousands of young men Join the ranks of some sort of police organization every day. Only In a few schools have courses in erimi- nology or police administration been developed to any great extent. The most notable of these {s the scientific crime detection laboratory of North- western university at Chicago. Almost half of the others are confined to one area In the country, the Pacific coast Joth the University of Southern Call fornia and the University of California at Berkeley have highly developed schools of police administration, the latter under Prof. August Vollmer, who also started a police administration de- partment at the University of Chicago, Leonarde Keeler (Left) of Northwestern Detector) on later abandoned. Other medicolegal courses are avallable at San Jose, In California, Columbia in New York city, the University of Wichita (Kan). the University of Cincinnati and the Medi colegal institute of Paterson, N. J. Northwestern's laboratory has ac complished much In the fleld of scien tific crime detection. Its services are frequently sought by the Chicago po lice department, whom It serves with. out charge, and other police depart ments to whom it makes a charge com- mensurate with the work carried on Bright star of the school is its Leon arde Keeler, director of psychology, who has developed much of its labora: tory. A pleasant young man who looks hardly thirty but must be more than thirty-five, Mr. Keeler is thorough- ly in sympathy with the suggestion of a West Point for police, and more than obliging if you ask him to show you through the Northwestern laboratory, N. U. Weli Equipped. This itself is a combination of school room, business office and exhibit. The first thing you encounter is the fingér. print exhibition, worked up to a per. fection attained by few organizations Here, Mr. Keeler explains, the men are shown all of the little tricks of enlarg- ing finger prints by photography to a point where every little detall may be carefully studied. The laboratory has solved several Important cases in this manner, Next, Mr. Keeler's pointer leads you to the eabinet devoted to secret and code messages, showing the various means in which ultra-violet light and chemicals are used to detect hidden messages written into seemingly harm. less notes with milk or other substance. Photomicrography-—the art of pho tographing and studying objects as tiny as a cross-section of hair--is the next exhibit. By means of this scl. ence, hair left on the person of an attacked victim, for instance, may be examined to discover its nature and source, as may fingernail scrapings or dust deposits. “Now here are a few bombs and high explosives that have been eonflacated in bombings and fires,” says Mr, Kee. a few bottles and tubes marked “High Explosive” or “Dangerous,” while you squirm and hope to heaven he knows his business. "By studying these bombs and thelr construction, In many cases after they have been exploded, we can determine the identity of the maker, If he is a known bomber.” There are few limits to where the science of crime detection may carry the experimenter, Here i8 a process known as moulage, which Mr. Keeler and his associates have developed to an amazing degree of perfection. It is the art of making casts of any object from the entire head or torso of a dead body to small tool marks In wood or metal. This can preserve the evidence for an indefinite period Experts in Ballistics. The Northwesterners are especially adept in their study of ballistics—bul- lets and firearms. They can make iden- tification of any caliber or type of bul- let, tell what Kind of powder fired it and what kind of a weapon it was fired from. In the case of a suspected weup- on they can determine whether or not it fired the bullets submitted In evi- dence, jut it Is in the art of discovering de- ception In a suspected witness that the laboratory excels any similar bureau in the world. This is done through Mr. Keeler's own development of the poly- graph or, as it Is popularly and some- what erroneously termed, the “lle-de- tector.” The polygraph registers the subject's blood-pressure and respiration over a period of time when he is being ques- tioned. He is asked a great many questions, a large part of them entire. ly irrelevant to the crime of which he is suspected. Whenever a relevant Is slipped in, It noticed from the blood pressure and respira- tion charts that these will fluctuate distinctly when he attempts to prac- an Intentional deception. While the machine has never been admitted in court as evidence, it has been espe. cially useful In breaking down a sus- pect’s resistance and facilitating fegsions., It eliminates plenty of and out the suspects, to question is tice Con- Use less questioning Saves by time weeding Its use has heen employed secure confessions her of cases, We University Using His Polygraph (Lis. a Suspect. What may be accomplished if a com- prehensive school and larger labora- tory are set up for the Department of Justice bureau of identification, wis hinted at by J. Edger Hoover, young head of the bureau and one of the lead. ing spirits of the crime conference, when he revealed the fact that the bureau has on hand 4.700000 finger. prints of known criminals, or more than ten times as many as the famed Scotland Yard. The department has a record of 04 convictions out of every 100 arrests. The main difficulty in ad- ministration seems to be that it is not making enough arrests and, because of lack of co-operation and co-ordination with local bodies, not nearly enough social work and edneation Is being con- Samuel A. Cowley. ducted to stop the early development of criminals and criminal organiza. tions, Perhaps the national school Is one of the most important immediate steps. Certainly it Is one of the most Imagl- native. Can you picture the sport writer's glee at being assigned to “cov. er” a football game between the team of the “West Point for police” and the excellent eleven from Sing Sing prison? ©. Weatern Newspaper Union, = Washington —It begins to appear that the country as a whole may have a chance to know New Deal how many laws gnd Publicity executive orders Is sued thereunder have come out of the New Deal In its twen- ty-one months of life, President Roose- velt has determined upon publication in an official manner as the means of informing Mr, Average Man what he is not supposed to do under the New Deal. It has not been determined yet whether there will be an official gov- ernment newspaper for publication of all of these laws, executive orders, codes, regulations and other means of official expression, but everything points that way, Courts have always sald that igno- rance of the law excuses no man, [It remained for the Supreme Court of the United States, however, to say that when the average man was deluged with hundreds of orders of inhibition and prohibition from Washington, he was or Is quite likely to be unable to comprehend what it is all about It was almost unprecedented for criticism to come from a member of the Supreme Court of the United States, 3ut Associate Justice Bran. dels, one of the outstanding liberals of conceal his grievance when, In the course of presentation of an NRA case to the court, he learned to his amaze ment that there had been no publica- tion numerous orders, regula- tions or rules in a manner that could reach the couatry as a course, the newspapers of the conceivably whole, Of have attempted to keep the co informed but there to be that the number of official nouncements gD doubt was newspaper, however track of and publish quently, the Asso volce to a feeling among newspaper Washington for a long time, no that the bulk of the citizens of this country were uninformed the vast number of new reg forthcoming under the New Deal It is a regular practice for congress to enact legislation and Include In such laws a phrase to this effect: too great large, them all Justice that has prevalled in ney, correspondents concerning “Authority to issue regulations car rying out the terms of this law Is here by extended.” That phrase whenever It is Included, as it is almost invariably, gives to the rules and regulations, and pronouncements, the full force and effect of the law ltself so long ns the administrative promulgations ore with. in the terms of the law itself and with in reason. In other words, these be come law and they can be sustained by any court that can find the law it self constitutional. . * * proclamations The magnitude of the which the President has . mined was Weighty suggested recently by Problem a committee the American Bar asso ciation which estimated that in the first year of the NRA alone more than ten thousand pages of such “law” were written by executive authority with. out adequate provision for notifying the public, “The total legislative output by or in connection with this one adminis trative agency,” the committee de clared, “actually staggers the imagina- tion." The committee added that any cal culation Involved guesswork and it con cluded after something more than a superficial investigation that between four thousand five hundred and five thousand methods of business conduct were prohibited by the codes and sup. plemental amendments to codes pro mulgated by the National Recovery Administration In its brief period of life, The Brooklyn institute in a study of the situation has found that in the federal government there are sixty dif. ferent administrative tribunals which, as the Institute's statement sald, are “making Judicial decisions affecting private rights.” The Institute's state ment added that “these do not pro ceed according to any single form, do not follow any uniform procedure and do not fit in as Integral parts of a co- herent or Intelligent system.” During the World war there was an official publication issued by the com mittee on public Information which was designed to acquaint the general public with the myriads of orders from the White House, orders from the War and Navy departments, orders from a | meore of other places, In the hope that public understanding would simplify the administration's problem. That Is the only time, as far as I have been able to ascertain, when the produc | tion of rules and regulations and ad. | ministration-made “law” was so great | that other than normal press channels had to be used. Mr. Roosevelt sald in announcing his decision, that frankly there never had been machinery of government for the publication of such decrees and laws. Obviously now that the Supreme court has called atten. tion to the lack of a central compila tion or publication of such orders, something constructive Is going to be done about It. There is, however, a possibility of danger in that course. Attention has been directed here to the threat that, problem with now deter to deal of i i unless careful supervision over such a publication is maintained, some un- scrupulous Individuals may take ad- vantage of this new avenue of public. ity for selfish means. It is to be as sumed that Mr. Roosevelt will protect against this potential danger, but | find ip many quarters expressions of a fear that the thing may get out of hand unless the President is fully fore warned so that he can be forearmed. -. - » Much significance attaches to the President's projected plan to take the profits out of war, President's 1: 1s looked upon by Shrewd Move those who know as a very shrewd move, af. fecting both domestic and internation. al politics. It will be some time fore its full import can be pleced to- gether In one picture but when that time comes, wiseacres tell me, among the things to be seen will 1. Notice to congress that the Presi dent is not going to allow the legisia- tive body to run away with things that gain publicity, if the scheme is one in which he desires to participate. 2. Notice to the world that the Unit States is not to surrender be- be: ed going and even though Japan has renounced her signature to the Washington arms Hmitation treaty of 1022. It is early to make a whether senators militantly fought back after Mr. Roosevelt's pro " too the who in the sen inves leaders munitions Nye, all of the : 1 Senator the com an, with breez Dakota plains, sccused t effect o North ident in munitions In« berg of Mic fdent's right Ff» thought, as did some of the « ¢ £ ¢ to : to stof » Pres Bach ther mem- interfere bers of the committee who did not be Mr. show Roosevelt was it Is was on the come trying a fact that the commitiee front investigation. Some observers here are incll will vocal, that to steal the heen use pages day after day during the ned to Hoosevelt be able to lull the recalcitrant members of congress into a Kindly ward his programm which is draft far-reaching legislation they will eventually hush-u writing 1 am unwilling to that One must this can become of great can sink out of sight en thought Is that Mr. of congress Is not going to be serious iy disturbed by it. It is possible, how. ever, that there are enough dissatisfied members of the senate to constitute a bloc will speak its mind collectively EE pally. If that should come about, will be fun, feeling to designed to belief not be little with My own Roosevelt's control house and which as well individ there Every once In a while some one dis covers some new letters written by George Washington, Washington Such a circumstance a Lobbyist? has just developed The Chesapeake and Ohio rallroad, preparing to celebrate the one hundred and fiftieth anniver- sary of the original corporation from which it came, has found a letter signed by General Washington which, authorities tell me, represents among the first petitions ever filed with a leg. islative body In behalf of private in terests in this country. In fact, if the Washington letter in question were to have been presented to the present. day congress, undoubtedly those In opposition to the general's plan would have described him as a lobbyist. H. 0. Bishop, a noted writer and historian here, found in the Library of Congress that General Washington had sought legislation In the general assembly of Virginia in behalf of the Jamestown company, a corporation which in later years was to become the Chesapeake and Ohio Rallroad company. General Washington Interceded with the Vir ginia assembly on the ground that if the United States ever were to become of consequence as a nation in this ward and if there were to be expan. sion there had to be means of transpor- tation, The general, according to the LI brary of Congress records, personally surveyed a westward route over which erate. That is the route now followed by the line of the present railroad Disclosure of the Washington letter has brought again to the forefront the question of what constitutes lobbying as there have been in numerous pre ceding administrations, who accuse anyone attempting to present his side of the story to a legislative body of being a lobbyist. 1 believe, however, that the bulk of the people look upon that sort of thing as an exercise of the right of petition. 4 It will be Interesting to note how when the efforts of General Washing. ton in behalf of the Jamestown com. pany are generally known, his exercise of the right of petition will be accept ed. Surely even the most ardent re formers will not desire to call the Father of our Country a lobbyist, © Western Newspaper Union. May Kill Horses Rotten and Molded Ears Are Dangerous as Feed for All Live Stock. By Dr. Robert Graham, Chie! in Animal Pathology and Hygiene, University of Hinois ~~WNU Service Heavy death losses among horses and mules threaten the farmer who tries to save feed this winter by turning work stock out on cornstalk fields, It is true that feed supplies are the shortest on record. Unfortunately, however, it will be especially danger- ous this year to try to get horses and mules through the winter by pasturing them on stalk fields. Some of the worst corn-ear-worm damage that the state has ever had, coupled with heavy rains, has caused much rotting and molding of the ears, Reports are reaching the University of Illinois animal pathology laboratory of the widespread occurrence of a dis- ease resembling the old-fashioned corn. stalk disease so prevalent 15 years ago. The malady, however, is not caused by eating the cornstalks but by consuming the low-qu Cattle also seem to susce the disease, although not so horses and mules. Even ing husking wagons have been to develop the mal Thus, farmers might well play by baskets on the while they being used in cornfields, If cornstalks are used they must be on many farm cattle can be about he horses now Horses be past: and tho for possit When farmers shou horses, mules The : are likely to be ness or sleepiness on ti fen first horse, although th easily detected tion. When EDD be these , however, a vet called prompt of the disease « AS horses begin to walk and press fences. These brain disturbance i to prevent than to cure This disease should with hydrocyanic some from be saved, against that farm feed stalks, or from sorghum or sudan Dairymen Take Interest When Records Are Kept e New York dairy record clubs make pro Dairymen members of ti of their « Bradt of the of Agriculture Re dicate, to culling ung efficient feeding, of the best calves herd replace- ments. Sixty-five per cent of those who reported sald that the milk they delivered at milk plants had shown, by tests there, a higher content of butter fat, Club members also sald ther took greater interest in thelr cows because they kept records, and that the service saves waste on grain feeding, since cows are fed according to the amount of milk and butterfat they produce. The records of the clubs also helped dairymen to avold the raising of calves from cows which were low in milk and butterfat production. ras, sa York 10 red New v8 Ire turns from 165 club members in- » states, tha rds lead wofitable more and to the selection for Sheltering Insects “The farmer who shelters insects throughout the winter has only him. self to blame If these pests board with him next summer,” says J. H. Bigger, assistant state entomologist for Iii pols. Burning fence rows on dry days, gathering up plant refuse and burning it, and In other ways destroying shel- tering places will cut down on crop in- Jury next year. In central Illinois there are large numbers of chinch bugs, and unless the winter is severe many of these are likely to live over If hid- ing places are avaliable. Proteins in Soy Beans The live stock feeding value of soy beans Is determined to a large extent tain and varies substantially for gif ferent varieties, chemists of the United States Department of Agriculture find, Preliminary tests showed, for example, cowpeas, lentils, and peas, the Chiquita best protein, Feeding Potatoes to Cattle It makes little difference whether potatoes are cooked or fed raw to cat. tie. It is well to take the precaution, however, of slicing them to avold the smnll amounts they ter feed. Cows In fed over 20 pounds day, larger amounts tend to make
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