Be.
United States
By WILLIAM C. UTLEY
HE United States has declared
war on crime, Federal agents
got John Dillinger. They got
“Pretty Boy" Floyd. And at
the cost of two of the most promising
young men in the Department of Jus
tice secret service, Samuel A. Cowley
and Herman BE. Hollis, they got “Baby
Face” Nelson. Now with Federal bul-
lets having stilled forever the heart-
beats and having destroyed for all time
the brains of these arch-criminal “big
shots,” and with federal bars securely
crippling the one time power of the
biggest shot of them all, Mr. “Scarface
Al" Capone, America feels that the
time is ripe for an organized and con-
certed mobilization of all of the forces
of society in an irresistible drive not
only to track down all of the murder-
ers and criminals in the land, but to
strike at their very breeding places
and cauterize the open sores of society
where the criminal pestilence is born.
This was the reason for the recent
national crime conference called by the
President and Attorney General Homer
8S. Cummings. President Roosevelt
himself, addressing the conference at
its opening, declared that two things
were immediately necessary in girding
the land for the opening battles of the
war,
“First, I ask yon to plan and to con-
struct with scientific care a constantly
improving administrative structure—a
structure which will tie together every
crime-preventing, law-enforcing agency
of every branch of the government
the federal government, the 48 state
governments, and all the local govern-
ments, including counties, cities and
towns,” said the President.
“Your second task is of equal impor-
tance. An administrative - structure
that is perfect will still be ineffective
in results unless the people of the Unit-
ed States understand the larger pur
poses, and co-operate with these pur-
poses.”
Inadequate organization of police
forces was blamed by the President
for conditions that have existed. He
declared that “in many Instances, we
may as well frankly admit, bandits
have been equipped and better organ-
ized than the officials who are supposed
to keep them in check.”
Cut Out the Glamor.
Col. Henry L. Stimson, secretary of
state under the Hoover administration,
who by his very presence gave the con-
ference an air of political nonpartisan-
rhip, made the other keynote address.
He pleaded that crime be robbed of
the sensationalism that has been given
it In many stories, newspaper accounts
and moving pictures, advising that a
sincere campaign to expose crime and
rob it of its glamor in the public prints
and the theaters could be of all-impor-
tant value in waging this kind
War.
Colonel
tardy and uncertain that
valls in this country, citing by ecom-
parison the speed and dispatch of Brit.
ish trials, which are more undramatic
than ours but and re
minding the conference that the U
States has a homicide
times as high as that of England. He
quoted statistics to show that in one
of America’s largest cities you can com-
mit a burglary and your chances for
escaping any sort of penalty may be
as high as 200 to 1.
“The lawyer who uses his position
as a member of the state legislature to
tinker up the criminal code of his state
in favor of the criminal class, which
he makes a business of defending in
the courts, is just as responsible for
the breakdown of justice as is the cor.
rupt jury fixer or bail broker” de
clared Colonel Stimson,
The first definite step in the cam.
paign, as suggested by Attorney Gen-
eral Cummings, would be the estab
lishment of “a great national and scien-
tific training center” for training law
enforcement officials, This would make
for our national police forces a sort of
of a
the
nre.
¥
also scored
Stimson
justice
more eflicient,
ited
rate
twenty
Herman E. Hollis
“West Point” or “Annapolis” for the
training of policemen, founded on the
premise that while we have these
world-leading Institutions for the train.
ing of those men who are to protect
the nation from onslaughts by foreign
powers, there is nothing resembling
such an institution for the training of
the men who are every day protecting
the same nation against equally seri
ous and Important Invasions against
the social order within the nation's
borders,
Such a school would undoubtedly fur
nish highly trained and skilled police-
J. E. Hoover.
men for cities, towns and states who
needed them,
Need Specialized Training.
With more universities and colleges
and more opportunities for a young
man to acquire an education than any
other nation on earth, we still have no
school which specializes in the train.
ing of police, yet thousands of young
men Join the ranks of some sort of
police organization every day. Only In
a few schools have courses in erimi-
nology or police administration been
developed to any great extent. The
most notable of these {s the scientific
crime detection laboratory of North-
western university at Chicago. Almost
half of the others are confined to one
area In the country, the Pacific coast
Joth the University of Southern Call
fornia and the University of California
at Berkeley have highly developed
schools of police administration, the
latter under Prof. August Vollmer, who
also started a police administration de-
partment at the University of Chicago,
Leonarde Keeler (Left) of Northwestern
Detector) on
later abandoned. Other medicolegal
courses are avallable at San Jose, In
California, Columbia in New York city,
the University of Wichita (Kan). the
University of Cincinnati and the Medi
colegal institute of Paterson, N. J.
Northwestern's laboratory has ac
complished much In the fleld of scien
tific crime detection. Its services are
frequently sought by the Chicago po
lice department, whom It serves with.
out charge, and other police depart
ments to whom it makes a charge com-
mensurate with the work carried on
Bright star of the school is its Leon
arde Keeler, director of psychology,
who has developed much of its labora:
tory. A pleasant young man who
looks hardly thirty but must be more
than thirty-five, Mr. Keeler is thorough-
ly in sympathy with the suggestion of
a West Point for police, and more than
obliging if you ask him to show you
through the Northwestern laboratory,
N. U. Weli Equipped.
This itself is a combination of school
room, business office and exhibit. The
first thing you encounter is the fingér.
print exhibition, worked up to a per.
fection attained by few organizations
Here, Mr. Keeler explains, the men are
shown all of the little tricks of enlarg-
ing finger prints by photography to a
point where every little detall may be
carefully studied. The laboratory has
solved several Important cases in this
manner,
Next, Mr. Keeler's pointer leads you
to the eabinet devoted to secret and
code messages, showing the various
means in which ultra-violet light and
chemicals are used to detect hidden
messages written into seemingly harm.
less notes with milk or other substance.
Photomicrography-—the art of pho
tographing and studying objects as
tiny as a cross-section of hair--is the
next exhibit. By means of this scl.
ence, hair left on the person of an
attacked victim, for instance, may be
examined to discover its nature and
source, as may fingernail scrapings or
dust deposits.
“Now here are a few bombs and high
explosives that have been eonflacated
in bombings and fires,” says Mr, Kee.
a few bottles and tubes marked “High
Explosive” or “Dangerous,” while you
squirm and hope to heaven he knows
his business. "By studying these bombs
and thelr construction, In many cases
after they have been exploded, we can
determine the identity of the maker,
If he is a known bomber.”
There are few limits to where the
science of crime detection may carry
the experimenter, Here i8 a process
known as moulage, which Mr. Keeler
and his associates have developed to
an amazing degree of perfection. It is
the art of making casts of any object
from the entire head or torso of a dead
body to small tool marks In wood or
metal. This can preserve the evidence
for an indefinite period
Experts in Ballistics.
The Northwesterners are especially
adept in their study of ballistics—bul-
lets and firearms. They can make iden-
tification of any caliber or type of bul-
let, tell what Kind of powder fired it
and what kind of a weapon it was fired
from. In the case of a suspected weup-
on they can determine whether or not
it fired the bullets submitted In evi-
dence,
jut it Is in the art of discovering de-
ception In a suspected witness that the
laboratory excels any similar bureau in
the world. This is done through Mr.
Keeler's own development of the poly-
graph or, as it Is popularly and some-
what erroneously termed, the “lle-de-
tector.”
The polygraph registers the subject's
blood-pressure and respiration over a
period of time when he is being ques-
tioned. He is asked a great many
questions, a large part of them entire.
ly irrelevant to the crime of which he
is suspected. Whenever a relevant
Is slipped in, It noticed
from the blood pressure and respira-
tion charts that these will fluctuate
distinctly when he attempts to prac-
an Intentional deception. While
the machine has never been admitted
in court as evidence, it has been espe.
cially useful In breaking down a sus-
pect’s resistance and facilitating
fegsions., It eliminates plenty of
and
out the suspects,
to
question is
tice
Con-
Use
less questioning Saves by
time
weeding Its use has
heen employed secure confessions
her of cases,
We
University Using His Polygraph (Lis.
a Suspect.
What may be accomplished if a com-
prehensive school and larger labora-
tory are set up for the Department of
Justice bureau of identification, wis
hinted at by J. Edger Hoover, young
head of the bureau and one of the lead.
ing spirits of the crime conference,
when he revealed the fact that the
bureau has on hand 4.700000 finger.
prints of known criminals, or more
than ten times as many as the famed
Scotland Yard. The department has
a record of 04 convictions out of every
100 arrests. The main difficulty in ad-
ministration seems to be that it is not
making enough arrests and, because of
lack of co-operation and co-ordination
with local bodies, not nearly enough
social work and edneation Is being con-
Samuel A. Cowley.
ducted to stop the early development
of criminals and criminal organiza.
tions,
Perhaps the national school Is one of
the most important immediate steps.
Certainly it Is one of the most Imagl-
native. Can you picture the sport
writer's glee at being assigned to “cov.
er” a football game between the team
of the “West Point for police” and the
excellent eleven from Sing Sing prison?
©. Weatern Newspaper Union,
=
Washington —It begins to appear
that the country as a whole may have
a chance to know
New Deal how many laws gnd
Publicity executive orders Is
sued thereunder have
come out of the New Deal In its twen-
ty-one months of life, President Roose-
velt has determined upon publication
in an official manner as the means of
informing Mr, Average Man what he is
not supposed to do under the New
Deal. It has not been determined yet
whether there will be an official gov-
ernment newspaper for publication of
all of these laws, executive orders,
codes, regulations and other means of
official expression, but everything points
that way,
Courts have always sald that igno-
rance of the law excuses no man, [It
remained for the Supreme Court of the
United States, however, to say that
when the average man was deluged
with hundreds of orders of inhibition
and prohibition from Washington, he
was or Is quite likely to be unable to
comprehend what it is all about
It was almost unprecedented for
criticism to come from a member of
the Supreme Court of the United
States, 3ut Associate Justice Bran.
dels, one of the outstanding liberals of
conceal his grievance when, In the
course of presentation of an NRA case
to the court, he learned to his amaze
ment that there had been no publica-
tion numerous orders, regula-
tions or rules in a manner that could
reach the couatry as a
course, the newspapers
of the
conceivably
whole, Of
have attempted to keep the co
informed but there to be
that the number of official
nouncements
gD
doubt
was
newspaper, however
track of and publish
quently, the Asso
volce to a feeling
among newspaper
Washington for a long time, no
that the bulk of the citizens of this
country were uninformed
the vast number of new reg
forthcoming under the New Deal
It is a regular practice for congress
to enact legislation and Include In such
laws a phrase to this effect:
too great
large,
them all
Justice
that has prevalled
in
ney,
correspondents
concerning
“Authority to issue regulations car
rying out the terms of this law Is here
by extended.”
That phrase whenever It is Included,
as it is almost invariably, gives to the
rules and regulations,
and pronouncements, the full force and
effect of the law ltself so long ns the
administrative promulgations ore with.
in the terms of the law itself and with
in reason. In other words, these be
come law and they can be sustained
by any court that can find the law it
self constitutional.
. * *
proclamations
The magnitude of the
which the President has
. mined was
Weighty suggested recently by
Problem
a committee the
American Bar asso
ciation which estimated that in the
first year of the NRA alone more than
ten thousand pages of such “law” were
written by executive authority with.
out adequate provision for notifying
the public,
“The total legislative output by or
in connection with this one adminis
trative agency,” the committee de
clared, “actually staggers the imagina-
tion."
The committee added that any cal
culation Involved guesswork and it con
cluded after something more than a
superficial investigation that between
four thousand five hundred and five
thousand methods of business conduct
were prohibited by the codes and sup.
plemental amendments to codes pro
mulgated by the National Recovery
Administration In its brief period of
life,
The Brooklyn institute in a study
of the situation has found that in the
federal government there are sixty dif.
ferent administrative tribunals which,
as the Institute's statement sald, are
“making Judicial decisions affecting
private rights.” The Institute's state
ment added that “these do not pro
ceed according to any single form, do
not follow any uniform procedure and
do not fit in as Integral parts of a co-
herent or Intelligent system.”
During the World war there was an
official publication issued by the com
mittee on public Information which
was designed to acquaint the general
public with the myriads of orders from
the White House, orders from the War
and Navy departments, orders from a
| meore of other places, In the hope that
public understanding would simplify
the administration's problem. That Is
the only time, as far as I have been
able to ascertain, when the produc
| tion of rules and regulations and ad.
| ministration-made “law” was so great
| that other than normal press channels
had to be used. Mr. Roosevelt sald in
announcing his decision, that frankly
there never had been machinery of
government for the publication of such
decrees and laws. Obviously now that
the Supreme court has called atten.
tion to the lack of a central compila
tion or publication of such orders,
something constructive Is going to be
done about It.
There is, however, a possibility of
danger in that course. Attention has
been directed here to the threat that,
problem with
now deter
to deal
of
i
i
unless careful supervision over such
a publication is maintained, some un-
scrupulous Individuals may take ad-
vantage of this new avenue of public.
ity for selfish means. It is to be as
sumed that Mr. Roosevelt will protect
against this potential danger, but |
find ip many quarters expressions of
a fear that the thing may get out of
hand unless the President is fully fore
warned so that he can be forearmed.
-. - »
Much significance attaches to the
President's projected plan to take the
profits out of war,
President's 1: 1s looked upon by
Shrewd Move those who know as a
very shrewd move, af.
fecting both domestic and internation.
al politics. It will be some time
fore its full import can be pleced to-
gether In one picture but when that
time comes, wiseacres tell me, among
the things to be seen will
1. Notice to congress that the Presi
dent is not going to allow the legisia-
tive body to run away with things that
gain publicity, if the scheme is one in
which he desires to participate.
2. Notice to the world that the Unit
States is not to surrender
be-
be:
ed going
and even though Japan has renounced
her signature to the Washington arms
Hmitation treaty of 1022.
It is early to make a
whether senators militantly
fought back after Mr. Roosevelt's pro
"
too
the who
in the sen
inves
leaders
munitions
Nye,
all of the
: 1
Senator the com
an, with breez
Dakota plains, sccused t
effect o
North
ident in
munitions In«
berg of Mic
fdent's right
Ff»
thought, as did some of the «
¢ £ ¢ to
: to stof
» Pres
Bach
ther mem-
interfere
bers of the committee who did not be
Mr.
show
Roosevelt was
it Is
was on the
come
trying
a fact that the commitiee
front
investigation.
Some observers here are incll
will
vocal, that
to steal the heen use
pages day after day during the
ned to
Hoosevelt be
able to lull the recalcitrant members
of congress into a Kindly
ward his programm which is
draft far-reaching legislation
they will eventually hush-u
writing 1 am unwilling to
that
One must
this
can become of great
can sink out of sight en
thought Is that Mr.
of congress Is not going to be serious
iy disturbed by it. It is possible, how.
ever, that there are enough dissatisfied
members of the senate to
constitute a bloc will speak its
mind collectively EE
pally. If that should come about,
will be fun,
feeling to
designed to
belief
not be
little
with
My own
Roosevelt's control
house and
which
as well individ
there
Every once In a while some one dis
covers some new letters written by
George Washington,
Washington Such a circumstance
a Lobbyist? has just developed
The Chesapeake and
Ohio rallroad, preparing to celebrate
the one hundred and fiftieth anniver-
sary of the original corporation from
which it came, has found a letter
signed by General Washington which,
authorities tell me, represents among
the first petitions ever filed with a leg.
islative body In behalf of private in
terests in this country. In fact, if the
Washington letter in question were to
have been presented to the present.
day congress, undoubtedly those In
opposition to the general's plan would
have described him as a lobbyist. H.
0. Bishop, a noted writer and historian
here, found in the Library of Congress
that General Washington had sought
legislation In the general assembly of
Virginia in behalf of the Jamestown
company, a corporation which in later
years was to become the Chesapeake
and Ohio Rallroad company. General
Washington Interceded with the Vir
ginia assembly on the ground that if
the United States ever were to become
of consequence as a nation in this
ward and if there were to be expan.
sion there had to be means of transpor-
tation,
The general, according to the LI
brary of Congress records, personally
surveyed a westward route over which
erate. That is the route now followed
by the line of the present railroad
Disclosure of the Washington letter
has brought again to the forefront the
question of what constitutes lobbying
as there have been in numerous pre
ceding administrations, who accuse
anyone attempting to present his side
of the story to a legislative body of
being a lobbyist. 1 believe, however,
that the bulk of the people look upon
that sort of thing as an exercise of the
right of petition. 4
It will be Interesting to note how
when the efforts of General Washing.
ton in behalf of the Jamestown com.
pany are generally known, his exercise
of the right of petition will be accept
ed. Surely even the most ardent re
formers will not desire to call the
Father of our Country a lobbyist,
© Western Newspaper Union.
May Kill Horses
Rotten and Molded Ears Are
Dangerous as Feed for
All Live Stock.
By Dr. Robert Graham, Chie! in Animal
Pathology and Hygiene, University of
Hinois ~~WNU Service
Heavy death losses among horses and
mules threaten the farmer who tries
to save feed this winter by turning
work stock out on cornstalk fields, It
is true that feed supplies are the
shortest on record. Unfortunately,
however, it will be especially danger-
ous this year to try to get horses and
mules through the winter by pasturing
them on stalk fields. Some of the
worst corn-ear-worm damage that the
state has ever had, coupled with heavy
rains, has caused much rotting and
molding of the ears,
Reports are reaching the University
of Illinois animal pathology laboratory
of the widespread occurrence of a dis-
ease resembling the old-fashioned corn.
stalk disease so prevalent 15
years ago. The malady, however, is
not caused by eating the cornstalks but
by consuming the low-qu
Cattle also seem to susce
the disease, although not so
horses and mules. Even
ing husking wagons have been
to develop the mal Thus, farmers
might well play by
baskets on the while they
being used in cornfields,
If cornstalks are used
they must be on many farm
cattle can be
about
he
horses
now
Horses
be past:
and tho
for possit
When
farmers shou
horses, mules
The :
are likely to be
ness or sleepiness on ti
fen
first
horse, although th
easily detected
tion. When
EDD
be
these
, however, a vet
called
prompt
of the disease «
AS
horses begin to walk
and press
fences. These
brain disturbance i
to prevent than to cure
This disease should
with hydrocyanic
some
from
be saved,
against
that
farm
feed
stalks, or from
sorghum or sudan
Dairymen Take Interest
When Records Are Kept
e New York
dairy record clubs make pro
Dairymen members of ti
of their «
Bradt of the
of Agriculture
Re
dicate,
to culling ung
efficient feeding,
of the best calves herd replace-
ments. Sixty-five per cent of those
who reported sald that the milk they
delivered at milk plants had shown, by
tests there, a higher content of butter
fat,
Club members also sald ther took
greater interest in thelr cows because
they kept records, and that the service
saves waste on grain feeding, since
cows are fed according to the amount
of milk and butterfat they produce.
The records of the clubs also helped
dairymen to avold the raising of calves
from cows which were low in milk and
butterfat production.
ras, sa
York
10 red
New
v8 Ire
turns from 165 club members in-
» states, tha rds lead
wofitable more
and to the selection
for
Sheltering Insects
“The farmer who shelters insects
throughout the winter has only him.
self to blame If these pests board with
him next summer,” says J. H. Bigger,
assistant state entomologist for Iii
pols. Burning fence rows on dry days,
gathering up plant refuse and burning
it, and In other ways destroying shel-
tering places will cut down on crop in-
Jury next year. In central Illinois
there are large numbers of chinch bugs,
and unless the winter is severe many
of these are likely to live over If hid-
ing places are avaliable.
Proteins in Soy Beans
The live stock feeding value of soy
beans Is determined to a large extent
tain and varies substantially for gif
ferent varieties, chemists of the United
States Department of Agriculture find,
Preliminary tests showed, for example,
cowpeas, lentils, and peas, the Chiquita
best protein,
Feeding Potatoes to Cattle
It makes little difference whether
potatoes are cooked or fed raw to cat.
tie. It is well to take the precaution,
however, of slicing them to avold the
smnll amounts they
ter feed. Cows In
fed over 20 pounds
day, larger amounts tend to make