a i By ELMO SCOTT WATSON N JULY 4 the American people will celebrate the one hundred nixty- eighth anniversary of the event which won them their liberty—the adoption of the Declaration of In- dependence, On that day, officially called Independence day, but bet- ter known as the “Fourth of July,” they will honor the memory of those “06 immortals” who signed the document in which they held certain “truths to be self-evident,” in which they did “solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to Le, free and inde- pendent states” and in which “for the support of this declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence,” they did “mu- tually pledge to each other our lives, our for- tunes and our sacred honor.” ' We know the names of most of them-—the men who took the first decisive step toward winning independence and forming a new nation. But how many Americans know the names of other men who, many years before, had sowed the seeds of that liberty and of that new nation? How many of us know of Robert Livingston who, as early as 1701, was proposing colopial co-operation and a colonial union? And to how many of us does the name of Teoninhagarawe, or King Hendrick, a chief of the Mohawk In- dians, have any significance in the struggle for liberty? It is with these two men, but more particularly with King Hendrick, and with the events which foreshadowed the Declaration that this article deals, Although the British Crown encouraged the idea of a colonial union to ald In its struggle with France for mastery of North America, the colonies pald little heed to such an Idea coming from the Mother country and either disregarded or evaded directly her appeals to them to con- tribute to the conduct of the wars. So it seemed that the only possibility for co-operative effort lay in voluntary action on the part of the colo nies. Sensing this fact, Robert Livingston, a leading merchant of New York who was much interested In opening up the rich resources of the back country, came forward with a plan of colonial union in 1701, Livingston realized that the colony of New York alone could not carry out his ambitious scheme of development so In a long letter, dated May 13, 1701, he laid before the British Council of Trade and Plantations his scheme for uniting the colonies in “one form of government”™ divided into three groups, a southern, a central and a northern. Each year there was to be raised from this government a certain sum of money which would be administered from Albany by a board of commissioners selected from each of the groups. The Crown was to send troops and equipment and the three groups were to supply labor, under a quota arrangement, for building and garrisoning forts which were to be built in the wilderness to protect settlers who were to be encouraged to take up lands In the West. Every two years the British government was to send out “two hundred youths” as replacements for 200 of the soldiers who were to be mustered out of service but who, if they would remain In the country, were to receive free land. It was an excellent scheme and the British Crown was quick to realize its advantages. But, as usual, a lack of co-operation among the colo- nies prevailed and nothing came of Livingston's plan, For another half century they went their separate ways. By the middle of the Eighteenth century the menace of French expansion in the West and the tightening of their alliance with the Indians began to alarm the colonies seri. ously. In 1753 young George Washington, sent by Virginia to the Ohio country to warn the French away from this region claimed by the British, returned with their flat refusal to go. Then Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia sent Captain Trent and his backwoodsmen to build a fort at the forks of the Monongahela, but before they could finish their work the French drove Trent away. On May 9, 1754, the Pennsylvania Gazette of Philadelphia contained an account of Trent's surrender of the fort and predicted that unless something were done, the French would “kill, seize and imprison our Traders and confiscate their Effects at Pleasure (as they bave done for several Years past), murder and scalp our Farmers, with thelr Wives and Children, and take an easy P fon of such parts of the British Territory as they find most convenient for them: which If they are permitted to do, must end in the Destruction of the British In- terest, Trade and Plantations In America.” Along with this appeal for concerted action there appeared in the Gazette the first real cartoon, drawn by the publisher of the Gazette, Benjamin Franklin, It showed a disjointed snake, each part labeled with the Initals of one of the colonies, and under it the motto “Join, or Die.” Later Franklin's graphic portrayal of the FRANKLIN'S SNAKE CARTOON in other papers throughout the colonies, who soon had an opportunity to put into practical effect the lesson which it tanght but who, as usual, mufied the chance, That was at the fa. mous Albany congress of 1754. For as George M. Wrong, author of the volume “The Conquest of New France” in “The Chronicles of Ainerica” says: “The English colonists showed a political blindness that amounted to imbecility. Albany was the central from which the dangers on all sides might best be surveyed. Here came together in the summer of 1754 dele gates from seven of the colonies to consider the common peril. The French were busy In win- ning, as they did, the support of the many In- dian tribes of the West: and the old allies of the English, the Iroquois, were nervous for their own safety. “The delegates to Albany, tied and bound by instructions from thelr assemblies, had to listen to plain words from the savages. The one Eng- lishman who, In dealing with the Indians, had tact and skill equal to that of Frontenac of old was an Irishman, Sir William Johnson, To him the Iroquois made indignant protests that the English were as ready as the French to rob them of thelr lands >: Outstanding among these native orators spoke such plain words to the delegates was Teoniahigarawe or King Hendrick of the Mo- hawks. Although he is not so well known to most Americans as that other Mohawk leader, Thay- endanegea or Joseph Brant, Hendrick was one of the most important Indian figures in colonial history. He was born about 1672 near the pres ent site of Westfield, Mass. Although he was the son of a Mohegan of the Wolf clan, his mother was a Mohawk woman, so he became a member of the latter tribe. Some time between 1600 and 1662 Teoniahigarawe was converted to Chris. tianity by a Dutch preacher named Godefridus Dellius and given the name of Hendrick Peters, later shortened to Hendrick, As a Christian preacher and a natural leader, Hendrick rapidly rose to a position of promi- nence among the Mohawks as an orator and a councillor. After the fallure of General Nichol son's expedition against Canada during Queen Anne's war, the provincial authorities of New York became fearful that the Iroquois might join forces with the French, To prevent this and to gain more active support from the Mother coun- try In carrying on the war, Col. Peter Schuyler decided to make a journey to England and to take with him several Iroquois leaders. Hendrick was one of the five chosen to go and In April, 1710, Schuyler and his Iroquois delegation ar- rived in London where they were received with great ceremony as “native kings” of the Five Nations of the Iroquois confederacy. Upon their return to America King Hendrick took an active part in the preparations for the campaign against the French, but the Treaty of Utrecht endéd the war before any important results were accomplished. From that time on Hendrick was much In the limelight as a war leader of his people but more as an orator and a frequent speaker at councils with the pro- vincigl authorities in Albany. For a time he was swayed toward the cause of the French, but the influence of Sir William Johnson, with whom he later became such a firm friend, kept him loyal to the English. During the negotiations with the Iroquois at the Albany congress Hendrick was the chief speaker for the Indians. In answer to churges that the Iroquois were leaning to the French, he replied hotly: “You have asked us the reason of our being driven like feaves before the wind. The reason is because of your neglect of us these three years past. You have thrown us behind your back and disregarded us, whereas the French are always turning this way and that, with their eyes ever upon the trall, ever using their utmost endeavors every day, walking softly like the wolf in winter to seduce and bring our people over to them. "Tis your fault, breth- ren, that we are not strengthened by conquest, for we wonld have gone and taken Crown Point but you hindered us. We had concluded to go and take it, but we were told it was too late and that the ice would not bear us; instead of this, you burnt your own forts at Seraghtoga and run away from it, which was a shame and a scandal to you. Look about your country and soe. You have no fortifications about you, no, not even to this city. Look at the French, They are ten. They are fortifying everywhere, But, we are ashamed to say it, you are all like wom- en—wenk and defenseless.” But this stinging indictment of the faitering series, point who BENJAMIN FRANKLIN English was overshad- another of Hendrick's military policy of the owed in Importance by speeches at was delivered on July 4, 1754, and in it he anticipated hy 20 years to the day some of the ideas expressed in the Declaration of Independence. He sald: “Brethren, it is very true, as you told us, that the clouds hang heavy over us and it is not very pleasant to look up; but we give this bell to clear away all the clouds, that we may all live in bright sunlight, and keep together in strict union and friendship. Then we shall become strong and nothing can hurt us “Brethren, 1 will just tell you what a people we were formerly. If any enemies arose against us, we had no occasion to lift up our whole hand against them, for our little finger was suffi. cient® and as we have now made a strong con- federacy if we are truly in earnest therein, we may retrieve the ancient glory of the Five Nations.” It is easy to imagine how attentively one delegate to that congress listened to the words of the Mohawk chieftain as he told of the ‘an- cient power of the Iroquois confederacy, a power gained so many years before because these “sav. ages” realized that “in union there is strength” and put that realization into practical effect That delegate was Benjamin Franklin of Penn sylvania, who had In his pocket a plan for a union of the colonies which he had brought from Philadelphia with him, His plan provided for the appointment of a president-general for the colonies, appointed by the Crown, and the election by the various colonial assemblies of a legislative body to be called the grand council. The powers which they were to exercise resembled in many ways those conferred upon the President, and congress by our federal Constitution. The delegates to the Albany congress unanimously adopted Franklin's plan, but it was defeated when brought to a vote in the colonial assemblies. So the colonies and the Mother country turned deaf earg to the wisdom that came from the lips of such men as King Hendrick of the Mo- hawke and Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania and went back to their policy of "blupdering through.” They blundered seriously several times In the campaign against Crown Point the next year. One of their blunders was in disre. garding the advice of King Hendrick who had led his Mohawks to aid his friend, Bir William Johnson, who commanded the expedition, When it was proposed to send a detachment of 1.000 troops and 300 Indians t8 the aid of besieged Fort Edward, the Mohawk chief ob- jected, “If they are to fight, they are too few,” he sald, “If they are to die, they are too many.” But the couneil of war overrode him. Then when it was proposed to send the detachment against the enemy In three parties, Hendrick again preached his message of “In union there is strength,” Picking up three sticks from the ground, he said: “Put these together and you cannot break them; take them one by one and you will do it easily.” But again his advice was disregarded and the detachment started against the gallant and able commander, Dieskau, The result was the ambush at Bloody Pond, the defeat of the colonials with the loss of 100 men, including the leader of the detachment, Col. Ephraim Williams, and stout old Hendrick. His horse was shot down at the first volley and before he could extricate him- self a French bayonet plefeed his heart, So the great Mohawk died before he could see his English allies blunder through the French and Indian war to a successful conclusion, But his oft-repeated “In union there is strength” was not utterly lost. Another man who had preached the same message at the Albany congress con. tinued to preach it-—thyough his snake cartoon, through his writings and in his speeches In the Continental congress. So Benjamin Franklin lived to see it become an accomplished fact. He helped write a pledge to such a union in the Declaration of Independence and even though during the dark days of the Revolution the bonds of that union seemed about to be broken, they survived long enough to win American liberty, But before he died he saw that union Imper. ishably preserved in the Constitution of the United States of America. : © by Western Newspaper Uslon. - the congress. It i LONG “VOYAGES” OF SEA HOBOES Drifting Derelicts a Menace to Shipping. ship” Baychimo near Point Barrow, after she had been lost te the sight of men for a year and a half, calls to mind one of the sea’s most capti- vating mysteries, though a menace to every sallor-—the derelict, timore Sun. The Baychimo Is, or was, son Bay steamship loaded £600,000 fur cargo, In 1631, she was trapped In the Wainright, The planes from Nome rescued the sengers, crew and part of the cargo. On Christmas day a heavy storm broke. The' next she disap- peared, but a few sighted by Eskimos, a trapper visited the moved £35,000 worth of furs, she disappeared, by Eskimos in April, then, so far as the has ever day days 1632, human eye sturdy Inorseless clutched in the re Arctie jee There Is something compelling of these hoboes atl the rent, Though a shipping atmosp One of the known schooner B. IL steamship, gomething in the lonely, broken, drifting mercy shabby seven Ken over the of wind, tide menace to sober there still cli here of romance, most famous afaring men Woodside, and fo Be was the She forsaken by officers hundre At one rope, DAries, veered her starting point, She dered slowly down the ida and then zig across the Atlantic. During reer as a derelict she was § ds of miles ea ¢ she headed straight for Ea but » the Ca miles of then meat const of Fi hen she neared i about twenty went rzaggl her ca forty captains of shi no fewer than aS oall One, Lhereabonuts 4 Washington picked up and towed to is parts bf $k her then drographic of fice In At last she was Abaco, New jerelict was For three and one-half v4 she wandered over the Atlantic, covering a distance ‘ During estimated at 10000 miles her Sourneyvings she of England, and ti ourned im parfially along the Spain and Pont down to the equator and back to America, where she was wrecked 8 degrees north of the spot from which en 80 © hing of She drifted seas. This i= we find that a derelict to drift miles in 24 hours sugprising not Ultra-Violet An aid to certain ils Such Treatment the doctor in is the ultra-violet lamps with qu been used but give because of the much quartz, less expensive less effective, since part of ultra-violet through the ordinary glass bulb, solution lies in making thin as a soap bubble—2/10,000 inch. Certainly the the durability of a soap bubble. dow made of the thin glass passes a concentrated beam of uitra violet with which the doctor treat various aliments, American, Not Many “Motherin-law jokes are out” “Just the same, we seem to have no motherinlaw songs" MARVELOUSLY SENSITIVE An Instrument so sensitive that it | will record the light from an ordi: nary candle 100 ‘miles away has been built by Dr. Albert E. 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(any hv Eczema on Hands Skin Peeled Off in Pieces Cuticura Healed “I was troubled with eczema on my hands for ever so I could not put my hands water because | after I got throu the | like a rash burning sights and 1 long in much igh 1 could just peel skin off in pieces. It d form and bothered me terribly, and itching. My hands were was ashamed, “I tried a lot of different remedies that did not help. I sent for a free Cuticura Soap and Oint- and it helped a I bought and nov y } are pletely healed.” (Signed) Tires. H. 8. Hammond, 10 Pleasant Hollis Mass, Aug. 16, 1933. 25 and 50c. Talcum 25¢. Sold everywhere One sample each free. Ad utd cura laboratories, Dept. R, Malden Mass. "Ady, woul sample of ! ment more com. ton, Soap 206¢c. Ointment iress : OVER 300 ROOMS $).50 LIL AND $3.50 DOUBLE ) an LINCOLN | ) EE ER LE . 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Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers