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By ELMO SCOTT WATSON
N JULY 4 the American people will
celebrate the one hundred nixty-
eighth anniversary of the event
which won them their liberty—the
adoption of the Declaration of In-
dependence, On that day, officially
called Independence day, but bet-
ter known as the “Fourth of July,”
they will honor the memory of
those “06 immortals” who signed
the document in which they held certain “truths
to be self-evident,” in which they did “solemnly
publish and declare that these united colonies
are, and of right ought to Le, free and inde-
pendent states” and in which “for the support of
this declaration, with a firm reliance on the
protection of Divine Providence,” they did “mu-
tually pledge to each other our lives, our for-
tunes and our sacred honor.” '
We know the names of most of them-—the men
who took the first decisive step toward winning
independence and forming a new nation. But
how many Americans know the names of other
men who, many years before, had sowed the
seeds of that liberty and of that new nation?
How many of us know of Robert Livingston
who, as early as 1701, was proposing colopial
co-operation and a colonial union? And to how
many of us does the name of Teoninhagarawe,
or King Hendrick, a chief of the Mohawk In-
dians, have any significance in the struggle for
liberty? It is with these two men, but more
particularly with King Hendrick, and with the
events which foreshadowed the Declaration that
this article deals,
Although the British Crown encouraged the
idea of a colonial union to ald In its struggle
with France for mastery of North America, the
colonies pald little heed to such an Idea coming
from the Mother country and either disregarded
or evaded directly her appeals to them to con-
tribute to the conduct of the wars. So it seemed
that the only possibility for co-operative effort
lay in voluntary action on the part of the colo
nies. Sensing this fact, Robert Livingston, a
leading merchant of New York who was much
interested In opening up the rich resources of
the back country, came forward with a plan of
colonial union in 1701,
Livingston realized that the colony of New
York alone could not carry out his ambitious
scheme of development so In a long letter, dated
May 13, 1701, he laid before the British Council
of Trade and Plantations his scheme for uniting
the colonies in “one form of government”™
divided into three groups, a southern, a central
and a northern. Each year there was to be
raised from this government a certain sum of
money which would be administered from Albany
by a board of commissioners selected from each
of the groups.
The Crown was to send troops and equipment
and the three groups were to supply labor,
under a quota arrangement, for building and
garrisoning forts which were to be built in the
wilderness to protect settlers who were to be
encouraged to take up lands In the West. Every
two years the British government was to send
out “two hundred youths” as replacements for
200 of the soldiers who were to be mustered out
of service but who, if they would remain In
the country, were to receive free land.
It was an excellent scheme and the British
Crown was quick to realize its advantages. But,
as usual, a lack of co-operation among the colo-
nies prevailed and nothing came of Livingston's
plan, For another half century they went their
separate ways. By the middle of the Eighteenth
century the menace of French expansion in the
West and the tightening of their alliance with
the Indians began to alarm the colonies seri.
ously. In 1753 young George Washington, sent
by Virginia to the Ohio country to warn the
French away from this region claimed by the
British, returned with their flat refusal to go.
Then Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia sent
Captain Trent and his backwoodsmen to build
a fort at the forks of the Monongahela, but
before they could finish their work the French
drove Trent away.
On May 9, 1754, the Pennsylvania Gazette of
Philadelphia contained an account of Trent's
surrender of the fort and predicted that unless
something were done, the French would “kill,
seize and imprison our Traders and confiscate
their Effects at Pleasure (as they bave done for
several Years past), murder and scalp our
Farmers, with thelr Wives and Children, and
take an easy P fon of such parts of the
British Territory as they find most convenient
for them: which If they are permitted to do,
must end in the Destruction of the British In-
terest, Trade and Plantations In America.”
Along with this appeal for concerted action
there appeared in the Gazette the first real
cartoon, drawn by the publisher of the Gazette,
Benjamin Franklin, It showed a disjointed snake,
each part labeled with the Initals of one of the
colonies, and under it the motto “Join, or Die.”
Later Franklin's graphic portrayal of the
FRANKLIN'S
SNAKE CARTOON
in other papers throughout the colonies, who
soon had an opportunity to put into practical
effect the lesson which it tanght but who, as
usual, mufied the chance, That was at the fa.
mous Albany congress of 1754. For as George
M. Wrong, author of the volume “The Conquest
of New France” in “The Chronicles of Ainerica”
says: “The English colonists showed a
political blindness that amounted to imbecility.
Albany was the central from which the
dangers on all sides might best be surveyed.
Here came together in the summer of 1754 dele
gates from seven of the colonies to consider the
common peril. The French were busy In win-
ning, as they did, the support of the many In-
dian tribes of the West: and the old allies of
the English, the Iroquois, were nervous for their
own safety.
“The delegates to Albany, tied and bound by
instructions from thelr assemblies, had to listen
to plain words from the savages. The one Eng-
lishman who, In dealing with the Indians, had
tact and skill equal to that of Frontenac of old
was an Irishman, Sir William Johnson, To him
the Iroquois made indignant protests that the
English were as ready as the French to rob
them of thelr lands >:
Outstanding among these native orators
spoke such plain words to the delegates was
Teoniahigarawe or King Hendrick of the Mo-
hawks. Although he is not so well known to most
Americans as that other Mohawk leader, Thay-
endanegea or Joseph Brant, Hendrick was one
of the most important Indian figures in colonial
history. He was born about 1672 near the pres
ent site of Westfield, Mass. Although he was the
son of a Mohegan of the Wolf clan, his mother
was a Mohawk woman, so he became a member
of the latter tribe. Some time between 1600 and
1662 Teoniahigarawe was converted to Chris.
tianity by a Dutch preacher named Godefridus
Dellius and given the name of Hendrick Peters,
later shortened to Hendrick,
As a Christian preacher and a natural leader,
Hendrick rapidly rose to a position of promi-
nence among the Mohawks as an orator and a
councillor. After the fallure of General Nichol
son's expedition against Canada during Queen
Anne's war, the provincial authorities of New
York became fearful that the Iroquois might join
forces with the French, To prevent this and to
gain more active support from the Mother coun-
try In carrying on the war, Col. Peter Schuyler
decided to make a journey to England and to
take with him several Iroquois leaders. Hendrick
was one of the five chosen to go and In April,
1710, Schuyler and his Iroquois delegation ar-
rived in London where they were received with
great ceremony as “native kings” of the Five
Nations of the Iroquois confederacy.
Upon their return to America King Hendrick
took an active part in the preparations for the
campaign against the French, but the Treaty of
Utrecht endéd the war before any important
results were accomplished. From that time on
Hendrick was much In the limelight as a war
leader of his people but more as an orator and
a frequent speaker at councils with the pro-
vincigl authorities in Albany. For a time he
was swayed toward the cause of the French,
but the influence of Sir William Johnson, with
whom he later became such a firm friend, kept
him loyal to the English.
During the negotiations with the Iroquois at
the Albany congress Hendrick was the chief
speaker for the Indians. In answer to churges
that the Iroquois were leaning to the French,
he replied hotly: “You have asked us the reason
of our being driven like feaves before the wind.
The reason is because of your neglect of us
these three years past. You have thrown us
behind your back and disregarded us, whereas
the French are always turning this way and that,
with their eyes ever upon the trall, ever using
their utmost endeavors every day, walking
softly like the wolf in winter to seduce and bring
our people over to them. "Tis your fault, breth-
ren, that we are not strengthened by conquest,
for we wonld have gone and taken Crown Point
but you hindered us. We had concluded to go
and take it, but we were told it was too late
and that the ice would not bear us; instead of
this, you burnt your own forts at Seraghtoga
and run away from it, which was a shame and
a scandal to you. Look about your country and
soe. You have no fortifications about you, no,
not even to this city. Look at the French, They
are ten. They are fortifying everywhere, But,
we are ashamed to say it, you are all like wom-
en—wenk and defenseless.”
But this stinging indictment of the faitering
series,
point
who
BENJAMIN
FRANKLIN
English was overshad-
another of Hendrick's
military policy of the
owed in Importance by
speeches at was delivered on
July 4, 1754, and in it he anticipated hy 20 years
to the day some of the ideas expressed in the
Declaration of Independence. He sald:
“Brethren, it is very true, as you told us, that
the clouds hang heavy over us and it is not very
pleasant to look up; but we give this bell to
clear away all the clouds, that we may all live
in bright sunlight, and keep together in strict
union and friendship. Then we shall become
strong and nothing can hurt us
“Brethren, 1 will just tell you what a people
we were formerly. If any enemies arose against
us, we had no occasion to lift up our whole
hand against them, for our little finger was suffi.
cient® and as we have now made a strong con-
federacy if we are truly in earnest therein, we
may retrieve the ancient glory of the Five
Nations.”
It is easy to imagine how attentively one
delegate to that congress listened to the words
of the Mohawk chieftain as he told of the ‘an-
cient power of the Iroquois confederacy, a power
gained so many years before because these “sav.
ages” realized that “in union there is strength”
and put that realization into practical effect
That delegate was Benjamin Franklin of Penn
sylvania, who had In his pocket a plan for a
union of the colonies which he had brought from
Philadelphia with him,
His plan provided for the appointment of a
president-general for the colonies, appointed by
the Crown, and the election by the various
colonial assemblies of a legislative body to be
called the grand council. The powers which they
were to exercise resembled in many ways those
conferred upon the President, and congress by
our federal Constitution. The delegates to the
Albany congress unanimously adopted Franklin's
plan, but it was defeated when brought to a vote
in the colonial assemblies.
So the colonies and the Mother country turned
deaf earg to the wisdom that came from the
lips of such men as King Hendrick of the Mo-
hawke and Benjamin Franklin of Pennsylvania
and went back to their policy of "blupdering
through.” They blundered seriously several
times In the campaign against Crown Point the
next year. One of their blunders was in disre.
garding the advice of King Hendrick who had
led his Mohawks to aid his friend, Bir William
Johnson, who commanded the expedition,
When it was proposed to send a detachment
of 1.000 troops and 300 Indians t8 the aid of
besieged Fort Edward, the Mohawk chief ob-
jected, “If they are to fight, they are too few,”
he sald, “If they are to die, they are too many.”
But the couneil of war overrode him. Then when
it was proposed to send the detachment against
the enemy In three parties, Hendrick again
preached his message of “In union there is
strength,” Picking up three sticks from the
ground, he said: “Put these together and you
cannot break them; take them one by one and
you will do it easily.”
But again his advice was disregarded and the
detachment started against the gallant and able
commander, Dieskau, The result was the ambush
at Bloody Pond, the defeat of the colonials with
the loss of 100 men, including the leader of the
detachment, Col. Ephraim Williams, and stout
old Hendrick. His horse was shot down at the
first volley and before he could extricate him-
self a French bayonet plefeed his heart,
So the great Mohawk died before he could see
his English allies blunder through the French
and Indian war to a successful conclusion, But
his oft-repeated “In union there is strength” was
not utterly lost. Another man who had preached
the same message at the Albany congress con.
tinued to preach it-—thyough his snake cartoon,
through his writings and in his speeches In the
Continental congress. So Benjamin Franklin
lived to see it become an accomplished fact. He
helped write a pledge to such a union in the
Declaration of Independence and even though
during the dark days of the Revolution the bonds
of that union seemed about to be broken, they
survived long enough to win American liberty,
But before he died he saw that union Imper.
ishably preserved in the Constitution of the
United States of America. :
© by Western Newspaper Uslon.
-
the congress. It
i
LONG “VOYAGES”
OF SEA HOBOES
Drifting Derelicts a Menace
to Shipping.
ship” Baychimo near Point Barrow,
after she had been lost te the sight
of men for a year and a half, calls
to mind one of the sea’s most capti-
vating mysteries, though a
menace to every sallor-—the derelict,
timore Sun.
The Baychimo Is, or was,
son Bay steamship loaded
£600,000 fur cargo, In
1631, she was trapped In the
Wainright, The
planes from Nome rescued the
sengers, crew and part of the cargo.
On Christmas day a heavy storm
broke. The' next she disap-
peared, but a few
sighted by Eskimos,
a trapper visited the
moved £35,000 worth of furs,
she disappeared,
by Eskimos in April,
then, so far as the
has ever
day
days
1632,
human eye
sturdy
Inorseless
clutched in the re
Arctie jee
There Is
something compelling
of these
hoboes
atl the
rent, Though a
shipping
atmosp
One of the
known
schooner B. IL
steamship,
gomething
in the
lonely, broken,
drifting
mercy
shabby
seven
Ken
over the
of wind, tide
menace to sober
there still cli
here of romance,
most famous
afaring men
Woodside,
and
fo Be was the
She
forsaken by officers
hundre
At one
rope,
DAries, veered
her starting point, She
dered slowly down the
ida and then zig
across the Atlantic. During
reer as a derelict she was §
ds of miles ea
¢ she headed straight for Ea
but » the Ca
miles of
then meat
const of Fi
hen she neared
i about twenty
went rzaggl
her ca
forty captains of shi
no fewer than
aS oall
One,
Lhereabonuts 4
Washington
picked up and towed to
is
parts bf
$k her then
drographic of
fice In At last she was
Abaco, New
jerelict was
For three
and one-half v4 she wandered
over the Atlantic, covering a distance
‘ During
estimated at 10000 miles
her Sourneyvings she
of England,
and ti ourned im
parfially along the
Spain and Pont
down to the equator and back to
America, where she was wrecked 8
degrees north of the spot from which
en 80
© hing of
She drifted
seas. This i=
we find that
a derelict to drift
miles in 24 hours
sugprising
not
Ultra-Violet
An aid to
certain ils
Such
Treatment
the doctor in
is the ultra-violet
lamps with qu
been used but
give because of the
much
quartz,
less expensive
less effective, since
part of ultra-violet
through the ordinary glass bulb,
solution lies in making
thin as a soap bubble—2/10,000
inch. Certainly
the
the durability of a soap bubble.
dow made of the thin glass
passes a concentrated beam of uitra
violet with which the doctor
treat various aliments,
American,
Not Many
“Motherin-law jokes are out”
“Just the same, we seem to have
no motherinlaw songs"
MARVELOUSLY SENSITIVE
An Instrument so sensitive that it
| will record the light from an ordi:
nary candle 100 ‘miles away has
been built by Dr. Albert E. Whit.
ford, twenty-seven years old, of the
University of Wisconsin, says a
United Press dispatch, It is an elec
trical attachment for astronomical
| telescopes that will permit the study
{of faint and distant stars,
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hv
Eczema on Hands
Skin Peeled Off
in Pieces
Cuticura Healed
“I was troubled with eczema on my
hands for ever so I could not
put my hands water because
| after I got throu
the
| like a rash
burning
sights and 1
long
in much
igh 1 could just peel
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Mass, Aug. 16, 1933.
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iress :
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an
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¥
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that
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In the Springtime
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