RE ERARDO MACHADO, president of Cuba, appeared to be reach Ing the end of his rope, but was stub- bornly defiant of his opponents and flatly rejected the plan offered by American Ambassador Sumner Welles for settlement of the Island's po- litical turmoil. Mr. Welles told Machado that he should ask congress for a leave of absence after ap- pointing an acceptable man for the position of secretary of state; that secretary, accord- ing to the Cuban con- stitution, would succeed to the presi. dency in event that office became va- cant, He would then select a cabinet representative of all political fac: tions, constitutional reforms would be submitted to congress and later to a constitutional convention: and the vice presidential would be *d by either the the supreme court. To this proposition replied : “I am and will continue to be president of the exercising all of prerogatives. Of quish the coming a posed in me b; when they freely gave me, or without the inde pendence and sover a repub- lic that I assisted It unding, having fought In the ependence,” The Cuban congress supported Ma- chado in ation to retain the mediation efforts of dor Welles were den the sovere » who know ¢ is not sur. 1do’s pow He controls favor many Tre of lot- Gerardo Machado office CONgress or President chado the Cuba, constitutional Republic of my these I cannot relin- part to the confidence re- smallest without be- trait the people of Cuba their votes to war for in his determi his office, and Amba as strimental to the republic. To t the island this basis of Ma 1 ditions on prising. The er Is this Ir leading congressmen are the state lottery, ' his able to ns from the sale tery ticks What the people think of Machado was plainly indicated by the events just preceding the crisis deseribed. It was reported in Havana that the pres- ident hac ned ane y a great began demonstrating Joyfully the police and troops killing and wounding many, and the marchers fled In dismay. Martial law was declared and the city was patroled, but acts of violence re frequent, immedia viciously, some For several days the city had been tied strike The up by a general transportation that inv ed many industries, announced it had granted the demands of the laborers, but the nen refused to return to Ek whil constitutional guaran. ties i ¢ Cuba liticians thought Machado's les’ peace plan would ntion by the United Washin this unlik To send our marines to the { would President Roose and would stultify the the Jap- governme ton was d quite ur be cone trary to velt's de. clared policy, position he took Manchuria. Mr. Welles declared that was and Mach: statement said: “I am disposed to mediate with my political adversaries and to concede to them their just de. mands to any extent that will not di. the authority or the prestige institutions of the republic or concerning nese in mediation not ended, ido in his minish of the the head of the state. ECRETARY OF STATE CORDELL WV HULL, back ference, Is again in his offices at the State department. and has lost of his internat fem. He still all nations should end the world depres. from the London con- none onal believes can and co-operate to sion, and says tie programs for rals ing prices and reduce Ing unemployment are but the preludes to such co-operation. Mr, Hull also announced ia : that the United States was ready and willing Sec’y Hull to promote close trade and commercial relations with the countries of Latin America, and suggested the negotia- tion of specific commercial agreements. In advocating bilateral trade agree ments under the most favored nation principle, Hull explained that such agreements would relate primarily to commodities of a noncompetitive na. ture. He explained that reciprocal trade agreements would not neces sarily conflict with most favored na- tion treaties, because such agreements would be thrown open to signature by other nations which, however, might not be interested in the products af- fected by the treaties because the treaties would affect particular prod: wets which would best be manufac tured in some one nation, Explaining why the economic con- ference did not achieve the full meas. ure of success that liad been hoped far, Hull sald the various nations found that their economic problems and the problem of co-operation were much more difficult than had been imagined. Nevertheless, he was unwilling to con- sider the London gathering of 66 na- tions a fallure. JreeNcH fears of another war with Germany were sharply stimulated by the abrupt refusal of the Hitler government to consider the parallel re quests made by Great Britain and France that Nazi propaganda in Aus tria be discontinued. The two pro- testing nations declared the course Germany was pursuing was In viola. tion of the spirit of the four power peace pact recently signed; but thelr ambassadors were told by the German foreign office that the Berlin govern- ment failed to see any reason for ap- plication of the four power treaty in this instance, and that Germany re garded as inadmissible this interfer ence In the German-Austrian trouble Italy had declined to join Britain and France in their protest, but did nake I representations to Ber lin concerning Nazi aerial propa territory. The nt was Informally ad friend] da over Austrian that Germany would take steps diately to end this practice the considerab French statesmen were pessimist believed affal the it reassembles in the eased situation Yer the whole ashup of disarn mediation board. me formally organized up a controversy in New Orleans Senator Robert FF, Wa New York, board, in Europe messages rma was on were to him asking he return His represented he imme SOCTO him board's ses the other mem. present 3 Teagle, Dr. Leo Wolms Louis E, Kirstein, John IL. Lewis liam Green and Gerard Swope. Henry 1. Harriman, president of the United States Chamber of Commerce. is highly opti concerning the employment At San Fran- cisco he predicted tt 7.000,000 per Senator Wagner sions, bers Walter C i stic situation, sons would be re-employe of this year. rs tha ¥ the UY liberally now, but buy only from dealers who display the blue eagle, is the advice of Gen. Hugh Johnson. national recovery administrator. [His 1 is that prices soon will advance as the various codes get into operation and the purchasing power of the people Increases. At the same time the recovery administration is taking steps to keep the retailers within the terms of their agreements and to check profiteering. House wives and wage earners over the en- tire country are being organized for house to house and store to store can- vasses to insure against infractions of codes and to prevail on buyers to pat. ronize only blue eagle businesses, Miss Mary Hughes, director of the women's section of the emergency re- employment campaign, announced com. pletion of an organization in 48 states to carry on the educational and “police. ing” work. Violators of codes and agreements are threatened with publl cation of their names. Deputy Administrator A. D. White gide, in charge of the retail store tem. porary code, sald he had received re ports from many parts of the country that retall stores are entering agree ments to shorter hours of operation go they not have to hire addi tional workers, The enforced creation of more jobs is the major objective of the campaign. In numerous cases stores also are “staggering” their employees to avoid an increase of their forces, Whiteside sald. He sent a sharp warning to the Indiana Retail Grocers’ association, which was Intended as an admonition to retailers generally and which was immediately effective. Among the many codes offered was one for the dally and Sunday news papers. Justifiable expectation will RIZONA became the twenty-first state to ratify the prohibition re peal amendment, the wets winnin~ by a majority of more than 8 to 1. Their victory was unexpectedly complete, al though the drys had failed to muster enough votes to place delegates on the ballot, Mrs. Isabella Greenway, national Democratic committeewoman and a personal friend of President and Mrs, Roosevelt, easily captured the Demo eratic nomination to fill the congres sional post vacated by Lewis Douglas when he was named director of the federal budget. The victory Insured her election becanse of the absence of Republican opposition. RESIDENT ROOSEVELT by his appeal to both sides and Hugh Johnson by vigorous argument and threat brought the big bituminous coal strike In Pennsylvania to an end, Their efforts were ably seconded by Edward F, McGrady, the NRA labor representatiye In the controversy, At first many of the workers were In- clined not to obey the order of the union chiefs to return to the mines, but when Mr. McGrady arrived at Un- fontown by plane and told the men: “I am acting for the President of the United States and asking you to go back to work,” they cheered him, picked up their lamps and got back to the pits. The trouble was mainly concerning by the opera- tors of the organized un. fons, Under terms of the truce reached in Washington the miners are to lay their problems before a board appoint- ed by the President, pending aceept- ance of the coal code, Miners are to employ their own checkwelzghmen to calculate the amount of coal produced, upon which their pay depends, recoznition nationally HINA'S last faint chance to re cover Manchuria and Jehol from Japan probably has disappeared, for Gen. Feng Yu-hsiang, the independent commander who had been leading the fight against Japanese ag gression, has given up and signed a pact with the national government, Under the agreement he ab dicates all titles, turns over the com. mand of his troops to the national ment and political obs Sung Cheh peace Feng Yu-hsiang Gen, governor of Chaha Feng's most recent the governmer rganized Feng has been one of moder: hina's most romantic figus ! sistent opposition worried Jap His i lack a little tributed to ¢ capitniation is of fands and as mutiny nd 4 ig his own men. sald at numbered 20.000 Japanese threats to boy and the overnment have vastly superic oh forces wnized authorities on and finance ha rence with the Pres r White House in Hyde . Jan rts for the sig ident hey were es War +» fiscal exp London War at the university an . Rogers of TI two pr I President a report on the studies they Yale university, fessors brought to the have been condpeting for him, particularly adopting a dollar geared to the commodity price ir rising and falling in value with values of wholesale commodities Tre bold French aviators, Maurice Rossi and Paul Codos, get 8 new record for non-stop flight and are due to receive a lion francs from the French gover New York, they to Rayak, Syria, about ¥1 5) ther than the previous recor intended to go to Bagdad but make it. Rossi ie record would be accepted at 9.300 iiometers said he B wan th (5,770.3 miles), actually although hey more than 10,000 kilometers (6.210 miles) at an average speed of 166 Kilometers (82.28 miles) an hour General flew Balbo and his Italian sen reached the Azores, some of the planes coming down at Ponta Delgada and the others at Horta. Aft. er na night of festivity and rest the big planes took off for home via Lis. bon; but one of them, commanded by Captain Ranieri, upset and was left behind, Lieutenant Squaglia was killed. Ranieri was injured, and the others of the crew suffered from shock and bruises ane fleet plar UR government Is getting out of the shipping business as fast as possible. Under an executive order from the President the shipping board is now abolished, and the merchant fleet corporation and its remaining 38 ships and 1.000 employees are trans. ferred to the Department of Commerce for direction. Secretary Roper's de. partment intends to carry on the pol icy of winding up commercial mari time activities, dreds of employees duced both personnel and ships. workers as it needs. Many will be ab. sorbed temporarily by ment, officials expecting the force to be decreased gradually as the fleet corporation’s affairs are closed up, IOLENCE In the New York state milk strike Increased dally and Gov. Herbert Lehman, though relue tant to call out the National Guard, consulted with its commander and prepared to take that extreme step if it were deemed necessary. ‘The state police, acting as guards for milk trucks, were in conflict with the strikers in many localities, using hul lets and tear gas against the armed farmers, Most of the cities and towns obtained plenty of milk, ©. 1923, Western Newspaper Union, 14) ei uly A aa tt 12 1 Washington.—No one can watch Washington these days and not be amared at the tre- Great Drive mendous driving for Recovery force that is being put behind the sev. eral schemes to awaken the nation and get business going again, It is as though the war engines of a powerful foreign enemy were pounding at the fortifications marking the threshold of our country which, Indeed, is true, ex- cept that the enemy, depression, is and has been among us through almost four years. I think I ean say without fear of successful contradiction that governmental activity is as feverish, as wildly unsystematie, If you please, as any we observed during the trying days of the great World war. Though it is along different lines, the activity is none the less as direct and as posi tive, and In some respects as militaris- tie. In such an analogy as this, it should be stated that the federal forces are now being subjected to more severe influence throughout the land than they faced during the preparation for and the World Then, there was a physieal fear which could be held up before the people as united That be gover: prosecution of war. a reason for threat its absence cannot the “1711 emg to overcome the inns ih was necess ird at the ary the currer to strike business the picture tn rain He = gain some § the of these da rive, and 8 becomes If the oblections are hesitant about si a ! heard, others who had wanted to cor mus parent. form get suspicious about the eon sions they hs begin shy away. herefore, ment one fine f weary-eve near ex ours of lalx agricultural tion are wi exe fices “utives the! any rom sun-u inti] long the following ht 3 “ft hot after Wheth dy convinced of the the various plans and pro ams, or whether you just hope they be may successful, your admiration tainly Is warranted, President na Saves the Day '*"" “as tion of the presented in the Pennsylvania greater or leas the wre ang: ex. soln 3 strike {#4 $m situation. That was not an ordinary strike, portents were nationwide It involved questions the answers to which meant the making or the break. ing of the basic recovery principles. In the first instance, the most erful corporate unit In the world United Steel corporation the government's adversary. government's the to reconcile States was I say the adversary because unless administration was able the differences between the corporation and the union workers, the program of blanket codes and group codes and everything else was imperiled. Gen. Hugh 8. Johnson. re covery administrator, could not get the warring groups together. He was ready to throw up the sponge, jut he had one more trick in the bag and that was to call for help from the President of the United States. Some how, that trick worked. Whether the merits of the case were with the cor poration or whether they were with the government, the power of the gov- ernment was and had to be supreme in the emergency. While observers here are not In clined to defend the steel corporation fully for taking the position it did, it can be said with equal force that most of them believe there was real danger of infringement of private property rights, In this sense, therefore, the corporation was within its rights In resisting. When it yielded, it appears, it yielded not to the labor unions which had stirred up the trouble, but to the sovereignty of government. The basic controversy involved in the steel corporation case was the question of so«alled company unions Labor leaders, the professionals, nat. urally want to have all workers in the national organizations, CGtherwise, the strike as a weapon is ineffective. Be ing quick to see a vulnerable spot, la- bor took advantage of the situation to lick the steel corporation which here. tofore has permitted its employees to belong only to company unions. In other words, It has been an open shop. In view of these facts, it seems to me that organized labor is as much en. titled to criticism In the circumstance as Is the greatest corporation in the world. Organized labor has been wielding too much influence in the re covery organization according to the recovery - - consensus here, and its insistence on advantages promises further difficul- ties, * * » The Department of Agriculture has set for itself the biz job of establish- ing fair prices for To Check the consumer while Profiteering giving what is tan- tamount to a guar- antee of higher prices for the things the farmer produces. Through a se- ries of statements, Secretary Wallace has aflirmed that the re- turns to the farmers must be increased in every direction. Simultaneously, Dr. Fred C, Howe, who as the consum- ers’ counsel represents the side of the buyers in the government's agricul- tural set-up, the announcement that he was going to compile weekly lists of for publication as a means of protecting against the profi- teer. From t} arrangement it would be made to appear that thers will have to be reasonable prices maintained every- on oiditiek, But servers here have been picking op nu- merous ! situation which they ents of tron- be repeatedly made prices where food ecomu ob- belley @ on ble. Doctor course, will at whatever T i garded accor 2 Washing Howe reasonable the situat] In the course iween Lhe recovery nnistrators industrial I's a Tough atives, Problem Ff! fair basis for represent. one of the problems wns competition when ferent factories had such widely d ferent costs of production. The hb ly efficient plant conld produce much lower cost, chviously, was obsolete ped gitus respect to retailers great buying power and the advantage of lower prices are iy going to b at a lower rice than the independent st« who buys in small higher overhead eritical-minded, if Doctor as a falr price that for whi store Is able to what Is going to happen to pendents? If, on the oihes price level gqnoted by Doctor the charged bs independent, then the chain store and will got all of business. It make figures in advertising the fact that the chain store prices are “below the gov- ernment price.” Manifestly, that will be unfair to the independent. But. I am prompted to ask, what can Doctor Howe do it? In announcing his program to estab- lish fair prices, Doctor Howe sald there were consumers’ ‘councils being organized in scores of cities and towns. These, he averred, would help in see ing that no merchant profitecred. There can be no doubt of the fact that these consumers’ will exert a tremendous influence. Old-timers here, however, recalled that the fight against profiteering durinz ‘he World war developed many nasty situations. Overzealous Individuals, conscientious in thelr efforts, but sometimes a bit shy of horse sense, made a personal matter out of such things as patriotic action, ¢ able to sell re OwWn- and say Howe quantities costs, Now, fixes chain sell owe ap- proximates price the can undoubtedly the will use of those about councils Prof. Raymond Moley has been de tached as assistant secretary of state to have charge of the federal govern- ment's campaign against crime, espe cially kKidnaping and racketeering. It was the first break In the “brain trust,” that group of professors with whom the President surrounded him self. Some weeks ago 1 wrote in these columns the prediction that such a re sult had to come. It was obvious. The professor and his theories can be used by the statesmen and practical men only so far. Professor Moley was of no use to Secretary Hull in the Department of State after his adven- tures In connection with the London economic conference and the unfavor. able publicity that the professor caused. In assicting Professor Moley to the Job of banishing crime, the President said later he would put him back as assistant secretary of state, © 1933, Western Newspaper Union, ROADSIDE MARKETING By T. J. Delohery WHY PEOPLE BUY AT ROADSIDE MARKETS | HILE fruits, vegetables, poultry and dairy products are the main things sold over roadside marke is, con sumers will also buy fruit julces, jams, | Jellies, preserves, canned popcorn, honey and such things as baskets, flowers pottery and craft products These facts are revealed by the ex- perience of thousands of producers, but more specifically In a question nalre which the Massachusett department of agriculture sent out to 2,000 pecple representing a tion of urban population. A survey of 1,700 markets along 2,800 miles of first, second and third-class brought out the same facts, The Massachusetts questionnaire was the groundwork for a which the state planned to give farmers who wanted to sell farm, home and garden con- sumer. It that yearly, has ROOGE, nuts, unrelated ¥hrubbery 8 state Cross Bec rogds Ohlo products o direct to the was found, In the replies, roadside marketing, «<xpanding a promising future. More than 60 per cent of replies that cit roadside 2.000 lared regarded atisfactory the questionnaire dec folks places to buy and poultry flowers, jams, An Inviting Display. more for and not Ik was produced in the vi- ply consumers nts a dozen fresh eges: ¥y to sug Reviewing the compilation of the an- the the nnaire, it was le markets offer the various sections of i ros Ki the opportunity to get a bigger re of the consumer's food dollar, if lucers will only make a iiitle effort gp it. Not all of the consumers ho answered the questionnaire are steady patrons of highway markets, but more than 50 per cent declared a for buying thelr fruits, vegetables and poultry products from the grower. preference Here again freshness was the reason assigned. This feeling was also car ried out in opposition to buying or- anges, lemons, grapefruit, bananas and such other tropical fruits at road- side markets, True, farmers do handle fruits which they do not produce, this practice originating with their acguir ing better knowledge of merchandis- ing, and knowing customers like to do as much shopping as possible in one place; but few handle citrus fruits. In every survey made, freshness stands out. In Ohio, where consumers spend 25 per cent of their fruit, vege. table and poultry dollar at roadside markets, freshness was given as the big reason why they went into the country for these products, While the mention of freshness was general, it is rather significant in view of conditions that less than 10 per cent of the consumers in both states were interested in price or the possibility of saving money by buying direct from the producer. Another Indication that freshness and quality are the dominating factors in products to be sold at the roadside market is the time of day when most sales are made, Convenience is mentioned because consumers gave it as one «f the rea- sons they patronized these markets, it sary buriness requirement--service. Roadside marketing Is still on the increase, despite general conditions. Business is good even though there may be less cars on the road. Indi- vidual purchases indicate this; investi- gations by college authorities and the records of individual farmers showing they range In average from 50 to 78 cents, ixpense of operating has shown a corresponding decrease, la- bor, one of the biggest items, being considerably lower where hired help is necessary. The cost of other ne consities such as packages ond adver. tising vary with the volume of busi. ©. 1943, Western Newspaper Union. \ 3
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers