PROBLEMS FACING Shall Chaos or Reconstruction in Europe Foiiow the Great World War? CLASH OF FACT AND THEORY Socialistic Idea of Conditions in World Where All Men Are on an Equali‘y Takes No Thought, Overlooks Basic Fact in Nature. o Article XXV. By FRANK COMERFORD. On November 10, 1917, the bholshe- vik government was born. On Dec. 10, 197. the bolshevik government abol- ished private ownership of land, claring all real estate the property of the state. On February 10, 1918, they issued a decree declaring all state loans, internal and foreign, null and void, confiscating all maritime enter- prises and all private banks to the state, and nationalizing foreign trade, The constitution established the communism land In the following words: “For the purpose of attaining the so. clalizatlon of land, all private prop- erty in land is abolished and the en- tire land is declared to be national property, and is to be apportioned among agriculturists without any com- pensation to the former owners, in the measure of bility to till 1.” The peasants of Russia seized land. They willingly followed command of the did not take the property. They de- of each one's the but they community communists, new order, land are not ns ning had never satisfied them. der the old regime the pe: alloted land the unal Mir. The Mir held title to the land and di- vided it by The ancy er-on the land was uncertain the Mir system, the Then Mir land, a n wns ow sants by comm lot, ter The average length of lease was about thirteen came a new di tion of the compelled to the strip of lan« drawing. This peasant all in into He Improving land ; At the next drawing £0 to another, and 1 ed on a neglected from from it his best notive lncement to pr the land the ! it uw I probably he In he shift- piece of land whicl nnd Experience fired the peasant with thought, one ambition, and. to have a something to work 80 at the socialize vik istic to the wishes the peasants. Led to General letween the rm to deteriorate to own his own and work for the nd we find on ontset of the If gover ent atte mmping a Disorder, vill Russi; the great landed estates etary land. Thess lands In the ity cared wr, When the the land was given ed toward i tllages fought with each possession and division tem 2. This was ning of general disorder, war, The attempt. ed to force its program abolighing al private of land. They tifled the confiscat land, pian of land communism. by saving that the earth belonged that private title to land + and corrupt, that every have all the land he work, and not an gued that if a than he could would happen; either the land to rem: i be a waste, or he to work it for him. man would he or a hore anges order the tw the proprietary lands. other for of these the he amall ying at iting estate gein- civil bolshevik government ownership jus. of the ion should could actualy They ar- more land of two things would allow which wonld BCT More, man had work, one he would hire someone ‘hey sald the hired either a farm laborer tenant; whichever relation he to the owner of the land, he would be compelled to turn over part of his labor to the landowner. In one cage it would be called rent, while if he receives wages, the wages wold represent something less than the value of the hired man's crop. This would be the profit taken by the land- owner, They called this exploiting the worker. Instead of this condition, they reasoned that the farm hand should work this land and keep the full prod. uct for the state. In the plan of dis tribution the state, the owner of every. thing, promised an equal distribution. The bolsheviks argued that thelr plan would make a better citizen out of the hired man and give him an Induce- ment to work. He was not to work for himself, but for the good of all, It was a fine bit of Idealist, but en- tirely centrary to human nature, It had to be worked out by humsn be. ings. Two things happened. One class of peasants worked the land only enough to produce what they and thelr families needed. They reasoned, “Why should we work after our needs are supplied?” This natural attitude of mind reduced production, The theory which promised increased production, in practice decreased production, Refused to Share With State, Another class of peasants went onto the land and worked hard and pro- duced much, but they refused to give up the product of their labor to the state. They reasoned that the result of their lnbor belonged to themselves, Both individunlists Neither commun practice, the tion of hom them, Clusses were group wore particularly communism ca ists when aperg- me to For a time those peasants who had a surplus sold their product to government, For {it they questionable paper money doubtful value, Then began the hoard- ing of farm products. The manded manufactured things they in exchange for farm products, The government not have the manufactured the peasants needed and wanted, proletariat of the cities was hungry. It was up to the bolshevik government to feed them, or fall Raiding par- ties were sent out. The “Red” army wns used. The peasants stood together to protect their property. The zation of land failed. Production the farma fell. General poverty sulted, The problem of the government provide food cities still remained. With the of communism ‘of the land, the ment set to work to cultivate the proprietary on a co-operative plan, Graft, inefficiency of administra. tion, and the unwillingness of tne peasants to work, caused this plan to fail. Kerzhenstey In the “Izvesti: provinelal executive January 22, 1019, gives a the situation: “The the viilage soviet of the Uran bogpugh present a shocking picture which no doubt typical of all other of our provincial soviet life. The ch man of this village Rekh nd his nearest co-workers, have done ell in their power to antagonize the population against the Rekhaiev, himself, has ten been in an intoxleated condition and asaulted the local up of which needed, did on re- bolshevik to for the govern. grent estates ' of the committees of pleture of facts describing is corners aire soviet, a ley fn soviet of found he has frequently inhabitants. The heating visit wis an ordinary In the village of Blere- zovka the peasants have heen thrash. ed, not only with fists, but have heen assaulted with sticks, robbed of their footwear and c into damp cellars, earthen floors, The members executive fommittee, Glakhov, Makhov, and others, ha further. They requisition parties” but organized pillaging of which they hs vrs Yond on the recnle occurrence, ast the Morey, even ve gone ized noth- 8, In have or which were fry leo ing sé Hrse ive used wirewrnpped sticks trants. The al its, undan timony, veri by the fled soviet commission, por- very striking picture of vio- When these n the ex ttee arrived at the mbers of lence town. Sadomovo they commenced to It the population and to rob them nnd of thelr household such as quilts, clothing No rec for the re med goods were given and paid. They | the spot which they Is the testim leader. assanl 1stufTs eipts no money even resold to oth of had requis ony of a well} ers on KOMe the hrend. This nowe bolshevik Reports Flogging of Peasants, The bol Latzis, “Izvestia” of January “in the Velizah county ak the mittee reports 5 15, 1019, shevik, in Vitel they autho the peasants by vied con The Krivos marks In the May 10, 1019 are taking from th bholshevik, Severnaya Communa™ “The soviet workeps Ie peasants chic ‘kens, geese, bread and butter, 10ut pay- ing for it. In some households of these poverty-stricken folk cating even the pillows and can lay hands on, The peasants natural feel very bitterly against th wit? wl i they are confis- and the ss : LIRO- VATS, their iy everything they ¢ soviet 11! " THe, The the borough meetings of forwarded published in they say: peasat province of Kostrom: a resolution Lenine the “Izvestia,” In which “The members of the soviets are rul- ing they are violating our will and are tantalizing us as if we were dumb cattle” The to us; peasants are hiding rubles, holding them for a day they hope that the blight of munism will pass and sane democratic government will reorganize Russia, bring order out of chaos, establish freedom. Their safety-deposit are empty bottles into which the peas- ants stuff the paper rubles and then bury the bottles, They look for a day when a stabie government will re deem these paper promises called money, which today are of little value. It shows their lack of trust In the government and its banking system. It also points to the Interest they have in the passing of the bolshevik gov. when com- the coming of a new state, Many of the peasants who seized land are conscious of the dishonesty their pessesssion. They want good, honest title to thelr land, Several hun- dred million rubles were sent to the government treasury of Omsk by peas. ants asking that they be given honest title to thelr land. (Copyright, 1920, Western Newspaper Unton) Allies to Deive Turks Inte Asia. Internationalization of Constant]. nople and the straits of Dardanelles has been decided upon along the lines laid down by Premier Lloyd George of Great Britain in a recent speech, certain, the newspaper says, that the seat of the Turkish government will be transfered to Asia Minor, and be located either at Brusa or Konleh. De- tails of the form of International cen trol which will be established over Constantinople have not as yet be come known fon wheels fold up to the side. When ready to drive the HINTS FOR CARE OF SPARK PLUGS Autoist Knows His Engine Is Out of Tune When There Is Failure to Fire. DIRT IS CAUSE OF TROUBLE Carburetor May 8e Out of Adjust. ment, Giving Too Rich a Mixture, or There May Be Too Much Qil in the Cylinders. the mo failure of a spark plug wt freq trosrital 11 troubils of the automoblie engine, ist should kn hat to do occurs. When spark plug or fails to tune or stantly noticed by the tion set up in the ear, of Generally caused by the plug elrculted through bon on the porce is termed sooted o by several condit may be out rich much abl © Ales the nent OW Ww when the the eo This condition Is in- irregular vibm and by the the trouble becoming Hisses, fire, ngine 1s out of balance, power, » the collection of sf the plug These pos should looked into if ig chronle. trouble If the plug Is foun« coating clean It tl porcelain quite cl ! to have a blac) wroughly so that pein is white the ¥ 3 od HiaKe £ Typical Sections of Spark Plugs, Show. ing How Carbon Collects on Surface, Causing a Short Circuit. easier If the plug Is soaked In wood aicohol. Then take a sharp-polnted tool, a knife answering very well, wrap a plece of rag around It, and scrape the plug all over, getting down into the recesses, There various types of the most common being the porcelain, shown In Fig. 1. The inclosed type of plug will fire longer without the need of cleaning, but it is hard to clean, it has to be taken apart. plug is taken apart, great are plugs, care and when reassembling it, joints must be made gas-tig of short-circuiting by car The modern plug is so made that it will not come apart, and, while it is a harder to clean the individual they cannot be handled it is not so much trouble andl even though it be but a minute crack, it must be thrown away, as the carbon seeps in quickly, and the When buying new plugs be sure to get the type that is made for the par. ticular engine to be fitted. In addition to the numerous special plugs, there are two sizes of hexagons in use, one soven-eighths Inch across flats, and the other 1% inches across. It Is an- noying to find that the spark-plug wrench will not fit the new plug in- tended for use, especially so when one cannpt get at the plug to turn it with an adjustahie wrench, It is a good plan for the autolst to carry an extra get of spark plugs, so that in case of failure on the road the bad one may be replaced without the necessity of cleaning plugs until the return to the garage is iade~Popular Mechanics Magauine. Feoseerssssocrsrriersrrvvescrresy | HOW 0 DRIVE ifax Automobile prepared in the name NERO ft series of of the ovement, The In- to all mem Most » the following: the sent association. other driv er 4 CPEPCPEIPEOPELGECEPOEPEEELEOCEOCEPET ELON PE ge NII LAIN rr rr tot i rresssrtasneate PESEEVOT EERE EP EPEC OOEEPOEP OOOO AVOID SMEAR ON MUDGUARDS Heavy Piece of Cloth or Other Suita ble Material Will Give Ample Protection, smear the Rreass is easy to seratch and evards with work on the en 11d do well best garage orl eyer gine to fol times of engin enough from h GLASS SPARK PLUG CLEANER Comparatively Easy Matter to Make Effective Device—Carbon Removed in Jig Time, to make an cleaner, as fol- tubing long, In each bore each cork saded bushing of a spark the tube with sand and sert the spark plugs and briskly. The sand will clean out the carbop easy end to device in jig time, ————— AUTOMOBILE +1 GOSSIP. 2 A warm engine takes less fuel than a cold one. ® - * The brake mechanism seldom gets the lubrication it deserves, . Ad - Clean off carbon with a cloth dipped in gasoline or a brush may be used. - » - When it is absolutely necessary to run on a flat tire keep the tire In soft dirt" if possible. - . - Don't blow yeur horn In an attempt to hurry a herd of cows off the road. It can't be done. » » - > Excessive play In the main shaft of the gearset may cause the gear shifter levédr to be forced out of position, is * - * The addition of a little pure flake graphite to the lubricating oil Is a help to motors that have seen some wear, - . » A storage battery will run down quickly If the terminals occasionally touch the cover of the steel retaining box, - . - Small bright metal objects, such as screws, may be blued by the simple process of placing them on & plece of sheet metal and holding over a fire until the parts helng treated have ns sumed the desired color, - - - One of the most useful methods of conserving the life of the springs Is to cover them with boots of leather or | Imitation, # a Tired and Worn? Does summer find you ti all worn out? Do you backache; feel Jame and without life or ambition? reason why peel your kidneys have weakened causing you to feel so miserable, Get back your health and keep it! 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Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers