LIVE QUESTIONS. A Perlp of Article Contrlbnterl to These rlimiiin hjr Arlvancml Thtukrra. Nvmheii IV. Society and tite Statu. Au rrror prolific of Pvfl conseqnpiieps to aocirty mid nlno to tho ptnto is the failnro to distinguish the oue from tbo other. The tendency to confound them inny bo dne to tho fact that tho state com-prit-ca tho same individuals ns those composing society, nnd is Ftrenijthencd, no donht.by tho niiiuner in which popular Vnuwlndfto or social progress in tho past ia chiefly acquired unmrly, through the study of histories devoted for tho most purt to a narration, of tho riso and fall of state Nor is the error confined to ricrely vulgar opinion. Stndcuts of sociology are subject to its influence. Even so nblo nnd analytical a thinker as Herbert Spencer spenksof thestatoas "society in its corporuta capacity," nnd says that "political speculation, which sets out with the assumption that tho stnto has, in nil cases, the same nature, must end iu profoundly erroneous con clusions, " implying that the nature of tho stato changes ns society advances, being niorcly it modo of social action no less natural than society itself. To this misconception of tho real na ture of tho state is largely due that practical disregard of tho limits of state duties of which Mr. Spencer himself justly complains. Society is a natural organism; tho state, au artificial mech anism. Tho former is in no way depend ent upon the will of man for its exist ence or progress, which are but the ag gregates of individual being and ad vancement ; its development is subject to the universal law of evolution. Tho state, on tho other hand, is entirely the result of man's will; it is established and maintained by him, and, uuless for reasons snfllcient to warrant his action, Without authority entitling it to respect. A clear conception of those reasons, of that warrant nnd authority, would greatly simplify this inquiry. It is plain enough, however, that there must bo some urgent reason, amounting to a ne cessity, to warrant the compulsory no tion which gives rise to the state, and through which it makes its existence known aud felt. We talk of self govern ment j we do not, however, govern our selves, but each other. With respect to any one man the notion of the state is but the action of other men, which is none the less true when they compel him to contribute to the support of that powor which they use to coerce him. Time hns been when government was administered in conformity to the will of one man, who might indeed and in truth say, "I am the state." From the rule of an individual we have advanced to that of a majority, the only advan tage gained thereby being the proba bility of a wiser use of power. Wisdom and power have been stylod the attii butes of sovereignty, but it would be in teresting to know with how little wis dom a government could maintain it self, provided only it had sufficient pow er. -The essential element of govern ment is power, but good government consists in its just and efficient uso, not only as regards the manner of ac complishing the legitimate ends for which it is maintained, but also in re spect to methods of maintaining it. .There hns doubtless been in every age at least one man of so great integrity and wisdom that, given the requisite power, he would have maintained a better government than nny majority of bis tinio could ever have ngreed upon, and, hnving such power, any mnn would have the right to maintain a just govern ment, even in opposition to any major ity, no matter how great, advocating on unjust government. Lot ns, then, conceive of a state in which some man has absolute control of tho civil power, which ho uses only for legitimate purposes, and always uses efficiently. Such n state would npproach moro nearly to perfection than any the World has ever seen or is likely soon to see, and yet how clear it is that the no tion of such a state would be in no proper sense the nction of society, whoso moniuors might or might not approve the government to which they wero sub jected. But instead of one man exercising the sovereign power, let the number be increased to two or more, to a majority even of the members of society, and yet their relation to the state aud to society would in no way differ from that of the oue man j nor would tho relation of tho 6tate to society be changed from what it was under the rule of one man. But by what uuthority is any one man or any majority of men warranted in as suming to control and direct tho con duet of members of society, at the same time compelling them to contribute to the support of the power necessary to such control? It is idle to talk of a so cial "contract," whereby society as a Whole surrenders certuin natural rights in exchange for the advantages of civil government. If it were possible for snch a contract to bo made, it would have to be renew ed every hour, for it could have no binding farce upon a man born after it was made. Even the maxim that gov ernments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed is not true in the sense that "consent" or "agree ment" can affect tlie justice of any uct of government. It is clear that any one xuan hits no right to coerce or interfere With the conduct of anothor, except in self defense that is, to protect himself ii4 the enjoyment of some natural right. It is no Iom clear that increasing the number of men oannot change tlie na ture of their individual rights in that, regard. If each individual of a majori ty, nover so great, has no right to oo-' etL'O a member of society, they cannot! aU togother have that right; a million. times zero i but zero still. The rights. . of a majority oousist only of the rights of the individuals composing it. The right of action by the state must be tstaoed to and depend upon individual rfoht. Individuals, not as members of eo- i iin ii i m whim, i.unmuuijj ciety, nor acting primnrily for tho bene fit of society as a whole, but in their individual capacities, for their own in terest, form a body corporate, to the support of which, iu order thnt its pow er tuny bo supremo, they compel all the members c f society to contribute. This incorporation constitutes tho state, which may indeed bo called "society in its corporato capacity," but is in no senso tho result of voluntary nction on the part of nil tho members of society, being rather tho method adopted by cer tain members for the control of nil. Tho majority, iu power nnd inflnencn, of this corporate body linmo its directors, who, through the enactment, interpretation nnd execution of laws, manago its nf fairs. For this body, tho stale, to un dertake nny enterprise or to do any act not necessary to tho accomplishment of legitimate ends, which must of them selves bo so necessary ns to warrant the compulsory organization nnd mainte nance of tho state, is for the latter to abuse its power; and no matter how beneficial to society tho particular un dertaking or net might bo, its peiform ance should bo left to some other agen cy than that of the state. Correct solu tion of industrial, social nnd so called government problems depends upon a clear and definite conception of tbo just warrant for maintaining civil power nnd of the purposes to which its ufo should bo limitod. That warrant and those purposes remain at all times und everywhere tho same, under nil forms of government nnd iu nil stages of so ciety. John Sherwin Crohdy. Kansas City. NntBER V. Eni,arof.mf.ntof Govern mental Functions. In the current number of Tho Arena Frofessor Ely nsks and nnswers tho live quostion, "Should tho government con trol the telegraph?" Ilis answer, which is squarely in the affirmative, is strong ly supported by an articlo from tho very able pen of Judge Walter Clark of the lupremo court of North Carolinn, in which the lntter meets and overcomes every objection seemingly which can be urged ngninst tho constitutionality of such public control. Jndge Clark plants himself on tho net of congress of 1806, chapter 230, nnd the opinion of Chief Justice Wnite in the case of Pcnsacola versus Tolegraph company, 00 TJ. S. L He also quotes sparingly from an address delivered to the graduating olass of Yale Law school June 24, 1805, by Judge Brown of the United States su preme court, and published as tho lead ing article in The Forum for August, 1895. To my mind the reasoning of Judge Brown is unanswerable and con clusive, and I therefore reproduce bis exact words on that occasion, thus: "If the government may be safely in trusted with the transmission of our letters and papers, I see no reason why it may not also be intrusted with the transmission of our telegrams and par cels, as is almost universally the case in Europe, or of our passengers nnd freight (through a state ownership of railways), as iu Germany, France, Aus tria, Sweden and Norway. If the state owns its highways, why may it not also own its railways? If a municipality owns its streets nnd keeps them paved, sewered nnd cleaned, why may it not nlso light them, water them and trans port its citizens over them, so far as snch transportation involves n monopoly of their use? Indeed, wherever tho proposed business is of a public or semi publio character and requires special privileges from the state or a partial delegation of governmental powers such, for instance, as tho condemnation of land, or a special use or disturbance of the streets for the laying of rails, pipes or wires there would seem to be no sound reason why such franchises, which aiefor the supposed benefit of tho public, should not be exercised directly by the public. Such at least is tho tend ency of modern legislation in nearly ev ery civilized country but our own, whore great corporate interests, by put ting prominently forward tho dangers of paternalism ond socialism, have suc ceeded in securing franchises which properly belong to tho public. "The fear, too, that these monopolies mny be used for political purposes has hitherto proved an insuperable objection to their exercise by the state, but the development of civil service reform has been so rapid ond satisfactory that its introduction into this now field of use fulness would follow as a matter of course and would obviate the most for midable difficulty in the way of the proposed chango. "Should the assumption of these nat ural opportunities by foreign states and municipalities prove ns successful as they now promise, the question which will confront the legislators of tho twentieth century will be, not whether these extensions of governmental func tions are socialist) in their tendencies, but how long this country can afford to lag behind others which we have been taught to look upon as conservative and inert." In all thoroughly well informed cir cles it goes without saying that Judge Brown is among the most conservative federal judges, yet there is no mistaking the significance of the above language, and it may be accepted n&a fuir indica tion of the present trend of judicial opinion. George Bcllock. St. Louis, December, 1896. Labor Saving Machinery. Every day more men are forced out of work by machinery. Tho machinery produces what they formerly did, but the men remain to be provided for, and every year mutters are growing woise. Just so long as all that machinery and everjtiiug whioh it produces are con trolled by monopoly, workingmon will stand at the door of tho trusts begging for employment. This country hus out grown tho wago system, but the men are still here, clamoring for the work which machinery deprives them of, while capital, by controlling that ma chinery aud its product, holds, tho upper hand. Commonwealth. THE COLUMBIAN. .BLOOMSBURG, PA. LO'8 TELEPHONE EXPERIENCE. ! Be Thought the Major Wat Indulging Feats of Vent rlloqu lam. Major Pollock, who was superintend ent of fruo delivery in the Pot Office Department under the last Administra tion, was for some time stationed on the frontier as an Indian 'agent, and was well and favorably know to many of the principal chiefs among the red men. Whenever they Bent delegations to Washington to havo a pow-wow with the great father, tho Major's office was sure to bo visited by thoin, und they came sometimes in crowds. On one occasion, whilo tho Indians wero making a call on the Major, he went to the telephone in another room and cnllod up tho Indian Office. When his call was answered ho said: "Tell Frank to come to the 'phono'." Frank was a half-breod employed in the Indian Office. "Hello, Frank I" said the Major. "Hold t!:e 'phone' a minute. Your uncle is here, and wants to talk with you." Then he went into his office and led one of the chiefs to the telephone. "Want to talk to Frank?" said the Major, placing the transmitter in the chief's hand. After many grunts and suspicious glances at the mysterious contrivanco, the little ear trumpet was finally held to the chief's ear, and then the Major said ; "Now, go ahead, Frank." A grin spread over the Indian's face and he dropped the transmitter. After trying in vain to look behind the instru ment, he stuck his head out of the win dow nnd looked around. Then with a bewildered look he ran to the door and looked up and down the corridor. The Major explained to him that Frank was uptown in another building, but the chief wasn't convinced, and call ed another Indian. While the second Indian was listening, the first chief watched the Major's lips closely, evi dently suspecting some tricks of ventril oquism. "Ugh !" grunted the second chief, as he dropped the transmitter nnd looked under a desk and out of a window. The Major couldn't satisfactorily ex plain the matter to the chiefs, and was finally forced to put on his hat aud take them over to the Indian office, where they found Frank at the 'phone, waiting for more talk. Washington Star. Census of College. There are 8,200 students at Harvard. It has an increase of only 09 in ita freshman class, in both its academic and scientific departments, over the freshman class entering last year. In the academic department at Yale there 1,130 undergraduates, as com pared with 1,159, and 505 are enrolled in the scientific department, as com pared with 550 last year, but the total attendance at Yale will be 144 larger than last year. Michigan University has over 8,000 students. The number of undergraduates at the University of Pennsylvania is 2,472, an increase of 75 over last year. The entering class at Princeton is smaller than the last entering class, but there is a slight increase iu the total attendance at the university. At Brown University, in Providonj, the freshman class numbers almost 800, and the total number of students will be between 850 and 900. Chicago University has about 1,100 undergraduates, and Columbia College, in New York, moro than 2,000. Williams College also has the largest entering class on its' records, and the same statement is made in respect to Amherst. Dartmouth hns a freshman class of 135, the largest in its history. The Surest Place iu lluttle. General Lee told an amusing story to a reporter. When he was about to de liver his address at tho Confederate re union in Craig County some one came to him nnd asked him if he would speak to on old colored man who wished to speak to him. The general consented, and the old negro, whose name was "Sam," and who had fought throughout the war, came andreceivod the proffered hand. General Lee at once begun to put questions to the old follow, who an swered with wonderful skill. The gen eral then asked him where he had seen the best time during the war. "At Chickamauga," at once replied the darky, "because I ran as soon as the firing began." "But how did you know which way to run in such a hot battle?" asked General Lee, with a merry twinkle in his eye. "I went directly to the safest place, and the first place I could find," an swered "Sam," coming to his climax. Again he was asked how he could toll which place was safe. "I knowod it was safe," answered "Sam," 'cause I skippad for the place wnere tlie ginerals was." General Lee enjoyed the joke and laughed heartily at the darky's wit. Occupations of Cong refcsmen. There are 2oS lawyers in Congress, 41 farmers, 27 editors, 2$ manufactur ers, 1 railro-.id manager, 2 steamboat owners, 14 teachers and college profes sors, 25 bankers, 20 merchants, 1 house- uuuuer, a clergymen, 7 who say Uiey are "engaged in business," 8 doctors, 1 architect, 1 music teacher, 1 owner of oil wells, 5 miners, 2 insurance agents, 1 theater manager, 1 manufacturer of ice, 8 civil engineers. 0 lumbermen, 2 owners of stono quarries, 2 real estate agents, 1 pharmacist and 1 steamship captain. Many a man prays "Thy kingdom come" who wouldn't have his prayer an swered on any account. It would ruin his business in three months. There is more merit in giving a ton of coal to some poor family duriug the cold spell than in all the professions of relig ion that were ever made, heed the signal Many persons take a variety of remedies and try many novel procedures to reduce their weight. We do not refer to these. If you have been in fair health, with a normal amount of flesh, aud 3-ct have been losing weight of late, there is something wrong. If there is an inherited ten dency to weak lungs; if your cold hangs on, or if you are weak, without appetite, losing color, aud easily exhausted ; this loss of flesh is the signal of distress. Heed it, promptly SeotSS dmufeicru of Cod-liver Oil, with hypopliosplntcs, conies to the rescue, because it supplies a peculiar food in a pleasant and easily digested form. This oil has medicinal properties not found in any other fat ; while the hypophosphitcs have sustaining aud life-giving properties of their own. Don't let yourself get thin. ( jo cts. and $i a bottlo. BCOTT & HOWNK, Chemist, New York. A6KF0R Till! fcSfcKLET ONIIGHF AND Ban) K I rfW'7 GIVES WISEST UGHT IN THE ALEXANDER BROTHERS & CO. DEALERS IN Cigars, Tobacco. Candies, Fruits and Nuts SOLE AGENTS FOR Henry Mail lard's Fine Candies. Fresh Every Week. IF'je-Goods j Specialtt, SOLE AGENTS FOR F .F. Adams & Co's Fine Bole agents for the foaiy Clay, Laairsa, Normal, Indian Princess, Samson, Silvor As Bloomsburg Pa. :$TOP: AT And see the largest collection bought before the advance in prices. You get the benefit of our early buying. Our tall and winter underwear and hosiery is now on our counters at prices never heard of before. Co?.::Erk Iiidn axd Maix Sts. "A handful of dirt may be a house ful of shame." Keep your house clean with B. F. Sharpless, Trcs. BLOOMSBURG LAND IMPBQYEMEHT COMPANY. Capital Stock, $30,000. Plotted property is in the coming business centre of the town. It includes also part of the factory district, and has no equal iu desirability for residence purposes. CHOICE LOTS are offered at values that will be doubled in a fihort time. No such opportunity can be had elsewhere to make money. Lots secured on SMALL MONTHLY PAYMENTS- Maps of the town and of plotted property furnished on ap plication. Call upon or write to the Secretary, or J. S. "Woods, Sales Agent, or any member of the Board of Directors. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. B. F. Suaeplebs; J. L Dillon. C. W. Neal, A. G. Briggs, Dr. I. W. Willits, Dr. H. W. McReynolds, N. Tj. Funk. 11-19- fifties Iow and Fnr flip finpst and het stnvps. tinware, rnnfincr snnntlnrr and general job work, go to t. .!i j: 1 iJi -t- . uuuuuigs uccueu uy Meant, nui air ur uui water in a Bausiuc tnrr mannpr .nnirarv PltimViinnr n snPMnltv. I have the exclusive control of the Thatcher steam, hot water and hot air heaters tor this territory, which is acknowl edged to be the best heater on the market. All work guaran teed. W. W. WATTS, IRON STREET. IM WoWD AEi5$iyrELySrE Cut Chewing Tobacco following brands of Cigars- VV. H. MOORE'S of shoes in the county. All W. H. floore. N. U. Funk, Sec. C. II. Campbell, Treas. Gfcod Work. vv. vv. watts, on iron street v w V Y . . w Rloomsburg. la. NMO-ly Popular Magazines &a TDK Tlic HOME. &.IRL' FRANK LESLIE'S OOPULAR ll MONTHLY Contain tch Month i Original Water Color I runllnplrct 1 I2H Quarto Vgt of Heading Mntter: 100 New and High -clan Illustra tion.! Mora Literary Matter and IMuntra Hunt than any other Mavailne in America. 23 eta. $Ja Year. Frank Leslie's Pleasant Hours FOR BOYS AND CIRLS. A TlrleM, W'hole.nni. Jtironlln Monthly. Finlv I.IUdlrnttMl. Th bit writers for young (.eoi'lo oc.it.i ibuto to It. 10 eta. t f 1 a year. SEKD ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS TO THE COLUMBIAN, Bloomsburg, Pa. club: rates. Tllfi roI.I'VHIAN anil Prnnlr T.pnll'a Ft'livlar Mtmihly ono your for I3.!0, or t tils impcr snl I'lmnml Utmr for Hoys aud Girls, or II. tto. Undoubtedly the Best Club Offers f -r Aio IUuAt rated JVm.um Lut, fY. THE MARKETS. BLOOMSBURG MARKETS. OORBIOTID WIIILT. IITAIL rIOII. Butter per lb $ ,21 Eggs per dozen ,16 Lard per lb .10 Ham per pound ijl Fork, whole, per pound ,06 Beef, quarter, per pound, ... ,07 Wheat per bushel .75 Oats " " 28 Rye " " 50 Wheat flour per bbl 3.60 Hay per ton 12 to $14 Potatoes per bushel, .30 Turnips " " 15 Onions " " ,e0 Sweet potatoes per peck 25 to .30 Tallow per lb 4J Shoulder " " u Side meat " 07 Vinegar, per qt 07 Dried apples per lb .05 Dried cherries, pitted .10 Raspberries ,ia Cow Hides per lb .3 1 Steer " " oS CalfSkin 80 Sheep pelts ;,, .75 Shelled corn per bus .60 Corn meal, cwt a.oo Bran, " I0o Chon " 1.10 Middlings " 1.10 Chickens per lb new .10 " "old 10 Turkeys " ut Geese " " .10 Ducks " ' 08 COAL. No. 6, delivered a. 40 " 4 and s " 3.50 " 6 at yard a. 25 " 4 and s at yard. 3.25 E. A. RAWLINGS. DEALER IN t All Kinds of Meat. Beef, Veal, Lamb, Mutton, Pork, Hams, Bacon, Tongues, Bclogna, &c. Free Delivery to all parts of the town. CENTRE STREET. BLOOMSBURG, PA. QTTelephone connection. PATENTS CaveaU and Trade Marks obtained, and a!' Patent business conducted tor MobKUATi FKKS. Ol'lt OFPIOR IS OPPOSITE TIIK U. 8. PAT KNT OKFRE. We Have no Bub-agencies, all business direct, lionee can transact patent busi ness In less time and at Less Cost than tlioso re luouj from Washington. Send model, drawing or photo, with descrlp tlou. We advise If patentable or not, free of Charge. Our fee not due till patent Is secured A book, "How to ubtuln I'akiuta," with refer ences to actual cllonis In your Btate.C'ouuty, 0 town sunt free. Address O. A. SNOW A CO.. Washington, D. CI (Opposite U. 8 Patent oaioe.) Bring the BaMos. INSTANTANEOUS PROCESS USED. Strictly first-class guaranteed photographs, crayons and copvj at reasonable prices. We use exclusively the Collolion ArUtotyi pa peis, thus securing greater beautv of finish and permanency of results. CAl'WKLU MARKET SQUARE GALLERY. Il-2j-ly. Over Ilartman's Store. mm ZJ GET YOUR JOB PRINTING DONE AT THE COLUMBIAN OFFICE
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