LIVE QUESTIONS.
A Perlp of Article Contrlbnterl to These
rlimiiin hjr Arlvancml Thtukrra.
Nvmheii IV. Society and tite Statu.
Au rrror prolific of Pvfl conseqnpiieps
to aocirty mid nlno to tho ptnto is the
failnro to distinguish the oue from tbo
other.
The tendency to confound them inny
bo dne to tho fact that tho state com-prit-ca
tho same individuals ns those
composing society, nnd is Ftrenijthencd,
no donht.by tho niiiuner in which popular
Vnuwlndfto or social progress in tho past
ia chiefly acquired unmrly, through
the study of histories devoted for tho
most purt to a narration, of tho riso and
fall of state Nor is the error confined
to ricrely vulgar opinion. Stndcuts of
sociology are subject to its influence.
Even so nblo nnd analytical a thinker
as Herbert Spencer spenksof thestatoas
"society in its corporuta capacity," nnd
says that "political speculation, which
sets out with the assumption that tho
stnto has, in nil cases, the same nature,
must end iu profoundly erroneous con
clusions, " implying that the nature of
tho stato changes ns society advances,
being niorcly it modo of social action no
less natural than society itself.
To this misconception of tho real na
ture of tho state is largely due that
practical disregard of tho limits of state
duties of which Mr. Spencer himself
justly complains. Society is a natural
organism; tho state, au artificial mech
anism. Tho former is in no way depend
ent upon the will of man for its exist
ence or progress, which are but the ag
gregates of individual being and ad
vancement ; its development is subject
to the universal law of evolution. Tho
state, on tho other hand, is entirely the
result of man's will; it is established
and maintained by him, and, uuless for
reasons snfllcient to warrant his action,
Without authority entitling it to respect.
A clear conception of those reasons, of
that warrant nnd authority, would
greatly simplify this inquiry. It is plain
enough, however, that there must bo
some urgent reason, amounting to a ne
cessity, to warrant the compulsory no
tion which gives rise to the state, and
through which it makes its existence
known aud felt. We talk of self govern
ment j we do not, however, govern our
selves, but each other. With respect to
any one man the notion of the state is
but the action of other men, which is
none the less true when they compel
him to contribute to the support of that
powor which they use to coerce him.
Time hns been when government was
administered in conformity to the will
of one man, who might indeed and in
truth say, "I am the state." From the
rule of an individual we have advanced
to that of a majority, the only advan
tage gained thereby being the proba
bility of a wiser use of power. Wisdom
and power have been stylod the attii
butes of sovereignty, but it would be in
teresting to know with how little wis
dom a government could maintain it
self, provided only it had sufficient pow
er. -The essential element of govern
ment is power, but good government
consists in its just and efficient uso,
not only as regards the manner of ac
complishing the legitimate ends for
which it is maintained, but also in re
spect to methods of maintaining it.
.There hns doubtless been in every age
at least one man of so great integrity
and wisdom that, given the requisite
power, he would have maintained a
better government than nny majority of
bis tinio could ever have ngreed upon,
and, hnving such power, any mnn would
have the right to maintain a just govern
ment, even in opposition to any major
ity, no matter how great, advocating on
unjust government.
Lot ns, then, conceive of a state in
which some man has absolute control
of tho civil power, which ho uses only
for legitimate purposes, and always uses
efficiently. Such n state would npproach
moro nearly to perfection than any the
World has ever seen or is likely soon to
see, and yet how clear it is that the no
tion of such a state would be in no
proper sense the nction of society, whoso
moniuors might or might not approve
the government to which they wero sub
jected. But instead of one man exercising
the sovereign power, let the number be
increased to two or more, to a majority
even of the members of society, and yet
their relation to the state aud to society
would in no way differ from that of the
oue man j nor would tho relation of tho
6tate to society be changed from what
it was under the rule of one man. But
by what uuthority is any one man or
any majority of men warranted in as
suming to control and direct tho con
duet of members of society, at the same
time compelling them to contribute to
the support of the power necessary to
such control? It is idle to talk of a so
cial "contract," whereby society as a
Whole surrenders certuin natural rights
in exchange for the advantages of civil
government.
If it were possible for snch a contract
to bo made, it would have to be renew
ed every hour, for it could have no
binding farce upon a man born after it
was made. Even the maxim that gov
ernments derive their just powers from
the consent of the governed is not true
in the sense that "consent" or "agree
ment" can affect tlie justice of any uct
of government. It is clear that any one
xuan hits no right to coerce or interfere
With the conduct of anothor, except in
self defense that is, to protect himself
ii4 the enjoyment of some natural right.
It is no Iom clear that increasing the
number of men oannot change tlie na
ture of their individual rights in that,
regard. If each individual of a majori
ty, nover so great, has no right to oo-'
etL'O a member of society, they cannot!
aU togother have that right; a million.
times zero i but zero still. The rights.
. of a majority oousist only of the rights
of the individuals composing it. The
right of action by the state must be
tstaoed to and depend upon individual
rfoht.
Individuals, not as members of eo-
i iin ii i m whim, i.unmuuijj
ciety, nor acting primnrily for tho bene
fit of society as a whole, but in their
individual capacities, for their own in
terest, form a body corporate, to the
support of which, iu order thnt its pow
er tuny bo supremo, they compel all the
members c f society to contribute. This
incorporation constitutes tho state,
which may indeed bo called "society
in its corporato capacity," but is in no
senso tho result of voluntary nction on
the part of nil tho members of society,
being rather tho method adopted by cer
tain members for the control of nil. Tho
majority, iu power nnd inflnencn, of this
corporate body linmo its directors, who,
through the enactment, interpretation
nnd execution of laws, manago its nf
fairs. For this body, tho stale, to un
dertake nny enterprise or to do any act
not necessary to tho accomplishment of
legitimate ends, which must of them
selves bo so necessary ns to warrant the
compulsory organization nnd mainte
nance of tho state, is for the latter to
abuse its power; and no matter how
beneficial to society tho particular un
dertaking or net might bo, its peiform
ance should bo left to some other agen
cy than that of the state. Correct solu
tion of industrial, social nnd so called
government problems depends upon a
clear and definite conception of tbo just
warrant for maintaining civil power
nnd of the purposes to which its ufo
should bo limitod. That warrant and
those purposes remain at all times und
everywhere tho same, under nil forms
of government nnd iu nil stages of so
ciety. John Sherwin Crohdy.
Kansas City.
NntBER V. Eni,arof.mf.ntof Govern
mental Functions.
In the current number of Tho Arena
Frofessor Ely nsks and nnswers tho live
quostion, "Should tho government con
trol the telegraph?" Ilis answer, which
is squarely in the affirmative, is strong
ly supported by an articlo from tho very
able pen of Judge Walter Clark of the
lupremo court of North Carolinn, in
which the lntter meets and overcomes
every objection seemingly which can be
urged ngninst tho constitutionality of
such public control. Jndge Clark plants
himself on tho net of congress of 1806,
chapter 230, nnd the opinion of Chief
Justice Wnite in the case of Pcnsacola
versus Tolegraph company, 00 TJ. S. L
He also quotes sparingly from an address
delivered to the graduating olass of
Yale Law school June 24, 1805, by
Judge Brown of the United States su
preme court, and published as tho lead
ing article in The Forum for August,
1895. To my mind the reasoning of
Judge Brown is unanswerable and con
clusive, and I therefore reproduce bis
exact words on that occasion, thus:
"If the government may be safely in
trusted with the transmission of our
letters and papers, I see no reason why
it may not also be intrusted with the
transmission of our telegrams and par
cels, as is almost universally the case
in Europe, or of our passengers nnd
freight (through a state ownership of
railways), as iu Germany, France, Aus
tria, Sweden and Norway. If the state
owns its highways, why may it not also
own its railways? If a municipality
owns its streets nnd keeps them paved,
sewered nnd cleaned, why may it not
nlso light them, water them and trans
port its citizens over them, so far as
snch transportation involves n monopoly
of their use? Indeed, wherever tho
proposed business is of a public or semi
publio character and requires special
privileges from the state or a partial
delegation of governmental powers
such, for instance, as tho condemnation
of land, or a special use or disturbance
of the streets for the laying of rails,
pipes or wires there would seem to be
no sound reason why such franchises,
which aiefor the supposed benefit of tho
public, should not be exercised directly
by the public. Such at least is tho tend
ency of modern legislation in nearly ev
ery civilized country but our own,
whore great corporate interests, by put
ting prominently forward tho dangers
of paternalism ond socialism, have suc
ceeded in securing franchises which
properly belong to tho public.
"The fear, too, that these monopolies
mny be used for political purposes has
hitherto proved an insuperable objection
to their exercise by the state, but the
development of civil service reform has
been so rapid ond satisfactory that its
introduction into this now field of use
fulness would follow as a matter of
course and would obviate the most for
midable difficulty in the way of the
proposed chango.
"Should the assumption of these nat
ural opportunities by foreign states and
municipalities prove ns successful as
they now promise, the question which
will confront the legislators of tho
twentieth century will be, not whether
these extensions of governmental func
tions are socialist) in their tendencies,
but how long this country can afford to
lag behind others which we have been
taught to look upon as conservative and
inert."
In all thoroughly well informed cir
cles it goes without saying that Judge
Brown is among the most conservative
federal judges, yet there is no mistaking
the significance of the above language,
and it may be accepted n&a fuir indica
tion of the present trend of judicial
opinion. George Bcllock.
St. Louis, December, 1896.
Labor Saving Machinery.
Every day more men are forced out
of work by machinery. Tho machinery
produces what they formerly did, but
the men remain to be provided for, and
every year mutters are growing woise.
Just so long as all that machinery and
everjtiiug whioh it produces are con
trolled by monopoly, workingmon will
stand at the door of tho trusts begging
for employment. This country hus out
grown tho wago system, but the men
are still here, clamoring for the work
which machinery deprives them of,
while capital, by controlling that ma
chinery aud its product, holds, tho upper
hand. Commonwealth.
THE COLUMBIAN. .BLOOMSBURG, PA.
LO'8 TELEPHONE EXPERIENCE. !
Be Thought the Major Wat Indulging
Feats of Vent rlloqu lam.
Major Pollock, who was superintend
ent of fruo delivery in the Pot Office
Department under the last Administra
tion, was for some time stationed on the
frontier as an Indian 'agent, and was
well and favorably know to many of
the principal chiefs among the red men.
Whenever they Bent delegations to
Washington to havo a pow-wow with
the great father, tho Major's office was
sure to bo visited by thoin, und they
came sometimes in crowds.
On one occasion, whilo tho Indians
wero making a call on the Major, he
went to the telephone in another room
and cnllod up tho Indian Office. When
his call was answered ho said:
"Tell Frank to come to the 'phono'."
Frank was a half-breod employed in the
Indian Office.
"Hello, Frank I" said the Major.
"Hold t!:e 'phone' a minute. Your
uncle is here, and wants to talk with
you."
Then he went into his office and
led one of the chiefs to the telephone.
"Want to talk to Frank?" said the
Major, placing the transmitter in the
chief's hand.
After many grunts and suspicious
glances at the mysterious contrivanco,
the little ear trumpet was finally held
to the chief's ear, and then the Major
said ;
"Now, go ahead, Frank."
A grin spread over the Indian's face
and he dropped the transmitter. After
trying in vain to look behind the instru
ment, he stuck his head out of the win
dow nnd looked around. Then with a
bewildered look he ran to the door and
looked up and down the corridor.
The Major explained to him that
Frank was uptown in another building,
but the chief wasn't convinced, and call
ed another Indian. While the second
Indian was listening, the first chief
watched the Major's lips closely, evi
dently suspecting some tricks of ventril
oquism. "Ugh !" grunted the second chief, as
he dropped the transmitter nnd looked
under a desk and out of a window.
The Major couldn't satisfactorily ex
plain the matter to the chiefs, and was
finally forced to put on his hat aud take
them over to the Indian office, where
they found Frank at the 'phone, waiting
for more talk. Washington Star.
Census of College.
There are 8,200 students at Harvard.
It has an increase of only 09 in ita
freshman class, in both its academic
and scientific departments, over the
freshman class entering last year.
In the academic department at Yale
there 1,130 undergraduates, as com
pared with 1,159, and 505 are enrolled
in the scientific department, as com
pared with 550 last year, but the total
attendance at Yale will be 144 larger
than last year.
Michigan University has over 8,000
students.
The number of undergraduates at the
University of Pennsylvania is 2,472,
an increase of 75 over last year.
The entering class at Princeton is
smaller than the last entering class,
but there is a slight increase iu the
total attendance at the university.
At Brown University, in Providonj,
the freshman class numbers almost 800,
and the total number of students will
be between 850 and 900.
Chicago University has about 1,100
undergraduates, and Columbia College,
in New York, moro than 2,000.
Williams College also has the largest
entering class on its' records, and the
same statement is made in respect to
Amherst.
Dartmouth hns a freshman class of
135, the largest in its history.
The Surest Place iu lluttle.
General Lee told an amusing story to
a reporter. When he was about to de
liver his address at tho Confederate re
union in Craig County some one came
to him nnd asked him if he would speak
to on old colored man who wished to
speak to him. The general consented,
and the old negro, whose name was
"Sam," and who had fought throughout
the war, came andreceivod the proffered
hand. General Lee at once begun to
put questions to the old follow, who an
swered with wonderful skill. The gen
eral then asked him where he had seen
the best time during the war.
"At Chickamauga," at once replied
the darky, "because I ran as soon as the
firing began."
"But how did you know which way
to run in such a hot battle?" asked
General Lee, with a merry twinkle in
his eye.
"I went directly to the safest place,
and the first place I could find," an
swered "Sam," coming to his climax.
Again he was asked how he could
toll which place was safe.
"I knowod it was safe," answered
"Sam," 'cause I skippad for the place
wnere tlie ginerals was."
General Lee enjoyed the joke and
laughed heartily at the darky's wit.
Occupations of Cong refcsmen.
There are 2oS lawyers in Congress,
41 farmers, 27 editors, 2$ manufactur
ers, 1 railro-.id manager, 2 steamboat
owners, 14 teachers and college profes
sors, 25 bankers, 20 merchants, 1 house-
uuuuer, a clergymen, 7 who say Uiey
are "engaged in business," 8 doctors, 1
architect, 1 music teacher, 1 owner of
oil wells, 5 miners, 2 insurance agents,
1 theater manager, 1 manufacturer of
ice, 8 civil engineers. 0 lumbermen, 2
owners of stono quarries, 2 real estate
agents, 1 pharmacist and 1 steamship
captain.
Many a man prays "Thy kingdom
come" who wouldn't have his prayer an
swered on any account. It would ruin
his business in three months.
There is more merit in giving a ton of
coal to some poor family duriug the cold
spell than in all the professions of relig
ion that were ever made,
heed the signal
Many persons take a variety of remedies and try many
novel procedures to reduce their weight. We do not refer
to these. If you have been in fair health, with a normal
amount of flesh, aud 3-ct have been losing weight of late,
there is something wrong. If there is an inherited ten
dency to weak lungs; if your cold hangs on, or if you are
weak, without appetite, losing color, aud easily exhausted ;
this loss of flesh is the signal of distress. Heed it, promptly
SeotSS dmufeicru
of Cod-liver Oil, with hypopliosplntcs, conies to the rescue,
because it supplies a peculiar food in a pleasant and easily
digested form. This oil has medicinal properties not found
in any other fat ; while the hypophosphitcs have sustaining
aud life-giving properties of their own. Don't let yourself
get thin.
( jo cts. and $i a bottlo. BCOTT & HOWNK, Chemist, New York.
A6KF0R Till! fcSfcKLET ONIIGHF AND
Ban)
K I
rfW'7
GIVES WISEST UGHT IN THE
ALEXANDER BROTHERS & CO.
DEALERS IN
Cigars, Tobacco. Candies, Fruits and Nuts
SOLE AGENTS FOR
Henry Mail lard's Fine Candies. Fresh Every Week.
IF'je-Goods j Specialtt,
SOLE AGENTS FOR
F .F. Adams & Co's Fine
Bole agents for the
foaiy Clay, Laairsa, Normal, Indian Princess, Samson, Silvor As
Bloomsburg Pa.
:$TOP:
AT
And see the largest collection
bought before the advance in prices. You get the benefit of
our early buying.
Our tall and winter underwear and hosiery is now on
our counters at prices never heard of before.
Co?.::Erk Iiidn axd Maix Sts.
"A handful of dirt may be a house
ful of shame." Keep your house
clean with
B. F. Sharpless, Trcs.
BLOOMSBURG
LAND IMPBQYEMEHT COMPANY.
Capital Stock, $30,000.
Plotted property is in the coming business centre of the
town. It includes also part of the factory district, and has no
equal iu desirability for residence purposes.
CHOICE LOTS are offered at values that will be doubled
in a fihort time.
No such opportunity can be had elsewhere to make money.
Lots secured on SMALL MONTHLY PAYMENTS-
Maps of the town and of plotted property furnished on ap
plication. Call upon or write to the Secretary, or J. S. "Woods, Sales
Agent, or any member of the Board of Directors.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
B. F. Suaeplebs; J. L Dillon.
C. W. Neal, A. G. Briggs, Dr. I. W. Willits,
Dr. H. W. McReynolds, N. Tj. Funk.
11-19-
fifties Iow and
Fnr flip finpst and het stnvps. tinware, rnnfincr snnntlnrr
and general job work, go to
t. .!i j: 1 iJi -t-
.
uuuuuigs uccueu uy Meant, nui air ur uui water in a Bausiuc
tnrr mannpr .nnirarv PltimViinnr n snPMnltv.
I have the exclusive control of the Thatcher steam, hot
water and hot air heaters tor this territory, which is acknowl
edged to be the best heater on the market. All work guaran
teed.
W. W. WATTS,
IRON STREET.
IM
WoWD AEi5$iyrELySrE
Cut Chewing Tobacco
following brands of Cigars-
VV. H. MOORE'S
of shoes in the county. All
W. H. floore.
N. U. Funk, Sec. C. II. Campbell, Treas.
Gfcod Work.
vv. vv. watts, on iron street
v w V Y . . w
Rloomsburg. la.
NMO-ly
Popular Magazines
&a TDK Tlic HOME.
&.IRL'
FRANK LESLIE'S
OOPULAR
ll MONTHLY
Contain tch Month i Original Water Color
I runllnplrct 1 I2H Quarto Vgt of Heading
Mntter: 100 New and High -clan Illustra
tion.! Mora Literary Matter and IMuntra
Hunt than any other Mavailne in America.
23 eta. $Ja Year.
Frank Leslie's Pleasant Hours
FOR BOYS AND CIRLS.
A TlrleM, W'hole.nni. Jtironlln Monthly.
Finlv I.IUdlrnttMl. Th bit writers for young
(.eoi'lo oc.it.i ibuto to It. 10 eta. t f 1 a year.
SEKD ALL SUBSCRIPTIONS TO
THE COLUMBIAN, Bloomsburg, Pa.
club: rates.
Tllfi roI.I'VHIAN anil Prnnlr T.pnll'a
Ft'livlar Mtmihly ono your for I3.!0, or
t tils impcr snl I'lmnml Utmr for Hoys
aud Girls, or II. tto.
Undoubtedly the Best Club Offers
f -r Aio IUuAt rated JVm.um Lut, fY.
THE MARKETS.
BLOOMSBURG MARKETS.
OORBIOTID WIIILT. IITAIL rIOII.
Butter per lb $ ,21
Eggs per dozen ,16
Lard per lb .10
Ham per pound ijl
Fork, whole, per pound ,06
Beef, quarter, per pound, ... ,07
Wheat per bushel .75
Oats " " 28
Rye " " 50
Wheat flour per bbl 3.60
Hay per ton 12 to $14
Potatoes per bushel, .30
Turnips " " 15
Onions " " ,e0
Sweet potatoes per peck 25 to .30
Tallow per lb 4J
Shoulder " " u
Side meat " 07
Vinegar, per qt 07
Dried apples per lb .05
Dried cherries, pitted .10
Raspberries ,ia
Cow Hides per lb .3 1
Steer " " oS
CalfSkin 80
Sheep pelts ;,, .75
Shelled corn per bus .60
Corn meal, cwt a.oo
Bran, " I0o
Chon " 1.10
Middlings " 1.10
Chickens per lb new .10
" "old 10
Turkeys " ut
Geese " " .10
Ducks " ' 08
COAL.
No. 6, delivered a. 40
" 4 and s " 3.50
" 6 at yard a. 25
" 4 and s at yard. 3.25
E. A. RAWLINGS.
DEALER IN
t
All Kinds of Meat.
Beef, Veal, Lamb, Mutton,
Pork, Hams, Bacon, Tongues,
Bclogna, &c. Free Delivery
to all parts of the town.
CENTRE STREET.
BLOOMSBURG, PA.
QTTelephone connection.
PATENTS
CaveaU and Trade Marks obtained, and a!'
Patent business conducted tor MobKUATi
FKKS.
Ol'lt OFPIOR IS OPPOSITE TIIK U. 8. PAT
KNT OKFRE. We Have no Bub-agencies, all
business direct, lionee can transact patent busi
ness In less time and at Less Cost than tlioso re
luouj from Washington.
Send model, drawing or photo, with descrlp
tlou. We advise If patentable or not, free of
Charge. Our fee not due till patent Is secured
A book, "How to ubtuln I'akiuta," with refer
ences to actual cllonis In your Btate.C'ouuty, 0
town sunt free. Address
O. A. SNOW A CO.. Washington, D. CI
(Opposite U. 8 Patent oaioe.)
Bring the BaMos.
INSTANTANEOUS PROCESS USED.
Strictly first-class guaranteed photographs,
crayons and copvj at reasonable prices. We
use exclusively the Collolion ArUtotyi pa
peis, thus securing greater beautv of finish
and permanency of results. CAl'WKLU
MARKET SQUARE GALLERY.
Il-2j-ly.
Over Ilartman's Store.
mm
ZJ
GET YOUR
JOB PRINTING
DONE AT THE
COLUMBIAN OFFICE