‘Bellefonte, Pa., September 20, 1929. EE IS m— A HAND ON YOUR SHOULDER. When a man ain’t got a cent, And he’s feeling kind of blue And the clouds hang dark and heavy An’ won't let the sunshine through It’s a great thing, O my brethren, Fer a fellow just to lay His hand upon your shoulder In a friendly sort o’ way. It makes a man feel curious It makes the tear drops start, An’ you sort o’ feel a flutter In the region of your heart - You can’t look up and meet his eyes; You don’t know what to say : When his hand is on your shoulder Le In a friendly sort o‘ way. ~ Oh, the world’s a curious compound, : With it’s honey and it's gall, With its cares and bitter crosses— But a good world after all. An’ a good God must have made it— Leastways, that's what I say When a hand is on my shoulder In a friendly sort o' away. James Whitcomb Riley. rt ee lee THE LOST COAL OF PENNSYLVANIA. _ The wasting hand of time has robbed Pennsylvania of from one hundred to two hundred and fifty times as much coal as has been min- ed and lost in the State. The world thinks of Pennsylvania as a great coal State. So it is, one of the greatest in the world. Starting with only 2 per cent. of the total coal of the country, or 1 per cent of the coal in the world, Pennsylvenia has rob- bed itself for a hundred years to supply the world with coal, until in places to-day the eupheard begins to look bare. +» Without crying over spilled milk, oF Worrying over stolen horses, there may be some satisfaction in know- ing that at one time Pennsylvania was the proud possessor of possibly one-half as much coal as is known to- day in the whole United States, or one fourth as much coal as is known to-day in the whole world. Here are the figures in round num- bers and in short tons: Coal in the world, 8137 billion; United States. 4223 billion; Pennsylvania, 100 bil- lion; mined out and lost 1n Pennsyl- vania, 10 billion; once existed in Pennsylvania 1000 to 2600 billion. How do we know how much coal was originally in Pennsylvania? The coal beds of Pennsylvania were laid down in great swamps about 250 million years ago. They and the en- closing rocks, called the “Coal Meas- ures,” constitute the upper layers of 30,000 to 40,000 feet of rocks that had been accumulating for 400 mil- lion - years in what is now Penn- sylvania. Soon after Coal Measure time the Coal Measures and other rocks were caught in a great crush that squeezed the beds into vast, mountain-like folds, some of which rose to more than four miles above sea level. During the next 150 mil- lion years these folds of rock and coal were gradually worn down to a plain, at that time but iittiz above sea level, but since lifted to a posi- tion a little above present flat mountain tops, which are remnants of that plain. The coal of Pennsyl- vania to-day is only such coal as happened to lie in the bottom of deep folds, folds so deep that the coal in them was below the level of the old plane of erosion and thus was preserved during that long time of carrying away. It was during this time (Mesozoic era) that Pennsylva- nia lost the bulk of its coal. The coal fields of Pennsylvania to- day consist of a big corner of the original mass lying in southwestern Pennsylvania and a few outlying patches preserved in the bottom of deep folds. It is clear that original- ly the coal fields of Pennsylvania in- cluded all of the State from the western boundary to a line a little east or south of the anthracite fields, square miles, and possibly much more. As we have no proof of greater extent we may let it go at that. If, however. we spread the more highly folded parts of the rock out flat our original area would be increased to possibly 44,000 square > a total area of about 39,000 miles. -The quantity of coal that originally lay in this great area is computed by multiplying the area in square: miles’ by the average thickness of coal in feet and that by 1,200,000 (short tons for each foot of thick- ness per square mile.) The thick- ness at any place is obtained by add- ing the average thickness of the sev- eral beds using thousands of measur- | P&. ed sections. Because of the differ- ence in total thickness in various parts of the field, the whole field is divided into segments and an aver- ‘to the fund's creation, toward which age thickness computed for each segment. In doing this account has, been taken of certain facts: (1) | That nowhere do we have the top of the Coal Measures. Everywhere in | the coal fields the highest rocks are ; still coal bearing. This may not be | used in the calculations, but may be assumed to balance any slight over- | estimates in the figures from known | data. (2) The most complete sec- tions of the rocks are found: (a) in; the fund’s annual interest receipts, the extreme southwest corner of the | totalling approximately $2,600,000 State (about 2500 feet); (b) in the | southern Anthracite field (3300: feet), and (¢) in the George's Creek basin west of Cumberland, Mary- land, (2000 feet). forming three cor- | ing to prove that children are lack- It has ing in observation. been assumed that from 2500 to 3000 | feet of rocks and the accompanying | coal beds once existed over all of | the board.” that triangle and went northwestward ners of a great triangle. as far as Crawford county. For ex- ample: In determining the average thickness of coal beds in the north- ern, eastern-middle and western middle anthracite fields from twen- ty to thirty feet additional coal has been added to allow for that thick- ness of the part of the section in the southern anthracite field and absent | pensioners die, in the other fields. So also in the western or bituminous field the pres- ence of the Pittsburgh and other higher coals have been assumed to have been originally present over the whole field, though the thickness value allowed for these higher beds has been judged by general trends in changing thickness as indicated by measurements in outliers that preserve these higher beds. The i total average thickness of the coal in a few of the fields, computed from thousands of actual measurements, is as follows: Southern anthracite field, 143 feet, 7 inches; George's erset county. 31 feet (without the beds above the redstone) Clearfield, Cambria and Somerset counties (lower productive measures only,) 13 feet, increased to 25 feet to al- low for the upper beds now lost; Greene county, 25 feet. These figures led to assuming an average thick- ness of 75 feet over the broad Vai- lemont area lying between Alle- gheny mountain on the west and north or Kittatinny mountain on the east and a general original average of 25 feet over the bitumi- nous fields of Western Pennsylvania. How far east of the anthracite fields the coal beds extended orig- inally is not known. They are here assumed to have extended eastward to a line a few miles east or south of Kittatinny mountain, and north- ward to alittle beyond the farther- most outliers of coal measures in the northern part of the State. The final figure arrived at ‘s 2,600,000, 000,000 tons. This may be called a liberal estimate. A conservative es- timate might cut that figure in two. Probably the actual figures somewhere between the two. Even with the lower figure a trillion tons of coal have been stolen from the ing hand of time or 100 times as much coal as men have yet mined out or lost in mining and ten times as much coal as exists in the State now or did exist when mining began, nnn fp fp remem REPORT EFFECT OF The long drought throughout Pennsylvania, which ended only a few days ago reduced the State's crops during August to the lowest point for the season in many years, according to a report of the federal state crop reporting service. Corn production for August, es- timated at 44,902,000 bushels, fell 18 per cent below the 10-year aver- age. 037,000 bushels. The crop, it was reported, fell five bushels per acre below yield. The potato crop is at its lowest point since 1911 with the Septem- ber 1 forecast set at 23,228,000 bush- els, nearly 8,000,000 bushels below last year’s harvest, and 7.3 per cent below normal. : While the oats yield of 31,262,000 bushels is nearly 6,000,000 ‘bushels below the five year average, the con- dition of the oats is good, the re- port stated. The 37,159,000 bushels buckwheat crop is the lowest on record. The crop reporting service fore- cast a. production of 6,033,000 bush- els of apples, which is 183,000 bush- els lower than August 1 prediction. Tobacco production is at its low- est point since 1913, with only 46,- 264,000 pounds expected. as compar- ed with last year’s crop of 49,580,- 000 pounds. Hay was described as a good crop with a harvest of 4,182,000 tons, but there will be no second cutting this year because of the lack of moisture, it was reported. TEACHERS PENSIONS © $98,152 IN MONTH. Treasurer Edward Martin, said, the State’s Teachers’ Retirement Fund paid $98,152.69 to 1978 superannua- ted and disabled school teachers. The fund, Gen. Martin revealed now has a reserve of approximately $64 - investments since the creation of the fund July 1, 1919 ,total approximate- ly $10,500,000. H. H. ish for- merly of Altoona, is fund secretary. Between July 1, 1919 and July 1, 1929, Pennsylvania teachers paid in- to the fund a total of $26,258,641.15. the rates ranging from three and one- | third to six and three tenths per cent of the salaries depending upon their age at entrance. The Common- I wealth and the various school dis- tricts paid an equal sum plus the cost of payments. for service prior the State itself pays nothing. With- in ten years. says Gen. Martin this yment will end, and payments to the fund will be fifty-fifty «from teachers and from the State and dis- tricts. : ‘The variation in the number or teachers paid during ‘August and July, said Gen. Martin, may be at- tributable to the fact that deaths occurred: Each year over a hundred he said, the deaths per month ranging from two to fif- teen or twenty. Some of the fund's pensioners are over 80 years of age. During the ten years ending July 1, 1929, the total paid in allowances was $4,875,000. This is Jess than but as time passes the payments will increase in total amount. The supervisor of school was try- To. the children he said, “Now, children tell me a number to put on Some child said “Thirty-six,” The supervisor wrote sixty-three. He asked for another number and seventy-six was given. He wrote sixty-seven. : When a. third number was asked a child who had apparently paid no attention: called out, “Theventy- theven, Change that, you old thuck- er.” Jk af af 3 Creek, Maryland, field 78 feet; Som-' are Pennslyvania coal bin by the wast-' in the State, DROUGHT ON CROPS. The 1928 production was 50,- the estimated prospective 000,000. Interest and earnings on TELEPHONING FROM AN AIRPLANE | Y\ SSS SISS= \ lL La La [a 1H 2A | F rr rar Ee pepe ’ Fo > ” SUAS a The above etching illustrates how two-way communication is established between a person in an airplane and a telephone subscriber on land. The message from the airplane is picked up by the transmitting station (left) placed on telephone wires, and speeded to the telephone of the distant subscriber. . | Rep or ers in Plane Telephone To Offices Many Miles Away Bell Laboratories’ Engineers Supervise Successful : Tests Conducted Over Hadley Field; | ‘Method Acclaimed by Aviators I re Aviators throughout the country | are acclaiming the development of a new form of radio-telephony, which enables a flier while aloft to establish and maintain two-way communication with telephone subscribers on land. A group of newspaper reporters { and telephone experts recently tested the radio-telephone equipment while flying over Hadley Field, N. J., and successfully established contact with telephones located as far as 25 to 30 miles distant. guns ' The tests were conducted under the supervision of engineers from the Bell Telephone Laboratories, New York, and the Western Electric Company, who have perfected the equipment which makes possible this ingenious new method of communication. For several hours, through adverse weather conditions, calls were put through the transmitting Spparatys in the airplane for telephone si scribers on land. In each instance SE Cw cthe tained and communication established. Special devices prevent the conversa- tions from being marred by the noise of the airplane motor or other dis- turbing sounds. The receiving of conversations in an airplane is made possible through the amplification of signals picked up ' by a four-foot aerial mast connected to a specially built four-tube receiver. A generator propelled by the wind nd attached to one of the struts on A role: fOweE is operate the receiving apparatus. For trans- mission purposes, a 50-watt set, con- nected to a trailing wire antenna 40 feet long, is used. Power for trans- mission of the voice is provided by a generator geared to the airplane mo- tor. The signals sent from the plane over Hadley Field were picked up at Whippany, N. J., in the Bell Labora- tories testing station, and sent ev telephone wires from that point. MAKING SHEEY GROW » MORE WOUL AND MUTTON Elaborating on the details of his scheme to create a species of super sheep, Dr. Serge Voronoff, celebrat- | 8} ed rejuvenation expert, made certain revelations which in some circles will be construed as the most dramatic challenge in surgical history. : Dr. Voronoff said he would invite skeptics of the world. including those not convinced of his animal gland graft theory, to attend a public dem- | onstration he intends to give at the | international sheep congress in Paris in 1932. The rejuvenation expert be- lieves one demonstration will be “Du ring t1% MODEL of August. State Sabugh to convince the most skepti- | “Like all research workers,” Dr. Voronoff said, “I naturally blunder- 1ed in my experiments until IT discov- ' ered certain mistakes which were re- , vealed only after years of experience. ! “For instance, when I first got the idea of creating super sheep I be- lieved that since, when I grafted an old ram with a young gland, the old animal became rejuvenated; that if I grafted a young ram with an equally young gland I would pro- ‘ duce a super rejuvenated type. “While this is true to a certain extent I later came to the conclusion that even better results could be obtained if, roughly speaking, I graft- ed the gland of a middleaged ram— fully developed. but still compara- tively young—on a young ram, in- stead of an under-developed young gland on a young ram. This is on the same principle as a child’s growth, which is greater be- tween the years of 12 and 18 than between birth and 12, because in lat- er years the gland secretions follow- ing puberty stimulate the develop- ment of the rest of the body to a greater extent. : “I am so convinced that this theory is correct that I decided to accede to the numerous requests of the French government and many private sheep owners to graft a num- ber of their rams and create for them a new race of animals. “However, in view of the skepti- cism in my previous experiments, I decided that this time I would re- strict mysef to actual operations, af- ter which a committee of distin- guished professors of the National School of Agriculture and the Na- tional Veterinary School could sup- ervise the grafted animals monthly and study their development, growth, the length of their wool and their quality as compared with the un- grafted animals. : “At the Paris conference in 1932 the rest of the world can see the product of my éxperiments.” Dr. Voronoff concluded the inter- view by saying that the whole thing was very simple. : “Just like gardeners force nature to produce - overgrown fruit. I now force the growth of super sheep.” HOOVER IS 15TH PRESIDENT WITH WELSH BLOOD. President Herbert Hoover is claim- ‘ed by Welsh historians and genealo- ists as the 15th President of the United States whose ancestry can be traced back to the noted little country in the southern part of the British Isles, long ago merged into the government of Great Britain. The statement is being proclaimed with pride by Welsh organizations in the country, who enlisted the aid of a genealogist as well as that of Secre- tary of Labor Davis, a native of Wales, in establishing the ancestry of Mr. Hoover. The Welsh blood of the President comes from the maternal side of his family, according to the tracings of genealogists. The Druid, a Welsh publication in Pittsburgh, says that a few years ago President Hoover stated that he was related to Gener- al Nelson A. Miles, famous Indian fighter on his maternal side. Gener- al Miles was known as of Welsh descent. ‘The first Hoover, according to the American Heraldy Society, came to the United States in 1740 and settled | in Maryland. He was Andrew Hoov- er, born in’ Baden, Germany. He married Margaret Fountz. A son, John Hoover, went to North Carolina and thence to Ohio and married Sarah Burket. Their son, Jesse Hoover, settled at West Branch, Towa, which became the Hoover home for many years. President Hoover’s mother’s name was Hulda Randall Minthorn. Fam- ily names of other women in the Hoover clan were Rebecca Yount and Mary Davis. The name Hoover is given by Har- ry M. Hoover, author of the “Huer- Hoover Family History,” as essen- tially Dutch or German in its origin. The original spelling was “Huber” this being derived from the old Ger- | man word, Hube pronounced Hubay. The word “Hube” was said to mean the possessor of a tract of land. In German the name is pronounced ‘Huver’ which is said to have led to the variation of Hoover in the Eng- lish tongue. The name is also found as Huber, Hover and Hoober in the United States. All of the coats.of arms of the various branches of the Hoover fam- ily, it is said, indicate land owner- ship and industry. The Welsh claimants of a partof the ancestry of the President also declare that the last three Presidents, including the late President Harding and ex-President Coolidge. all had Welsh - blood in their veins. The mother of ex-President Harding. it is. claimed, could speak the Welsh language. : se Welsh societies have long claimed that their people have shown a re- markable aptitude for public life and | politics. The achivements of Lloyd George in British politics are pointed to as an example of their power in the British Isles. | FOR AND ABOUT WOMEN. Daily Thought. Opportunity knocks but once; knockers, please copy. other —Life. —Fancies are realities in the mil- linery world this season. There is scarcely a designer of importance who does not feature feather or fabric ornaments in the current collections. Of course, many hats rely solely on twists and other manipulations to achieve the desired smartness and necessary ornamentation, but those creations embellished with small aigrettes and ostrich, the latter in most cases of the glycerined variety, were in more than one instance quite the success of the day. i “The closely fitting toque is the principal millinery silhouette at pres- ent, but a very new and interesting note is the draped brim that is flex- ible enough to be pulled to frame the face at the wearer's discretion. i Of course such brims are of velvet doubled over and back, and care | must be exercised to prevent a“flop- py” effect that is not at all de rigeur with winter clothes. —Cutting up and piecing-in seems to have been a popular pastime in more than one atelier during the torrid season. Its results are pleas- ingly reflected in many of the new frocks just disclosed to view. Many dresses rely solely on such detail for their trimming and em- bellishment, the tailored tweed variety. The vogue for tweed has given new emphasis to the black-and-white mode, and with all black accessories lends a refreshing smartness to y rest and sports wear. © —The eye has become accustom- ed to the short-waisted, long-skirted gowns, and we find them very pret- ty on slender women. Sometimes, even if the bodice be long and slim, the natural waist is marked by a rib- bon tied at this point. Several houses do this, Worth and Augusta Bernard among them. while Louise Boulanger puts a suede belt at the waist of some of her long, slim, chif- fon gowns, and Lanvin adds a nar- row belt of the material at this point, even though her bodices be ‘ sheath-like almost to the knee. —The longer bob. or the short but full or fluffy bob, is back again and I believe it is because of the longer skirts. You know, we would look terribly out of proportion in long , skirts and a sleek hair arrangement that made our heads appear small. , This happens, however, and the effect is ex- tremely good, especially in models of ! an unmarketable. condition. A———————————m——————— A —— | _ FARM NOTES. ! Select seed corn in the field. Gather only well-formed and ma- tured ears from healthy, vigorous, well-rooted plants having n stalks and yellow husks. About 15 medium-sized ears will plant an acre, but save twice as much as will be needed for planting if possible.. —The best time to select fruit for exhibition is during the harvest season. Save more than you will need and give it special care to pre- vent bruises, punctures, and other Injuries, say Penn State fruit special- 8, —Now is the time to prepare the beds for fall bulbs. Some of these should not be set until late in Oc tober, but time will be saved by hav- ing the beds ready at planting time. Dig down to a depth of one foot, pulverize the soil and mix it with leaf mold and sand, State College specialists recommend. — —A good farm machinery shed or soon pay for itself by prolong- the life of the tools it protects. only when the shed is used for its intended purpose. Machinery left standing in the field after the seasonal use is past gets no protection from the de- structive elements, regardless of the fact that there may be a good shelter for it. Make both machinery and shed pay for themselves by in- troducing them to each other. —Over 463,000 individual dog li- censes were issued during the first six months this year, according to the Pennnsylvania Department of Agriculture. Latest reports to the Bureau of Animal Industry indicate that 16,871 more dogs were licensed to July 1, this year, than during the corresponding period a year ago. Likewise over 1000 more worthless dogs have been killed and ap- proximately 1200 more dog owners have been prosecuted for violating the law this year than a year ago. —AIll chickens intended for the early market should receive as much food as they will consume four times daily. Under good management it is pos- sible to add half a pound weekly to the weight of birds which have been specially bred for the table. | Of course. in every flock there will always be a few birds with a ten- dency to put on very little flesh—in fact, there is often some difficulty in maintaining their weight. Such birds should be marketed without delay. If kept for special fattening they frequently drift into | —To prepare peach salad, arrange, —Early hatched pullets that start halves of quite large peaches, hol- tolay in October and November are low sides up. on dainty salad plates; usually the most profitable egg pro- which have been lined with crisp ducers. High egg prices occur in ' green lettuce leaves or endive. the early fall and winter months. Chop hearts of celery and a Before the pullets begin production quarter of a cup of almonds very they should be fully matured and well- fine, and mix with a package of fleshed. It is advisable to feed a cream cheese. Fill the cavity inthe liberal amount of grain now in or- peach with the mixture. Cover with' der to build up a surplus of flesh. the other side of the peach. : Spread over with mayonnaise, and top with a little dab of soft cran- meadows, gardens and cultivated berry jelly. Sprinkle with parsley. crops in many counties of the State. Have you ever tried Peaches in Keep the shoots cut down to com- Meringue Nests? It’s a dainty way Pletely starve the root stalks. In to serve peaches. Beat the whites large areas frequent cultivation, as of six eggs to a stiff dry froth, add in check-rowed corn, with hand hoe- 2 cups of sugar a little at a time, Ing for stray shoots and after culti- and beat. Add a teaspoon of vanilla vation is a good control method. and a teaspoon of vinegar. Press Smother Crops or summer fallow the mixture through a pastry tube Will also control this pest. to shape the “Nests.” i — Bake in a very slow oven for forty ~~ —Flea bettles have damaged ear- minutes or longer. . ly potatoes very severely and killed Put half a ripe peach in each nest, the vines. Even the small potatoes dust it with powdered sugar,and are rough, showing the pimply con- pile with sweetened whipped cream. dition caused by flea beetles. Some Peach Fritters may be served as growers and consumers confuse the an individual brakfast dish, or they pimples with potato scab, but there ‘may figure prominently in the din- is no relationship. ner menu as an accompaniment for: With abundance of the second the entree. Either way they are so brood flea beetles attacking late po- good. Beat together three eggs and a tatoes, severe damage will occur tablespoonful of sugar. within the next few days unless am- Slowly add a half cup of warmed ple protection is afforded. milk. Then sift together one cup Bordeaux mixture alone will not of flour, a teaspoon of baking pow- control the flea beetles. Arsenate of der ,and a quarter teaspoon of salt lead or calcium arsenate must be us- Peel and slice a dozen ripe peaches, ed to put the insects out of business. and mix them into the batter. i Three to four pounds of arsenate of Drop from a spoon into deep fat lead or calcium arsenate to 100 gal and fry to a light brown. Drain on lons of spray is recommended. The waxed paper. application must be thorough and —A peach sauce can do wonders can best be made with the —Horse nettle grows in pastures; i to a piece of stale cake; it's a good idea to have a recipe for it in your cookery file. Dissolve two table- spoons of confectioner’s sugar in three tablespoons of boiling water. Stir in a half cup of marshmallows which will be immediately softened by the water. Add a teaspoon of lemon juice and a half cup of crush- ed peaches, beater until light and frothy. —Cucumber is one of nature's own cosmetics. Try using a slice of cucumber instead of soap for wash- ing your face. Don't ever throw away the rind. Boilit and use the water for washing your face . —Babies should not be taken to see moving pictures—a child should be at least six years old before indulg. ing in this recreation. Depends upon the strength and general health of the baby—some babies sit up about the sixth month, but there is no hard and fast rule governing this. Prune Coffee Cake. — Cream % cup sugar and 4 tablespoons but- ter. Add 2 eggs, well beaten. Sift together 2 cups flour, 2 teaspoons baking powder and 12 teaspoon salt, ‘and alternate with 3% to 8% cup milk until you have a very soft dough. Pour into a greased baking .pan. Top with prunes that have ‘been soaked and stoned: Sprinkle with a mixture of 14 cup hrown sugar and % Bake. in a moderate oven twenty- five minutes. Boy: Can a person be punished for something he hasn't done?” Teacher: Of course not.” Boy: “Well I haven't done my geometry.” ; and beat with an egg, | teaspoon cinnamon. ! sprayer boom lowered and the noz- zles turned upward. ! —Bees often take up their abode where they are not wanted, as in a cavity in a wall. A good way to get them out is to put a bee “escape” over the entrance to the cavity, so the bees can get out but not in. A cone of wire cloth about ¢§ inches high with a hole at the apex ‘ just large enough for one bee tc pass through will serve as an escape. A regular hive should be placed beside the entrance for the return of the escaped bees. The queen remains in the old cavity anc ! goes on laying eggs, but as the colo. {ny is quickly reduced in size the quantity of brood decreases. The younger bees leave the cavity anc join ‘the bees in the hive. A new queen should be given to the bees ir the hive as soon as possible. , After about four weeks, remove the bee escape and make as large a hole as possible at the entrance of the cavity. The bees will go in for the honey and carry it to the hive For this method to work successful: ly, it is necessary that the bees have only one exit from the cavity. —White pine blister rust leads s double life like Doctor Jekyll anc Mr. Hyde of literary fame. | Early in the spring a type of spores which cannot infect pine is form. ed on the pine trees. These infect currants and gooseberries. A shori time later a type of spores whick | can infect only the berries is formec {on the currants and gooseberries. Ir the fall, spores which will infect { white pines are formed on the ber. ry plants. Fortunately, these spore: are shortlived and can spread only | short distances.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers