‘Bellefonte, Pa., September 20, 1929.
EE IS m—
A HAND ON YOUR SHOULDER.
When a man ain’t got a cent,
And he’s feeling kind of blue
And the clouds hang dark and heavy
An’ won't let the sunshine through
It’s a great thing, O my brethren,
Fer a fellow just to lay
His hand upon your shoulder
In a friendly sort o’ way.
It makes a man feel curious
It makes the tear drops start,
An’ you sort o’ feel a flutter
In the region of your heart -
You can’t look up and meet his eyes;
You don’t know what to say
: When his hand is on your shoulder
Le In a friendly sort o‘ way.
~ Oh, the world’s a curious compound,
: With it’s honey and it's gall,
With its cares and bitter crosses—
But a good world after all.
An’ a good God must have made it—
Leastways, that's what I say
When a hand is on my shoulder
In a friendly sort o' away.
James Whitcomb Riley.
rt ee lee
THE LOST COAL OF
PENNSYLVANIA.
_ The wasting hand of time has
robbed Pennsylvania of from one
hundred to two hundred and fifty
times as much coal as has been min-
ed and lost in the State. The world
thinks of Pennsylvania as a great
coal State. So it is, one of the
greatest in the world. Starting with
only 2 per cent. of the total coal of
the country, or 1 per cent of the coal
in the world, Pennsylvenia has rob-
bed itself for a hundred years to
supply the world with coal, until
in places to-day the eupheard begins
to look bare.
+» Without crying over spilled milk,
oF Worrying over stolen horses, there
may be some satisfaction in know-
ing that at one time Pennsylvania
was the proud possessor of possibly
one-half as much coal as is known to-
day in the whole United States, or
one fourth as much coal as is known
to-day in the whole world.
Here are the figures in round num-
bers and in short tons: Coal in the
world, 8137 billion; United States.
4223 billion; Pennsylvania, 100 bil-
lion; mined out and lost 1n Pennsyl-
vania, 10 billion; once existed in
Pennsylvania 1000 to 2600 billion.
How do we know how much coal
was originally in Pennsylvania? The
coal beds of Pennsylvania were laid
down in great swamps about 250
million years ago. They and the en-
closing rocks, called the “Coal Meas-
ures,” constitute the upper layers
of 30,000 to 40,000 feet of rocks that
had been accumulating for 400 mil-
lion - years in what is now Penn-
sylvania. Soon after Coal Measure
time the Coal Measures and other
rocks were caught in a great crush
that squeezed the beds into vast,
mountain-like folds, some of which
rose to more than four miles above
sea level. During the next 150 mil-
lion years these folds of rock and
coal were gradually worn down to a
plain, at that time but iittiz above
sea level, but since lifted to a posi-
tion a little above present flat
mountain tops, which are remnants
of that plain. The coal of Pennsyl-
vania to-day is only such coal as
happened to lie in the bottom of
deep folds, folds so deep that the
coal in them was below the level of
the old plane of erosion and thus was
preserved during that long time of
carrying away. It was during this
time (Mesozoic era) that Pennsylva-
nia lost the bulk of its coal.
The coal fields of Pennsylvania to-
day consist of a big corner of the
original mass lying in southwestern
Pennsylvania and a few outlying
patches preserved in the bottom of
deep folds. It is clear that original-
ly the coal fields of Pennsylvania in-
cluded all of the State from the
western boundary to a line a little
east or south of the anthracite
fields,
square miles, and possibly much
more. As we have no proof of
greater extent we may let it go at
that. If, however. we spread the
more highly folded parts of the rock
out flat our original area would be
increased to possibly 44,000 square
>
a total area of about 39,000
miles.
-The quantity of coal that originally
lay in this great area is computed
by multiplying the area in square:
miles’ by the average thickness of
coal in feet and that by 1,200,000
(short tons for each foot of thick-
ness per square mile.) The thick-
ness at any place is obtained by add-
ing the average thickness of the sev-
eral beds using thousands of measur- | P&.
ed sections. Because of the differ-
ence in total thickness in various
parts of the field, the whole field is
divided into segments and an aver-
‘to the fund's creation, toward which
age thickness computed for each
segment. In doing this account has,
been taken of certain facts: (1) |
That nowhere do we have the top of
the Coal Measures. Everywhere in |
the coal fields the highest rocks are ;
still coal bearing. This may not be |
used in the calculations, but may be
assumed to balance any slight over- |
estimates in the figures from known |
data. (2) The most complete sec-
tions of the rocks are found: (a) in; the fund’s annual interest receipts,
the extreme southwest corner of the | totalling approximately $2,600,000
State (about 2500 feet); (b) in the |
southern Anthracite field (3300:
feet), and (¢) in the George's Creek
basin west of Cumberland, Mary-
land, (2000 feet). forming three cor- | ing to prove that children are lack-
It has ing in observation.
been assumed that from 2500 to 3000 |
feet of rocks and the accompanying |
coal beds once existed over all of | the board.”
that triangle and went northwestward
ners of a great triangle.
as far as Crawford county. For ex-
ample: In determining the average
thickness of coal beds in the north-
ern, eastern-middle and western
middle anthracite fields from twen-
ty to thirty feet additional coal has
been added to allow for that thick-
ness of the part of the section in the
southern anthracite field and absent
| pensioners die,
in the other fields. So also in the
western or bituminous field the pres-
ence of the Pittsburgh and other
higher coals have been assumed to
have been originally present over the
whole field, though the thickness
value allowed for these higher beds
has been judged by general trends
in changing thickness as indicated
by measurements in outliers that
preserve these higher beds. The
i total average thickness of the coal
in a few of the fields, computed from
thousands of actual measurements,
is as follows: Southern anthracite
field, 143 feet, 7 inches; George's
erset county. 31 feet (without the
beds above the redstone) Clearfield,
Cambria and Somerset counties
(lower productive measures only,)
13 feet, increased to 25 feet to al-
low for the upper beds now lost;
Greene county, 25 feet. These figures
led to assuming an average thick-
ness of 75 feet over the broad Vai-
lemont area lying between Alle-
gheny mountain on the west and
north or Kittatinny mountain on
the east and a general original
average of 25 feet over the bitumi-
nous fields of Western Pennsylvania.
How far east of the anthracite
fields the coal beds extended orig-
inally is not known. They are here
assumed to have extended eastward
to a line a few miles east or south
of Kittatinny mountain, and north-
ward to alittle beyond the farther-
most outliers of coal measures in
the northern part of the State. The
final figure arrived at ‘s 2,600,000,
000,000 tons. This may be called a
liberal estimate. A conservative es-
timate might cut that figure in two.
Probably the actual figures
somewhere between the two. Even
with the lower figure a trillion tons
of coal have been stolen from the
ing hand of time or 100 times as
much coal as men have yet mined
out or lost in mining
and ten times as much coal as exists
in the State now or did exist when
mining began,
nnn fp fp remem
REPORT EFFECT OF
The long drought throughout
Pennsylvania, which ended only a
few days ago reduced the State's
crops during August to the lowest
point for the season in many years,
according to a report of the federal
state crop reporting service.
Corn production for August, es-
timated at 44,902,000 bushels, fell
18 per cent below the 10-year aver-
age.
037,000 bushels. The crop, it was
reported, fell five bushels per acre
below
yield.
The potato crop is at its lowest
point since 1911 with the Septem-
ber 1 forecast set at 23,228,000 bush-
els, nearly 8,000,000 bushels below
last year’s harvest, and 7.3 per cent
below normal. :
While the oats yield of 31,262,000
bushels is nearly 6,000,000 ‘bushels
below the five year average, the con-
dition of the oats is good, the re-
port stated.
The 37,159,000 bushels buckwheat
crop is the lowest on record.
The crop reporting service fore-
cast a. production of 6,033,000 bush-
els of apples, which is 183,000 bush-
els lower than August 1 prediction.
Tobacco production is at its low-
est point since 1913, with only 46,-
264,000 pounds expected. as compar-
ed with last year’s crop of 49,580,-
000 pounds.
Hay was described as a good crop
with a harvest of 4,182,000 tons,
but there will be no second cutting
this year because of the lack of
moisture, it was reported.
TEACHERS PENSIONS
© $98,152 IN MONTH.
Treasurer Edward Martin, said, the
State’s Teachers’ Retirement Fund
paid $98,152.69 to 1978 superannua-
ted and disabled school teachers.
The fund, Gen. Martin revealed now
has a reserve of approximately $64 -
investments since the creation of the
fund July 1, 1919 ,total approximate-
ly $10,500,000. H. H. ish for-
merly of Altoona, is fund secretary.
Between July 1, 1919 and July 1,
1929, Pennsylvania teachers paid in-
to the fund a total of $26,258,641.15.
the rates ranging from three and one- |
third to six and three tenths per cent
of the salaries depending upon their
age at entrance. The Common- I
wealth and the various school dis-
tricts paid an equal sum plus the
cost of payments. for service prior
the State itself pays nothing. With-
in ten years. says Gen. Martin this
yment will end, and payments to
the fund will be fifty-fifty «from
teachers and from the State and dis-
tricts. :
‘The variation in the number or
teachers paid during ‘August and
July, said Gen. Martin, may be at-
tributable to the fact that deaths
occurred: Each year over a hundred
he said, the deaths
per month ranging from two to fif-
teen or twenty. Some of the fund's
pensioners are over 80 years of age.
During the ten years ending July
1, 1929, the total paid in allowances
was $4,875,000. This is Jess than
but as time passes the payments
will increase in total amount.
The supervisor of school was try-
To. the children he said, “Now,
children tell me a number to put on
Some child said “Thirty-six,” The
supervisor wrote sixty-three.
He asked for another number and
seventy-six was given. He wrote
sixty-seven. :
When a. third number was asked
a child who had apparently paid no
attention: called out, “Theventy-
theven, Change that, you old thuck-
er.” Jk af af 3
Creek, Maryland, field 78 feet; Som-'
are
Pennslyvania coal bin by the wast-'
in the State,
DROUGHT ON CROPS.
The 1928 production was 50,-
the estimated prospective
000,000. Interest and earnings on
TELEPHONING FROM AN AIRPLANE |
Y\
SSS SISS=
\
lL La La
[a
1H
2A | F
rr rar
Ee pepe
’
Fo > ”
SUAS
a
The above etching illustrates how two-way communication is established
between a person in an airplane and a telephone subscriber on land. The
message from the airplane is picked up by the transmitting station (left)
placed on telephone wires, and speeded to the telephone of the distant
subscriber. .
| Rep
or ers in Plane Telephone
To Offices Many Miles Away
Bell Laboratories’ Engineers Supervise Successful
: Tests Conducted Over Hadley Field;
| ‘Method Acclaimed by Aviators
I re
Aviators throughout the country
| are acclaiming the development of
a new form of radio-telephony, which
enables a flier while aloft to establish
and maintain two-way communication
with telephone subscribers on land.
A group of newspaper reporters
{ and telephone experts recently tested
the radio-telephone equipment while
flying over Hadley Field, N. J., and
successfully established contact with
telephones located as far as 25 to 30
miles distant. guns
' The tests were conducted under the
supervision of engineers from the Bell
Telephone Laboratories, New York,
and the Western Electric Company,
who have perfected the equipment
which makes possible this ingenious
new method of communication.
For several hours, through adverse
weather conditions, calls were put
through the transmitting Spparatys
in the airplane for telephone si
scribers on land. In each instance
SE
Cw cthe
tained and communication established.
Special devices prevent the conversa-
tions from being marred by the noise
of the airplane motor or other dis-
turbing sounds.
The receiving of conversations in
an airplane is made possible through
the amplification of signals picked up '
by a four-foot aerial mast connected
to a specially built four-tube receiver.
A generator propelled by the wind
nd attached to one of the struts on
A role: fOweE is operate
the receiving apparatus. For trans-
mission purposes, a 50-watt set, con-
nected to a trailing wire antenna 40
feet long, is used. Power for trans-
mission of the voice is provided by a
generator geared to the airplane mo-
tor.
The signals sent from the plane
over Hadley Field were picked up at
Whippany, N. J., in the Bell Labora-
tories testing station, and sent ev
telephone wires from that point.
MAKING SHEEY GROW »
MORE WOUL AND MUTTON
Elaborating on the details of his
scheme to create a species of super
sheep, Dr. Serge Voronoff, celebrat- | 8}
ed rejuvenation expert, made certain
revelations which in some circles will
be construed as the most dramatic
challenge in surgical history. :
Dr. Voronoff said he would invite
skeptics of the world. including those
not convinced of his animal gland
graft theory, to attend a public dem-
| onstration he intends to give at the
| international sheep congress in Paris
in 1932. The rejuvenation expert be-
lieves one demonstration will be
“Du ring t1% MODEL of August. State Sabugh to convince the most skepti-
| “Like all research workers,” Dr.
Voronoff said, “I naturally blunder-
1ed in my experiments until IT discov-
' ered certain mistakes which were re-
, vealed only after years of experience.
! “For instance, when I first got the
idea of creating super sheep I be-
lieved that since, when I grafted an
old ram with a young gland, the old
animal became rejuvenated; that if
I grafted a young ram with an
equally young gland I would pro-
‘ duce a super rejuvenated type.
“While this is true to a certain
extent I later came to the conclusion
that even better results could be
obtained if, roughly speaking, I graft-
ed the gland of a middleaged ram—
fully developed. but still compara-
tively young—on a young ram, in-
stead of an under-developed young
gland on a young ram.
This is on the same principle as a
child’s growth, which is greater be-
tween the years of 12 and 18 than
between birth and 12, because in lat-
er years the gland secretions follow-
ing puberty stimulate the develop-
ment of the rest of the body to a
greater extent. :
“I am so convinced that this
theory is correct that I decided to
accede to the numerous requests of
the French government and many
private sheep owners to graft a num-
ber of their rams and create for
them a new race of animals.
“However, in view of the skepti-
cism in my previous experiments, I
decided that this time I would re-
strict mysef to actual operations, af-
ter which a committee of distin-
guished professors of the National
School of Agriculture and the Na-
tional Veterinary School could sup-
ervise the grafted animals monthly
and study their development, growth,
the length of their wool and their
quality as compared with the un-
grafted animals. :
“At the Paris conference in 1932
the rest of the world can see the
product of my éxperiments.”
Dr. Voronoff concluded the inter-
view by saying that the whole thing
was very simple. :
“Just like gardeners force nature
to produce - overgrown fruit. I now
force the growth of super sheep.”
HOOVER IS 15TH PRESIDENT
WITH WELSH BLOOD.
President Herbert Hoover is claim-
‘ed by Welsh historians and genealo-
ists as the 15th President of the
United States whose ancestry can
be traced back to the noted little
country in the southern part of the
British Isles, long ago merged into
the government of Great Britain.
The statement is being proclaimed
with pride by Welsh organizations in
the country, who enlisted the aid of
a genealogist as well as that of Secre-
tary of Labor Davis, a native of
Wales, in establishing the ancestry
of Mr. Hoover.
The Welsh blood of the President
comes from the maternal side of his
family, according to the tracings of
genealogists. The Druid, a Welsh
publication in Pittsburgh, says that
a few years ago President Hoover
stated that he was related to Gener-
al Nelson A. Miles, famous Indian
fighter on his maternal side. Gener-
al Miles was known as of Welsh
descent.
‘The first Hoover, according to the
American Heraldy Society, came to
the United States in 1740 and settled |
in Maryland. He was Andrew Hoov-
er, born in’ Baden, Germany. He
married Margaret Fountz.
A son, John Hoover, went to
North Carolina and thence to Ohio
and married Sarah Burket. Their
son, Jesse Hoover, settled at West
Branch, Towa, which became the
Hoover home for many years.
President Hoover’s mother’s name
was Hulda Randall Minthorn. Fam-
ily names of other women in the
Hoover clan were Rebecca Yount
and Mary Davis.
The name Hoover is given by Har-
ry M. Hoover, author of the “Huer-
Hoover Family History,” as essen-
tially Dutch or German in its origin.
The original spelling was “Huber”
this being derived from the old Ger- |
man word, Hube pronounced Hubay.
The word “Hube” was said to
mean the possessor of a tract of land.
In German the name is pronounced
‘Huver’ which is said to have led to
the variation of Hoover in the Eng-
lish tongue. The name is also
found as Huber, Hover and Hoober
in the United States.
All of the coats.of arms of the
various branches of the Hoover fam-
ily, it is said, indicate land owner-
ship and industry.
The Welsh claimants of a partof
the ancestry of the President also
declare that the last three Presidents,
including the late President Harding
and ex-President Coolidge. all had
Welsh - blood in their veins. The
mother of ex-President Harding. it
is. claimed, could speak the Welsh
language. : se
Welsh societies have long claimed
that their people have shown a re-
markable aptitude for public life and |
politics. The achivements of Lloyd
George in British politics are pointed
to as an example of their power in the
British Isles.
|
FOR AND ABOUT WOMEN.
Daily Thought.
Opportunity knocks but once;
knockers, please copy.
other
—Life.
—Fancies are realities in the mil-
linery world this season. There is
scarcely a designer of importance who
does not feature feather or fabric
ornaments in the current collections.
Of course, many hats rely solely
on twists and other manipulations
to achieve the desired smartness and
necessary ornamentation, but those
creations embellished with small
aigrettes and ostrich, the latter in
most cases of the glycerined variety,
were in more than one instance quite
the success of the day.
i “The closely fitting toque is the
principal millinery silhouette at pres-
ent, but a very new and interesting
note is the draped brim that is flex-
ible enough to be pulled to frame the
face at the wearer's discretion.
i Of course such brims are of velvet
doubled over and back, and care |
must be exercised to prevent a“flop-
py” effect that is not at all de rigeur
with winter clothes.
—Cutting up and piecing-in seems
to have been a popular pastime in
more than one atelier during the
torrid season. Its results are pleas-
ingly reflected in many of the new
frocks just disclosed to view.
Many dresses rely solely on such
detail for their trimming and em-
bellishment,
the tailored tweed variety.
The vogue for tweed has given
new emphasis to the black-and-white
mode, and with all black accessories
lends a refreshing smartness to
y rest and sports wear.
© —The eye has become accustom-
ed to the short-waisted, long-skirted
gowns, and we find them very pret-
ty on slender women. Sometimes,
even if the bodice be long and slim,
the natural waist is marked by a rib-
bon tied at this point. Several
houses do this, Worth and Augusta
Bernard among them. while Louise
Boulanger puts a suede belt at the
waist of some of her long, slim, chif-
fon gowns, and Lanvin adds a nar-
row belt of the material at this
point, even though her bodices be
‘ sheath-like almost to the knee.
—The longer bob. or the short but
full or fluffy bob, is back again and
I believe it is because of the longer
skirts. You know, we would look
terribly out of proportion in long
, skirts and a sleek hair arrangement
that made our heads appear small.
, This happens, however,
and the effect is ex-
tremely good, especially in models of
! an unmarketable. condition.
A———————————m——————— A ——
| _ FARM NOTES.
! Select seed corn in the field.
Gather only well-formed and ma-
tured ears from healthy, vigorous,
well-rooted plants having n
stalks and yellow husks. About 15
medium-sized ears will plant an
acre, but save twice as much as will
be needed for planting if possible..
—The best time to select fruit
for exhibition is during the harvest
season. Save more than you will
need and give it special care to pre-
vent bruises, punctures, and other
Injuries, say Penn State fruit special-
8,
—Now is the time to prepare the
beds for fall bulbs. Some of these
should not be set until late in Oc
tober, but time will be saved by hav-
ing the beds ready at planting time.
Dig down to a depth of one foot,
pulverize the soil and mix it with
leaf mold and sand, State College
specialists recommend.
—
—A good farm machinery shed
or soon pay for itself by prolong-
the life of the tools it protects.
only when
the shed is used for its intended
purpose. Machinery left standing in
the field after the seasonal use is
past gets no protection from the de-
structive elements, regardless of
the fact that there may be a good
shelter for it. Make both machinery
and shed pay for themselves by in-
troducing them to each other.
—Over 463,000 individual dog li-
censes were issued during the first
six months this year, according to
the Pennnsylvania Department of
Agriculture. Latest reports to the
Bureau of Animal Industry indicate
that 16,871 more dogs were licensed
to July 1, this year, than during the
corresponding period a year ago.
Likewise over 1000 more worthless
dogs have been killed and ap-
proximately 1200 more dog owners
have been prosecuted for violating
the law this year than a year ago.
—AIll chickens intended for the
early market should receive as much
food as they will consume four times
daily.
Under good management it is pos-
sible to add half a pound weekly
to the weight of birds which have
been specially bred for the table.
| Of course. in every flock there will
always be a few birds with a ten-
dency to put on very little flesh—in
fact, there is often some difficulty
in maintaining their weight.
Such birds should be marketed
without delay. If kept for special
fattening they frequently drift into
| —To prepare peach salad, arrange, —Early hatched pullets that start
halves of quite large peaches, hol- tolay in October and November are
low sides up. on dainty salad plates; usually the most profitable egg pro-
which have been lined with crisp ducers. High egg prices occur in
' green lettuce leaves or endive. the early fall and winter months.
Chop hearts of celery and a Before the pullets begin production
quarter of a cup of almonds very they should be fully matured and well-
fine, and mix with a package of fleshed. It is advisable to feed a
cream cheese. Fill the cavity inthe liberal amount of grain now in or-
peach with the mixture. Cover with' der to build up a surplus of flesh.
the other side of the peach. :
Spread over with mayonnaise, and
top with a little dab of soft cran- meadows, gardens and cultivated
berry jelly. Sprinkle with parsley. crops in many counties of the State.
Have you ever tried Peaches in Keep the shoots cut down to com-
Meringue Nests? It’s a dainty way Pletely starve the root stalks. In
to serve peaches. Beat the whites large areas frequent cultivation, as
of six eggs to a stiff dry froth, add in check-rowed corn, with hand hoe-
2 cups of sugar a little at a time, Ing for stray shoots and after culti-
and beat. Add a teaspoon of vanilla vation is a good control method.
and a teaspoon of vinegar. Press Smother Crops or summer fallow
the mixture through a pastry tube Will also control this pest.
to shape the “Nests.” i —
Bake in a very slow oven for forty ~~ —Flea bettles have damaged ear-
minutes or longer. . ly potatoes very severely and killed
Put half a ripe peach in each nest, the vines. Even the small potatoes
dust it with powdered sugar,and are rough, showing the pimply con-
pile with sweetened whipped cream. dition caused by flea beetles. Some
Peach Fritters may be served as growers and consumers confuse the
an individual brakfast dish, or they pimples with potato scab, but there
‘may figure prominently in the din- is no relationship.
ner menu as an accompaniment for: With abundance of the second
the entree. Either way they are so brood flea beetles attacking late po-
good. Beat together three eggs and a tatoes, severe damage will occur
tablespoonful of sugar. within the next few days unless am-
Slowly add a half cup of warmed ple protection is afforded.
milk. Then sift together one cup Bordeaux mixture alone will not
of flour, a teaspoon of baking pow- control the flea beetles. Arsenate of
der ,and a quarter teaspoon of salt lead or calcium arsenate must be us-
Peel and slice a dozen ripe peaches, ed to put the insects out of business.
and mix them into the batter. i Three to four pounds of arsenate of
Drop from a spoon into deep fat lead or calcium arsenate to 100 gal
and fry to a light brown. Drain on lons of spray is recommended. The
waxed paper. application must be thorough and
—A peach sauce can do wonders can best be made with the
—Horse nettle grows in pastures;
i
to a piece of stale cake; it's a good
idea to have a recipe for it in your
cookery file. Dissolve two table-
spoons of confectioner’s sugar in
three tablespoons of boiling water.
Stir in a half cup of marshmallows
which will be immediately softened
by the water. Add a teaspoon of
lemon juice and a half cup of crush-
ed peaches,
beater until light and frothy.
—Cucumber is one of nature's own
cosmetics. Try using a slice of
cucumber instead of soap for wash-
ing your face. Don't ever throw away
the rind. Boilit and use the
water for washing your face .
—Babies should not be taken to
see moving pictures—a child should
be at least six years old before indulg.
ing in this recreation. Depends upon
the strength and general health of
the baby—some babies sit up about
the sixth month, but there is no
hard and fast rule governing this.
Prune Coffee Cake. — Cream
% cup sugar and 4 tablespoons but-
ter. Add 2 eggs, well beaten. Sift
together 2 cups flour, 2 teaspoons
baking powder and 12 teaspoon salt,
‘and alternate with 3% to 8% cup
milk until you have a very soft
dough. Pour into a greased baking
.pan. Top with prunes that have
‘been soaked and stoned: Sprinkle
with a mixture of 14 cup hrown
sugar and %
Bake. in a moderate oven twenty-
five minutes.
Boy: Can a person be punished for
something he hasn't done?”
Teacher: Of course not.”
Boy: “Well I haven't done my
geometry.” ;
and beat with an egg, |
teaspoon cinnamon. !
sprayer boom lowered and the noz-
zles turned upward.
! —Bees often take up their abode
where they are not wanted, as in a
cavity in a wall. A good way to get
them out is to put a bee “escape”
over the entrance to the cavity, so
the bees can get out but not in.
A cone of wire cloth about ¢§
inches high with a hole at the apex
‘ just large enough for one bee tc
pass through will serve as an
escape. A regular hive should be
placed beside the entrance for the
return of the escaped bees. The
queen remains in the old cavity anc
! goes on laying eggs, but as the colo.
{ny is quickly reduced in size the
quantity of brood decreases. The
younger bees leave the cavity anc
join ‘the bees in the hive. A new
queen should be given to the bees ir
the hive as soon as possible.
, After about four weeks, remove
the bee escape and make as large
a hole as possible at the entrance of
the cavity. The bees will go in for
the honey and carry it to the hive
For this method to work successful:
ly, it is necessary that the bees have
only one exit from the cavity.
—White pine blister rust leads s
double life like Doctor Jekyll anc
Mr. Hyde of literary fame.
| Early in the spring a type of spores
which cannot infect pine is form.
ed on the pine trees. These infect
currants and gooseberries. A shori
time later a type of spores whick
| can infect only the berries is formec
{on the currants and gooseberries. Ir
the fall, spores which will infect
{ white pines are formed on the ber.
ry plants. Fortunately, these spore:
are shortlived and can spread only
| short distances.