Bellefonte, Pa., September 14, 1917. mm THE RED CROSS SPIRIT SPEAKS. Wherever war, with its red woes Or flood or fire or famine, goes, There, too, go I; If earth in any quarter quakes Or pestilence its ravage makes, Thither I fly. I kneel behind the soldier's trench, I walk mid shambles’ smear and stench, The dead I mourn; I bear the stretcher and I bend O’er Fritz and Pierre and Jack to mend What shells have tern. I go wherever men may dare, I go wherever women’s care And love can live, Wherever strength and skill can bring Surcease to human suffering Or solace give. I helped upon ‘Haldora’'s shore; With Hospitaller Knights I bore The first red cross; I was the Lady of the Lamp; I saw in Solferino’s camp The crimson loss. I am your pennies and your pounds; I am your bodies on your rounds Of pain afar; I am you, doing what you would If you were only where you could— Your avatar. The Cross which en my arm I wear, The flag which o’er my breast I bear, Is but the sign Of what you’d sacrifice for him Who suffers on the hellish rim Of war's red line. —By John Finley, in Red Cross Magazine. W. C. T. U. ANNUAL CONVENTION A Two Day’s Interesting Gathering Held at Unionville Last Week. The largest convention in eight years of the Centre county Woman’s Christian Temperance Union was held at Unionville Wednesday and Thurs- day of last week. ‘ The convention speaker this year was Mrs. Viola D. Romans, of Colum- bus, Ohio, national W. C. T. U. lectur- er and organizer as well as a Chau- tauqua lecturer of repute, and state officer of the Ohio Woman’s Christian Temperance Union. After the formal opening of the conventicn at 11 a. m. Wednesday, by the county president, Miss Rebecca N. Rhoads, of Belle- fonte, and the singing of the crusade hymn, “Give to the Winds Thy Fears,” Mrs. Romans read the 146th Psalm, called the “crusade Psalm,” giving a brief history of how this name came to be applied to this par- ticular Psalm. This Psalm and the hymn mentioned above were used by the early Crusaders in the temperance reform—that little band cf timid, yet brave, consecrated Christian women who ver forty years ago went forth from their quiet homesin the town of Hillsboro, Ohio, and entered every saloon, kneeling and praying on the dirty floors, converting the bartend- ers and owners and succeeded in thus closing all the saloons in the town and many others throughout the state. That was the beginning of the great organization which today is recogniz- ed as the largest and best organized force of Christian womanhood the world has ever known, having, as it does, Unions in fifty countries of the world, so that, like the British Em- pire, “the sun never sets” on its do- minion, and with a membership of over half a million. Pennsylvania numbers forty-three thousand members, while Centre county boasts of over six hundred in its twenty-four Unions. After disposing of the business of | the morning session a touching memo- | rial service was held in honor of those members who have died within the vear. Among the telegrams of greet- ings sent was one to Mrs. John P. Harris, of Bellefonte, v.ce-president- at-large and former county president, the only one of the general officers ab- sent and whose frail health made it impossible for her to attend. At the afternocn sessicn, after the opening devotional exercises, the pres- ident’s address and the reports of the corresponding secretary, Mrs. Clees, of Philipsburg, and the treasurer, Mrs. Kapp, of State College, were in order. It might be noted here that devotion- al exercises are never omitted at a W. C. T. U. county, State, national, or world’s convention, no matter how pressing the business, or how crowded for time, always the women bow to the Author of all good inn a few mo- ments of sincere prayer for guidance in their deliberations at the beginning of each session and a benediction at the end. Often it has happened that in a moment of special stress at a na- tional convention when clear thought is most needed, in the midst of some harrassing business session the hun- dreds of women are askz1 to enter for a moment into the silence with God, and let Him direct them. It is in this way that such perfect harmony is maintained in the great national and world conventions frowi which the smaller ones obtain theic inspiration. The president, Miss Rhoads, in her address dwelt upon the necessity of this withdrawal into th: presence of the Almighty and publicly expressed gratitude and appreciation of the Om- nipotent care over the organization during the past year, drawing atten- tion to the fact that the marvelous growth in temperance sentiment is but the answers to the prayers of the faithful workers in the years that are long past, who sowed what we are now reaping. Ina brief 1esume of the year's progress she drew attention to the fact that twenty-six of our States are now in the dry column, beside the District of Columbia, Alaska and Por- to Rica, and all of Canada except Que- bec, and spoke of the many restric- tions and limited hours for selling in- toxicants in Great Britain and France. She then spoke of the work done in Centre county within the year, show- ing that seven new Unions had been organized as follows: Port Matilda, Julian, Zion, Runville, (which doubled its membership,) Hannah and Boals- burg; two re-organized—Pleasant Gap and Sandy Ridge, besides eight Young People’s branches being start- ‘ed at Philipsburg, Pine Grove Mills, | Sandy Ridge, Martha, Milesburg, Cen- | tre Hall, Millheim, and Rebersburg. | A large amount of legislative iwork in the form of resolu- i tions to Congressmen, Legislators ‘and Senators has be21 done, Re- monstrance work—the publishing of the names of the signers to liquor : license oetitions, the distribution of copies of the anti-cigarette laws of Pennsylvania, the prize essays in the | schools, the medal contests have all been carried on successfully. The Red Cross has received incalculable aid from the W. C. T. U. all over the county. Comfort bags and testaments were given to all the soldier boys, in- cluding the ambulance corps. Gar- | ments were made fcr the French or- phanage, and for our own poor. The corresponding sccretary’s re- port was of necessity mostly a repeti- tion of tre president’s su:rmary. The treasurer’s report brought forth a such a comfortable balance for coun- have been paid out to national, state and world work, as contributed by the various Unions. Five national W. C. T. U. speakers, three state officers and three distinguished men, besides many throughout the county under W. C. T. U. auspices. Mrs. Romans’ address, which fol- lowed the treasurer’s report, was more in the line of instruction and helpful suggestions for further successful prosecution of the work. She urged more social meetings, separating the ed membership contests. Apropos of this, at the morning session it was an- nounced that a white satin banner would be presented to the county by the president, on which would be ! painted one red rose. This is to be given at the end of each year to that Union making largest jercentage of gain in membership, 12 rose to be painted each time this gain is record- ed—the slogan to be, “watch our bou- quet grow.” Delightful, stirring mu- sic enlivened all sessions under the able leadership of Miss Gladys Dun- i kle, of State College. At the after- i noon session one of the most interest- ing features was the one to two min- ute reports from local presidents, each telling of their special work of the year. A great many took part in this, | more being present than at any previ- ous convention in vears. A charming demonstration by the tiny Temperance Light Bearers—chil- dren under nine years ¢f age, ended the afternoon session. At the open- ing of the evening sessicn Rev. Car- son led the devotional exercises, after which songs by the Loyal Temperance Legioners, young people between the ages of nine and fifteen years, were rendered in an inspiring manner. The greetings by Mrs. Williams, president of the Unionville Union, followed and was gracefully responded to by Mrs. S. W. Smith, president of Centre Hall | Union. This was followed by a beau- | tifully rendered vocal solo by Miss ' Rumberger, of Unionville. Mrs. Romans then took the plat- i form and delivered the address of the ! | evening in her charming and mas- | terly style, which brought forth | rounds of applause from time to time ‘ from the large audience present. Her ! subject was along the lines of true pa- | triotism, that which would make the | world safer and cleaner for our soldier ‘boys and others. { horror and grief which would take | year’s warfare we read of one hun- i dred thousand of our country’s brav- 1 est men being sacrificed on the Eu- | ropean battlefields, yet one hnudred | thousand and over every year in this | | country of ours go down to drunkard’s | | graves, and how few take it really to heart and realize the true meaning of i the Bible assertion, “that no drunkard shall inherit the kingdom of Heaven.” She spoke of President Wilson’s and Mr. Hoover's appeals to the women of the land to save bread crusts, and yet no word was sent forth to the men of the nation to refrain from tobacco and intoxicants. She asked why, when meatless and wheatless de ys are being asked of the people should there not be a Leerless and smokeless day as well? Just one day’s abstinence from smoking and beer-drinking would save for our country millions of dollars for the nation’s defense. She also dwelt upon the enormous waste of grain in the manufacture of beer and wine. She spoke with righteous indignation of the fact that in France today our American soldiers are given wine and intoxicants in their dailv rations. She said President Wilson should have set forth his ultimatum in the very begin- ning that not one soldier of ours should be sent across the waters to aid the fighting nations unless positive as- surance be given that the rations for this brave young manhood should not contain the poisonous liquor which our dwn country has seen fit and deemed wisest to prohibit entirely to our sol- dier boys. This sentiment was loudly applauded. The following resolution was intro- duced and unanimously adopted and ordered to be sent to Mr. Hoover at Washington: We, the members of the Woman's Chris- tian Temperance Union of Centre county, Pennsylvania, in convention assembled, gladly go on record as willing to assist the government in every movement for food conservation, but we protest against the use of food stuffs in the brewing of beer, which makes a waste of food far greater than can be saved in many homes. We further recommend that all women include a protest in their registration against the inconsistency of our government in urg- ing the women of the nation to extreme economy, while it refuses to prohibit the waste of food stuffs in brewing of beer. Signed : Miss REBECCA N. RHOADS, Pres. Mrs. A. M. CLEES, Cor. Secy. A few stirring remarks from Dr. R. L. Weston, secretary of the Bellefonte Y. M. C. A., and the closing prayer by Rev. Carson closed the evening ses- sion, after which an informal and very pleasant “Get Acquainted” hour was enjoyed before those prasent dispersed for the night. The chief features of Thursday morning’s session were the reports from the various superintendents of departments, the organization of a county Young People’s branch, the sil- ver medal contest and a brief talk by Rev. Brandt, superintendent of the Anti-Saloon League. The superintendents reported much work accomplished along the various lines they were interested in. The others less prominent ‘have spoken | business and social meetings, advocat- | She spoke of the | ‘officers: Miss Gladys Dunkle, State | College, superintendent; Mr. Edward : Thompson, Philipsburg, president; ' Miss R. N. Rhoads, Bellefonte, and | Prof. A. L. Wright, State College, | vice-presidents; Miss Bertha Han- ! cock, Philipsburg, corresponding sec- retary; Miss Bertha Flagg, State Col- i lege, recording secretary, and Miss | Eloise Buck. Unionville, treasurer. ' county Y. P. B. elected the following : | Announcement was made that the 'Y. P. B. annual econvenlion will held in Bellefonte next June, which be : will be a great event in Centre county | | W. C. T. U. history. The five young participants in the | | silver medal contests wer: all between | | the ages of twelve and Jourteen, in- | i clusive, and each recite their selec- ! tions in such an interesting way that : the threz judges, Mrs. Romans, Prof. | ; Wright and Rey. Brandt, found it dif- | | | ficult to award the prize—a silver | i medal. However, it was | Milesburg, with special i ville. To each of the others attrac- | tive little pins were given. Those who | took part were: Miss Alice Davis and Miss Sarah Minnemyer, of Belle- i fonte; Miss Hulda Kunes, of Blanch- ard; Miss Vera Peters, of Milesburg, : and Blanchard Helt, of Unionville. It | is hoped that at next year’s convention i a gold medal contest can be held by | winners of silver medals. A beautiful | solo was rendered by Mrs. Wright, | president of the State College Union, ! during the contest. Rev. Brandt’s re- : marks were of much interest, but lack of time precluded a fuller presenta- tion of the political situation in the State, which he had been asked to give. The presentation by Miss Dunkle, of State College, of the interesting work of the first Pennsylvania W. C. T. U. training school at Millersville this summer, which she attended as a student in company with Miss Rhoads, of Bellefonte, was a feature of the Thursday morning session. The Thursday morning session proved too short to finish all the busi- ness so the election of officers was carried over to the Central and Exec- utive committee meeting to be called the latter part of this month. In the closing moments of the con- vention the white ribbon was tied up- on the tiny wrist of the infant child of Mr. and Mrs. Lucas, of Unionville, as | was also done earlier to the two little | boys—twins of Mr. and Mrs. C. Un- i derwood, of Unionville, initiating i these little ones thus early in their i lives in this great temperance band. | The forming in a circle while clasp- | ing hands and singing together “Blest | Be the Tie that Binds,” with the bene- { diction, fittingly closed this thirty- { second annnal convention of the Cen- | tre county Woman’s Christian Tem- | perance Union. The cordial hospitality for which i Unionville is justly noted contributed | very largely toward making the con- | vention the success it was, for which i the delegates are truly grateful. | The Government Stamp Collection. I! In the northwest court of the older | building of the National Museum is a { United States government stamp col- { lection about which the general pub- i lic knows very little. Up to 1908 the | collection included only nbout twenty- | not bacteria, as these pass through ! are a growing number of clear-sight- i five hundred stamps, but in that year the gift of a New York collector in- ; | creased it by twenty thousand speci- | | possession of us if at the end of a! mens. In 1912, says the report of the Unit- ed States National Museum for 1914, the Museum obtained by transfer the ‘ more essential parts of the large exhi- bition of the -Postoffice Department, which comprised the stamps, stamped envelopes and postal cards of all the nations of the world, to the number of nearly two hundred thousand. The original collection consisted chiefly of a large cabinet with sliding frames, in which the main series of stamps had been installed, including those printed for the United States by pri- vate firms and by the Bureau cf En- graving and Printing, and the foreign stamps received through the Interna- tional Bureau of the Universal Postal Union at Bern, Switzerland. The re- mainder of the collection included sheets of stamps, envelopes and pos- tal cards mounted on swinging screens for various American expositions; many separate sheets of stamps and individual specimens; and several al- bums of stamps and of United States stamps. The installation of the collection, in- stead of according with the usual ster- eotyped alphabetical arrangement throughout, agrees virtually with that of the coins and medals. It begins with the United States, 2nd the for- eign nations follow in alphabetical or- der with the stamps of their colonies grouped together geographically. Ul- timately, an alphabetical and number- ed list of all the countries and colonies represented will make it possible to find any set of stamps without loss of time. The total capacity of the twc hun- dred and ninety-six frames in the present cabinet is about seventy-five thousand stamps. The collection is by no means complete; it is in fact only the nucleus of a greater and more per- fect representation of the stamps of the world that will he gradually rounded out. It lacks especially the rare specimens of collectors and com- mon varieties of certain periods, par- ticularly of foreign issues. In general the mounting is of single stamps of each issue, but when neces- sary to serve a particular purpcse they are mounted in airs, strips, blocks or sheets. A selected series of the stamped envelopes of the United States follows the stamps of that country. In addition to the exhibi- tion series there will eventually be a reserve series for the use of students of philately.—Ex. rrr rr —— ——The Spokane Chronicle de- scribes an aeroplane built at Spokane, Wash., for use in delivering mail in Alaska. The vehicle is provided with an aeroplane engine, and is driven by a large propellér. The machine is ca- pable of traveling over any depth of snow at a rate of 75 miles an hour. ——Hunnemannia, th: Mexican tu- lip poppy, is one of the finest in the family either for garden ornament or cut flowers. finally be- | { i ' ! | | the | STRAIN our milk,” implying that the Health and Happiness | “Mens sana in corpore sano” A SERIES of articles on the rela- || tion of bacteria to milk now being published in the Watchman : Aug. 17—The Bacterial Content of Milks Supplied to Bellefonte. Aug. 24 —How the Number of Bacte- ria in Milk is Determined. What Are Bacteria ? The Microscopic Appearance of Bacteria. Sept. 28—Sources of Bacteria in Milk. WHY? The reader, who has been following round of applause, showing as it did, | stowed upon Miss Vera Peters, of the articles on the bacteriology of honorable | milk may wonder why so much space | ty work after several hundred dollars | mention to Blanchard Holt, of Union- | should have been given to a general i ] } ] | are quite pressingly ignorant. description of bacteria. Fermenta- | tions of milk are simply a result of the ! activities of bacteria and to under- | derstand and control these activities | we must first know characteristics of | the agents producing them and where these ubiquitous and anomalous caus- | al-agents or germs are found. If you, will not only read but STUDY care-' fully numbers 21, 22 and 23 of the se- . ries, you will have the foundation up- on which may be built an intelligent | and more-easily-formed conception of | the relation of bacteria not only to! milk (dairy bacteriology) but to in-! fectious diseases (pathogenic bacteri- ology) for these diseases are only fer- mentations caused by the growth of certain bacteria. Therefore, whether our desire be to keep our milk from souring or our bodies from disease, to accomplish it intelligently we must first learn how to deal with the organ- isms causing the trouble. It would be absurd to attempt to win the present World’s War without studying the traits of the Germans, their methods of attack, means of defense, powers of endurance and the like. To win our war against troublesome and harmful bacteria, itis equally necessary to learn their favorite points of attack, their lurking places, how they can be starved out, kept in subjection or en- tirely vanquished. For instance, if you want to protect your child from the dangers of tuberculous milk and yet object to the cooked flavor of the boiled product, you must know the thermal death point of the tubercle bacillus. It is safe to say that not ten people out of a hundred could state correctly the difference between pas- teurization and sterilization, or be- tween boiling and sterilization. Quite recently a dairyman and a supposedly intelligent mother made the same re- ply to a remark of mine, “but we bacteria were thus removed. You, who have been made familiar with the minuteness of bacteria, know of | course, that straining through a cloth | or strainer, as is ordinarily done, will remove coarser particles of dirt but unimpeded. In a widely advertised series of articles published during the last few months in a big daily news- paper, a certain precaution was given | to protect agains “flies and other germs.” It is to correct erroneous | ideas of this order that a systematic | series of lessons is now being publish- | ed in the “Watchman.” Why should | I be urging the necessity of clean | milk, at a time when it is a serious | question to get milk of any sort? | Consider the following statistics from the census bureau: PENNSYLVANIA THIRD IN MORTALITY. “From figures issued by the census bureau, Washington, August 23, in eleven States and the District of Co- lumbia, Pennsylvania stands third in infant mortality under one year. Of six metropolises in the district covered by the bureau, Pittsburgh stands second highest in deaths for that age, with 110 deaths to each 1000 births. The highest death rate for in- fants in the area examined for cities of more than 25,000, is in Shenandoah, Pa., with 196 deaths to the 1000. In cities under 25,000 population, Dun- more, Pa., is second with 195.” INFANT Can we afford to ignore these fig- ures which convict us of neglect and carelessness? How? New York, the largest of the six cities, has the low- est death rate, 99 in 1000. Why? She has waged a vigorous and success- ful campaign for clean milk as that is the first requisite in conservation of infant mortality. True, ve are only a small country town but “ve are a con- tributory factor or unit of the State, educating our children, sending them to college and on into larger commu- nities and cities there to influence and be influenced. We allow ourselves to be taxed to erect and maintain a hand- some school building and then turn out a product of six in one hundred physically fit! We prefer that Dr. Dixon does not visit our town lest he condemn our sewerage-system and in- volve the borough in needless (?) expenditures! An esthetic environ- ment is to be desired kut, if some thing has to be sacrificed, let it be the non-essentials and give the next gen- eration milk and water, safe beyond question. If you feel you cannot af- ford to pay for clean milk dispense with the ribbon bows on the children’s hair and your fancy shoes and stock- ings and put the money where it will bring lasting results. At least, afford twenty minutes a week and read facts and fallacies about bacteria and milk and allow yourself to be convinced. Don’t hide behind the fallacy that it didn’t hurt our grandmothers, but rather remember that many of us are cripples for life because our grand- mothers didn’t know about bacteria ‘of us, with quite the same sureness | and accuracy as we could meet inqui- , ries about its present or its past. Two ! things we do know—Finland has wom- ! pressed by Russia. But cven on these | Duke is the Czar; for the past sixteen | for a long time the national movement which practically began in the year of | peril. | won the right to its language and its i literature. . and that our grandchildren cannot ex- . cuse us on a similar plea. | ELIZABETH B. MEEK, i (Former bacteriologist, The Pennsylvania | State College.) i Finland and the Fins. i Not tragically as does Poland, but ! Finland lays irresistible The fate of Finland when the And our knowledge of Fin- land is so very slight! We would an- swer questions about its future, most an suffrage, and Finland has been op- outstanding points most people are lamentably vague. We cannot help being interested in Finland. But we In Reade’s “Finland ind the Firms” we find much interesting information concerning this most interesting country. One’s first thought about Finland is apt to be a recognition of the sheer anachronism of its civiliza- tion and its place in the world. For more than a hundred years Finland has been a part of the Russian Em- pire, a grand duchy whose Grand years the “Russianization” of Finland has proceeded relentlessly. Yet dur- ing this century of Ruscian control, and especially during the years of growing Russian oppression, Finland has taken her place as one of the most progressive nations of Kurope in a definite march toward socialization. Finland passed from the possession of Sweden to that of Russia after the war of 1808-1809. The Finns had re- ceived Christianity and West Europe- an culture from Sweden, and the two races had largely intermarried. Swed- ish was the necessary one of the two languages, necessary for education and for cfficial or social position, and the cession to Russia was concerned with the establishment of Finnish as an “equal language” with the Ilan- guage of the Swedes. In 1809 Alex- ander I renewed the constitution which Finland had held under Swe- den, and until comparatively recent times it was more rigorcusly observed than it had been under the last Swed- ish kings. And Finland, freed from the devastation of age-long wars to which she had to so grest an extent supplied the battleground, began to develop as a nation. Mr. Reade sketches, very readable indeed, the growth of the country, its literature, its long struggle over lan- guage, its controversies in education and politics over the rivalry between Finns and Swedes. During those years Russia was a background scarcely sensed, and very far away. Itis only recently that the foe of Fin- nish nationality has been the Russians without and not the Swedes within, and that the two parties in Finland have begun to unite against a common But meanwhile Finland had Now, the writer points out, “there ed persons of every party who real- ize that the time for hatred and dis- union is over, and that an era of rein- tegration and co-operative endeavor is over-due; that to persist in carry- ing on international quarrels at a time when the very existence of the country is threatened by Russia would be dangerous in the extreme.” For the Finns are West Europeans. Russia’s first period of denationaliza- tion in Finland began dramatically in 1899, when the present Czar decreed that the constitution of the grand duchy was no longer to be observed “where Imperial interests were con- cerned.” It ended with a very differ- ent sort of dramatic quality with the assassination of the Russian gover- nor-general in 1904. The second per- iod of Russianization began shortly after the Russian revolution of 1905, and was still in progress at the out- break of war. But Finland and the Russian Constitutionalists had al- ready begun to recognize the fact that they were natural allies, and to make beginnings of co-operation. All this is exceedingly interesting in the light of war events. A large part of Mr. Reade’s book is taken up with descriptions of the cities and the countryside of Finland —of modern bursting Helsingfords and of the old-world furms, of the summer beauties of the country and of its gay winter sports. There are fascinating recountings, too, of quaint customs still quite vividly alive in this very modern land—customs that are like tales of centuries ago.—Ex. How the Body is Nourished. The bodily process known as assimila- tion is well explained in these words: “As the blood, in its circulation, approaches any organ, the portions thal are appropri- ate for this organ feel its attractive force, obey it, and leaving the others, mingle with the substance of its tissue and are changed into its own true and proper natare.” How important it is that the blood should be pure and rich, not loaded with worn-out and useless matter! Hood’s Sar- saparilla purifies and enriches the blood, and does all it is possible for medicine to do in the way of perfecting, assimilacing and building wp the whole system. When you have made up your mind to take Hood's Sarsaparilla, insist (n having it— don’t accept a substitute, for no substitute acts like it. 62-36 Posed as Boy for Ten Years. Cleveland, Ohio.— When a call came for registration June 5, Harry Hoff- mann, thirty years old, whose real name is Lillian Myers, registered. Failure to appear for examination caused her detention by police. Today she broke down and confess- ed that for the last ten years she has been masquerading in male attire. During these years she has worked as a soda fountain attendan:i, ice wagon driver, grocery clerk and mover—al- ways as a man. ——Subsecribe for the “Watchman.” rR —— FARM NOTES. —Dr. E. L. Volgenau, a successful veterinarian, says that equal parts of nitre, ether and laudanum, given in doses of one-half ounce, is a good cure for colic in horses. —Many recommend sheep for feed- } -- "ing in orchards rather than swine. . with much the same keen speculative | g A interest, i claim on our attention in these war : days. “war ends forms one of the most ab- | sorbing of the “settlement” questions : asked, now and then, by nearly every | one of us. They leave no safe cover for insects to breed, and will keep the orchard healthy and the trees manured. —The average life of the city horse is said to be six years. In view of the enormous amount of horses used in cities it is no wonder the demand for good ones is so large and steady. —The difference between slop and swill for hog feed is mainly one of quality. Water polluted with wun- healthy refuse is merely swill, but slop is a mixture of good feeds and gocd fluids free from putridity. —Give a bran mash Saturday night or Sunday noon; and on Wednesday night also, if work is slack. After a long day in very cold or wet weather a hot mash, half bran and half oats, with a tablespoonful of ginger, will do the horse good. —Sometimes, when cows are fed on dry feed, the churner finds that her butter will not gather. Experience has taught that a little soda added tc the cream when this is the case will almost invariably cause the scattered bits of butter to gather in a mass; and fhe butter quality is not injured in the east. —There are two ways by which we can increase the supply of beef and at the same {ime increase our profits from feeding: (1) By breeding more cattle on our farms and increasing their efficiency. (2) By using more care and skill in the combining foods, so that more beef can be produced from a given quantity of grains and grasses grown. —To toughen horses’ shoulders it is adivsed to use two ounces of hemlock bark and two cunces of oak bark for one gallon of vinegar. Pat in ull the alum that will dissolve. Apply the so- lution to the herses’ shoulders for four or five days before the work commene- es in the spring, and your herses will have no more sore shoulders, provided the collars are correctly fitted. —To have plain salt pork rub each piece of meat with fine common salt and pack closely in a barrel. Let stand over night. The next day weigh out 10 pounds of salt and two ounces of saltpeter to each 100 pounds of meat and dissolve in four gallons of boiling water. Pour this brine over the meat when cold, cover and weight down to keep it under the brine. Meat will pack best if ~ut into pieces about six inches square. The pork should be kept in the brine till used. —Horse manure is valuable. It con- tains nitrogen, and nitrogen is worth at least eight cents 2 pound. A horse produces about 15 tons of manure and litter a year, containing 180 pounds of nitrogen. Manure keeps best when it is compact and protected from the weather. Liquid manure should be kept separate and not mixed with the dry, or they both deteriorate. In these days when our soils are crying for ni- trogen and other ingredients, manare should be jealously guarded. —Dr. Marshall, a Pennsylvania in- stitute speaker, says that whitewash- ing of dairy barns should be done for the sake of general sanitation, but the main point in the fight against tuber- culosis is the elimination of the dark stables and filthy stali conditions. Where clean methods are used in the keeping of cows, he advises the use of a 2ompound made from one pound of chloride of lime and five gallons of whitewash, which, when put on the walls and stable partitions, acts as an effective preventive of disease. —Pickled and cured meats are smoked to aid in their preservation and to give flavor and palatability. The creosote formed by the combus- tion of the wood closes the pores to some extent, excluding the air, and it is objectionable to insects. The best fuel for smoking meats is green hick- ory or maple wood, smothered with sawdust of the same material. Hard- wood of any kind is preferable to soft wood, and resinous woods should nev- er be used, as they are likely to im- part bad flavors to the meat. Meat that is smoked should be re- moved from the brine two or three days before being put in the smoke- house. If it has been cured in a strong brine it will be best to soak the pieces in cold water over night to prevent a crust of galt from forming on the out- side when drained. Hang the pieces separately in the smokehouse and keep up a good smothered fire in a pot or small stove without a stovepipe. An even temperature should be main- tained, as if the meat is allowed to cool and become cold after being warmed up once the smoke does not penetrate readily. After this meat has been sufficiently smoked it should be allowed to thoroughly cool and be- come firm, when it may te taken down and packed for the summer. There are different mechods of keep- ing meats for summer. It is a good plan to rub each piece with a good coating of ground pepper. This will aid in keeping out insects. Wrap the pieces in parchment paper (newspa- pers will do) and then inclose them in muslin or canvas bags. These bags should then he covered with a wash of some kind, to which glue has been added. Ordinary lime wash will do as well as anything else. A good yellow wash is made by using the following recipe: For 100 pounds of ham or bacon take 2 pounds barytes (barium sul- phate,) 1 ounce glue, 1% ounces chrome yellow (lead chromate) and 2-5 pound flour. Fill a pail half full of water and mix in the flour, dissolv- ing all lumps thoroughly. Dissolve the chrome in a quart of water in a separate vessel and adil the solution and the glue to the flour; bring the whole to a boil and add the barytes slowly, stirring constanily. Make the wash the day before it is required Stir it frequently when using and ap- ply with brush. We have also seen cured meats stor- ed during the summer in a bin of weod ashes. The meat does nos need to be wrapped in paper, but just buried well, the pieces not touching each' other, in ashes. ld eo? vd
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers