Deno tun Belletonte, Pa., August 31, 1917. | practice of bringing water to the boil- | . insure poses. HEALTH AND HAPPINESS “Mens sana in corpore sano” Number 22. How bacteria appear when seen under the microscope was carefully described in last week's ‘“‘“Watchman.” ing point for five minutes suffices to | its safety for drinking pur-| | Effect of Cold.—Bacteria are much | less sensitive to low 1han to high: temperatures. While chilling largely prevents fermentative action and act- ual freezing stops all growth process- | es, it does not follow that exposure to | | low temperatures will effectually de- | | stroy the vitality of bacteria. Fig. 1 is here | common forms of water and soil, and reproduced with explanations in order that | scientific terms necessary to be used may become familiar to the reader. SCO Magnification. a, Staphylococcus (clus- ‘phoid and diphtheria bacilli, The also pathogenic bacteria, like the ty- | have been exposed for days to the tempera- | ture of liquid air (—310 F.) without | i destroying their vitality. Numerous . non-spore-bearing alive in ice for a prolonged period, i although the death rate 1s high. With : i tynhoid bacilli, Fig. I.—Forms of bacteria (Jordan.) High shown that when wate: freezes, the ter coccus;) ec, streptococcus (chain coc- cus; b, d, cocci showing cleavage in two | planes; e, sarcina (cubical mass or pack- et;) f, bacillus (straight rod;) g, straight h, spirilla (spiral with motile organs. The forms of bacteria are simple and comprise only three principal straight rod (bacillus,) the sphere or dot (coccus,) and the spiral (spirillum.) If fission or division goes on in the same plane continually, it results in the forma- tion of a cell-row. A coccus forming such a chain of cells is called strepto-coccus (chain coccus.) If the cells cohere to form a group, it is called staphylococcus (clus- ter coccus.) If division takes place in three dimensions of space a cell-mass or sarcina is produced. (See Fig. 1.) forms;) i, j, bacilli Environmental Influences Upon Bac- teria. With bacteria as with other living organisms certain conditions must . survive die off progressively. Accord- rods connected to form filament or chain; ! ing to Park, lives in ice longer than one month and species remain! experiments have | great majority of these kacteria are! immediately destroyed. Those that | i { not one in a thousand : at the end of six months all are dead. types—the | injurious to certain forms of bacterial | Typhoid infection from ice, however, | has been known to «ccur several | months after the ice was frozen. | Light.—Direct sunlight is highly | life, many being killed almost instant- | ‘ly when exposed to the full action of ‘ed than that of direct the sun’s rays. Diffuse daylight has a hindering effect upon the growth of bacteria although naturally less mark- sunlight. . Spores, perhaps hecaus: of oily sub- prevail before development can occur. Among the most important of the nat- | ural environmental influences are temperature, light, moisture, oxygen- supply and food-supply. TEMPERATURE RELATIONS (As the Fahrenheit (F.) thermometer is ! more commonly used than the centigrade, | degrees of temperature have been convert- ed into the former; fractions of a degree cannot be given.) Bacteria are highly adaptable to temperature conditions. Some are able to grow at or near the freezing point; others at 167 degrees F. to 170 degrees F.; “Heat loving” bacteria have been found living in the waters of hot springs at a temperature of 192 degrees F. In the growth of any giv- en species, there are three tempera- ture points: A minimum or the low- est point at which growth occurs; an optimum or point of best growth; and a maximum or highest temperature at which growth can take place. These three points differ greatly for differ- ent species; what is minimum for some bacteria may be maximum for others and the range of this tempera- tuhe zone is much wider for some than for others. For example, the bacillus of tuberculosis has a minimum point of 341-5 F.,, 29 C., an optimum of 100 2-& F., 38 C. and a maximum of 107 3-5 F., 42 C., while a species found in fermenting manure (B. ther- mophilus) has a minimum of 107 F. The hay bacillus (B. subtilis) is able to multiply at 42 F. and also at 122 F. with an optimum point of 86 I. The temperature zone of most dairy bac- teria in which growth occurs ranges from about 40 degrees F. to about 110 degrees F. In general, it may be said that the most favorable growing point for bacteria is determined by the temperature of their habitat; for instance, bacteria parasitic in the bodies of animals have an optimum approximating the normal tempera- of the body (98 3-5 degrees F., 37 de- grees C.) Effect of Heat.—The temperature at which all the organisms are de- stroyed is known as the thermal death point for the species. Just as there is a wide range in the temperatures that permit growth of bacteria, so there is diversity in their resistance to ex- treme temperatures. The death-point varies with the nature of the bacteria, with the time of exposure and the condition in which the heat is applied. Spores are always much more resist- ant to heat than vege:ative forms; some species when in the spore-state can withstand the temperature of boil- ing water for many hours (210-212 de- grees F.) The vegetative forms of most bacteria, on the other hand, are killed at 55 degrees to 58 degrees C., (131 F.—140 degrees F.) by ten min- utes exposure in the presence of mois- ture. Dry heat is much less effective as a germicide than steam. In a dry atmosphere, temperatures ranging from 140 degrees to 180 degrees C. (260 F. to 300 F.) must be employed to insure sterilization. Where steam is confined under pressure, as in the autoclave exposure for fifteen minutes to a temperature of 125 degrees C. (230—240 degrees F.) is sufficient to destroy all known microbes. The thermal death point as deter- mined carefully for the common bac- teria varies in species but, as many figures are apt to be confusing to the average reader, they are not given here. In this connection, a point of practical significance may be noted— that while tubercle bacilli in suspen- sion in milk are destroyed at 140 F., 60 C. in fifteen to twenty minutes, the pellicle that forms on the surface of milk during exposure at this tempera- ture may contain living bacilli after sixty minutes. For this reason in heating milk for sanitary reasons it should be done in a closed vessel to prevent formation of the pellicle or “skin” on the surface cr should be subjected to a higher temperature. This will be later more carefully con- sidered under pasteurization of milk. The question may be asked, Why is water that has been mercly boiled for five minutes said to be safe? The thermal death point of those bacteria that are likely to be present in pollut- ed water is low (135 to 140 F.) and since they do not form spores, the stances that they contain, are especi- ally sensitive to light. This germicidal action of light has | been proven due to the violet end of | the spectrum and not the heat or ved | rays. The electric light exerts a ger- | micidal influence similar to that of the | sun’s rays. i Experiments by Scparker, Calcutta, | (Med. Jour. Aug. 1917) chow that, in | the case of direct sunlight, tubercle bacilli in sputum remain alive approx- | imately two hours. When deposited | in a place exposed to diffused daylight | the interval during which sputum dust may remain infective can be calculat- ed in days. When sputum is deposit- ed indoors, especially in dark, ill-ven- tilated places, the tubercle bacilli may retain their vitality and power to cause the disease as long as 309 days. Bovine tubercle bacilli were found to be more resistant to sunlight and dif- fused daylight than hun'an tubercle bacilli. When exposed to electric light the bovine bacilli were found alive for seventy-four days but dead after one hundred days. A practical conclusion of these results is that the entrance of sufficient light and air in all inhabited rooms will do much to combat the spread of tuberculosis. i Next week—“Environmental Influ- | ences” continued. | Glass Bottle Prices to Rise. During the last week glass bottle | manufacturers in South Jersey and | elesewhere have been revising their | cost tables to cover the advances in| glass-blowing wages agreed upon at the Atlantic City conference, which closed August 6. This annual wage conference between the National As- sociation of Glass Manufacturers and the Glass Blowers’ Asscciation, which is affiliated with the American Feder- ation of Labor, sets wages for virtu- ally all glass bottle workers in the United States and Canada, and as la- bor is the largest item of cost in bot- tle making, it can be seen that the de- terminations of this joint body have a far-reaching effect in the bottle trade. At the conference 15 per cent. were granted on virtually the entire hand- made bottle line, while on machine- made bottles 10 per cent. was agreed upon. This increase appiies only to organized or union labor, which com- prises 40 to 50 per cent. of the total employees in each plant. It is very probable that the unorganized labor in each plant will receive jauch higher advances, for itis from this unorgan- ized labor that the greatest withdraw- als will be made by the Government draft. This will necessitate bringing in men from other industries which have higher wage scales. Wages alone will increase the cost of bottles next year not less than 8 to 10 per cent. depending upon their size. A further increase, it is said, will be necessary to cover the increased cost of materials. Sand, which is the principal constituent of glass by weight, has increased at least fifty cents per ton since :zontracts were made in August, 1916. Soda ash, the heaviest material item in cost, al- though not in weight, is holding steady, but the price todsy on long- term contracts is more than double -vhat it was a few years ago, and all but a few manufacturers of bottles have exhausted their old contracts and are forced to use soda ash at the new pirces. Lime, although used in small- er quantities, has increased ir cost about 20 per cent. since last August, and minor chemicals are holding steadily to a high scale of prices com- pared with previous years. ——All those who have seen Ker- ensky with the armies declare that it is wonderful what he is able to do with the men by his own strong faith in Russia and the Revolution. A Fin- nish soldier tells of an experience he had on the eve of the battle between Brzezany and Pinsk. “The Minister of War,” he says, “came into our trench the evening before the battle. He shook hands with us, and exhorted us to do our duty. He had on the same uniform as ourselves, with noth- ing to distinguish him, exeept a red silk scarf, which he wore over the shoulder. The next morning at five lock, the first infantry attack was ade, and Kerensky was one of the first to leave the shelter of the trench, armed with a revolver. It was a mar- vel that he escaped scathless. We would follow that man to the end of the world.” ——They are all good enough, but the “Watchman” is always the best. { That young sovereign seemed indeed i was at any rate unable to follow ener- pais tremely valuable one, of being able to Alfonso Losing His Grip. ! Five years ago a Spanish republic | was but a wild dream in the minds of | a few irreconcilable extremists. The Republican leaders had no prestige | whatever in the country at large and | their following was being reduced to | a mere handful. The causes of this were, of course, many, but everybody | agreed that among them the personal | infiluerice of the King was paramount. to be chosen by Fate or Providence to | | gather around him all sections of his | people and lead them united to great | destinies. Today, writes a Barcelona | correspondent to the New York Word, things have altogether chang- | ed. A little retrospect is necessary for the better understanding of the pres- | ent situation. As soon as he was able | to move about unfettered, King Alfon- | co appeared, and to a certain extent | | proved himself to be a ruler with an | open mind, a keen perc:ption of real- | ities, a genuine interest ir. the welfare | of the country and an carnest desire | to promote it by all means in his | power. His youth and physical ener- | gy appealed to the popular imagina- | tion as symbois of hope and power, | but his achievement as « polo player and a crack shot and his undeniable | qualities as an all round sportsman ! were, perhaps, more bvraised abroad | than appreciated at home. i The high water mark of popularity | was reached when, two years before i the breaking out ¢f the war, King Al- i fonso called to counsel several prom- | inent men of the Spanish political left. | Among other representative personal- | | ities there went to the royal palace | Prof. Azcarate, the veteran Republi- | ‘can leader, ard Prof. Simarro, the i man chiefly responsible for the show- ing un of Francisco Ferrer’s judicial murder; and although no publicity was given to the interviews, both these men admitted privately that the King had made on them the best of impressions. Simultancously with this royal move the right wirg of the Republican party detached itself from the old fold, made clear its acceptance of the monarchial regime and formed a new political party, which was styl- ed the Reformist party. Everything then seemed to point toward a future of close co-operation and understand- ing between. the crown and the democ- racy. The King, however, if not unwilling, getically the path of liberalism and reform, and as far back as three years ago the disappointment of the Span- ish people had already begun. Then came the war and the sharp division of the country into pro-Germans and pro-Allies. The King was credited with pro-Ally leanings. He devoted himself to the relief of prisoners of war of all nationalities and did very good work, particularly in locating prisoners believed to have been killed. But when all is said, it must be recog- nized that kind-heartedness and will- ingness to oblige are poor substitutes ! for statesmanship. King Alfonso is learning this now. The present crisis has been brought about by the army, whose loyalty to the crown, up to very recently, was supposed to be unconditior.al. But the army at length grew tired of the per- |! sonal interference of the King and the members of his military household in all questions connected vith the pro- motion of officers. and, te stop once! and for all favoritism and intrigue, the officers themselves set up a com- mittee of defense and sent an ultima- tum to the Government, asking, among other things, for the dismissal of every member of the royal military househola. To this the King yielded, and his military household, to which belonged Count Grove and Colonel Echague, two close personal friends of the King, was completely overhaul- ed. Thus we see that ths King is not quite the master of his cwn house. But it would be hasty to infer from all that the King of Spain has got to go. He has still many chords in his arch. Senor Azcarate, who was again called to the palace a few days ago, told the King frankly—we have it on the most reliable authority—that great opportunities had keen lost. The royal task now is to find new ones, and the sooner the better. | The Bintz Sisters. It was just after the Bintz sisters’ refined juggling act, the worst per- formance of any kind that the great detective ever yawned through, so he decided to seek relaxatior. and diver- sion by surprising the oczupants of his stage box with his intimate knowl- edge concerning them. “Pardon me,” he said smilingly to the thin, nervous man at his right. “but how is the restaurant business?” “Pretty well, thank you—er—that is, rotten. But—how—did— ?” “Very simple,” explained the great detective. “You have the underfed, illnourished look of the typical restau- rant proprietor. And you, sir’—turn- ing to the stout man 'n the checked suit on his right—*“are a barber. How do I know? Because, like 11 out of every 10 barbers, you are in urgent need of a shave.” The stout man nodded meekly, and the bushy-faced gentleman just be- hind opened his mouth in amazement. “You, sir,” the great detective said to him, “are for the first time in your life witnessing a vaudeville perform- I notice that you applauded hat last act vociferously for at least two minutes, whereas if you had ever witnessed a vaudeville performance i of a great THE SIGNAL CORPS. This Branch of the Service Is the Nerves of the Army. An army must have eyes and ears as well as muscles and legs. It has a brain to direct its members in accord with the things the eyes and ears bring | | to the attention of the general in com- mand. But it must also have nerves to carry the messages of the eyes and ears to the commanding brain, The eyes and ears of an army are its scouts, its cavalry, its aeroplanes, its balloons, its spies, its photographers, its observers. The brain is the com- manding general and his staff. The nerves are a hundred different activi- ties of that branch of the service known as the signal corps. It is the duty of the signal corps to transmit information. It performs this duty in many ways, ranging from the courier to wireless, from rockets at night to heliograph flashes by day, from permanent telephone and tele- graph lines to the curious ‘‘buzzer” and its wire on the ground, on fence tops, strung among trees, anywhere it can be put. It uses the wigwag code with flags, searchlight signals, tele- phones, signal flares—any and all means of communication which the in- genuity of man has devised are em- ployed by the signal corps as necessity may dictate.—Brigadier General Squier in American Boy. | NEW YORK’S DIRECTORY. In Early Editions They Turned a Poet Loose Upon the Job. The first New York city directory was printed in 1786 and was a scanty affair, with the “Van” descendants of the Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam taking up pretty nearly all the space. The first attempt to compile names of New Yorkers by business or trade was made in 1805, when a classified list was appended to the directory. At the top of each classification the pub- lishers inserted the work of a poet whose lyre was turned to commerce. This, for instance, is the bard's thoughts on hairdressers: Ye ragged pates, your hair we'll crop And dress it vastly pretty, Or if your blocks are bare walk in, I warrant we can fit ye, With bag or queue or long pig tail Or brushed wig or grizzled— It was pointed out that the poet evi- dently had no trouble finding inspira- tion for each of the different business- es he was called upon to sing about un- til he came to the list of restaurants, which was published without verse, leading to the belief that the strain of singing of food had been too much for the bard.—New York Times. Sea Water. Sea water is a complicated mixture variety of substances. Roughly speaking, it consists of 961% per cent of fresh water plus 3% per cent of mineral salts. Three-fourths of these salts is chloride of sodium, or common table salt, and the next largest constituent .is chloride of magnesium. After these come sulphate of magne- sium, sulphate of lime, sulphate of pot- ash, bromide of magnesium and carbo- nate of lime. In addition to these sub- stances, sea water contains minute quantities of quite a variety of ele- ments, including iodine, phosphorus and arsenic. It also contains some sil- ver, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron and gold. Copper and zinc are found in some seaweeds, and certain species of coral is three-millionths silver. Curved Arms of Flywheels. A great many people imagine that the arms of flywheels and pulleys are curved for the sake of beauty and graceful appearance. But this is not so. In the making of these wheels they are cast in sand from molten iron poured in. As the arms are of less thickness and body than the heavy rim and the hub, they begin to cool off quicker. By the time the arms are “set” the rim and hub are still cooling and contracting, and the effect of their shrinkage is to cause a very powerful pull on the arms. As the latter are sol- idly set they become severely strained, but if the arms are curved they with- stand the pull that goes on during shrinkage and simply straighten out a little. The Beginning of Brazil. Rising brisk and early one bright morning toward the close of the fifteenth century, a nice Portuguese gentleman, to wit, Cabral, going for a sail, decided to take his comical little fleet down the west coast of Africa, turn to the east, totter across the Indian ocean and, be- fore he grew quite old, reach the Indies. The opening voyage was shorter than expected. He awoke one day to find land on his right instead of on his left, land which Pinzon had scratched three months earlier, land in the west and not in the east. It was Brazil.—London Chronicle. Without Fear. “The first shall be last and the last shall be first,” quoted the devout citi- zen. “It makes no differenee to me how before, no matter how poor, you | You arrange ’em,” replied the expert would have known that act was not | commercialist. “I'll get mine either worth applauding.”—Detroit Free | way. I'm the middleman.”—Washing- Press. ton Star. There is untold value in an ec- onomical and mathematical cutlook in camp life. The British armies have proved it over and over again; the use to which are put churks of bread which remain uneaten being only one instance. A year ago these were sim- ply thrown away, but now, cwing to the calculating power of one officer, they are carefully collected and turn- ed into chicken food. The officer in question not only had a mathematic- al mentality, but the capacity, an ex- impress government officials with the soundness and desirability of his views. Hard Task. “What’s the matter, my dear?” “Oh,” I'm trying to tell that Gotrox person how perfectly beautiful we think her horrid old wedding present .”—Life. Very Good. “Did he get a good wife?” “Good for a million.” “Good enough.” — Louisville Courier- Journal. Pluck is always trying to forget that it was beaten yesterday. FAUBLE’S. Stetson Hats Walk-Over SHOES New Fall 1917 Styles Now Ready. FAUBLE'’S. Allegheny St. BELLEFONTE, PA. 58-4 LYON @& COMPANY. FALL AND WINTER OPENING —) OF (— COATS and SUITS We extend a cordial invitation to all to come in and see our large varieties of exclusive mod- els in Coats and Suits. CLOSING OUT SALE OF ALL Summer Dress Goods Undermuslins, Shirt Waists and Shoes at less than wholesale prices. Everything in Summer Stuffs must be sold regardless of cost. Lyon & Co. ... Bellefonte.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers