Deno tun
Belletonte, Pa., August 31, 1917.
| practice of bringing water to the boil- |
. insure
poses.
HEALTH AND HAPPINESS
“Mens sana in corpore sano”
Number 22.
How bacteria appear when seen under
the microscope was carefully described in
last week's ‘“‘“Watchman.”
ing point for five minutes suffices to |
its safety for drinking pur-|
|
Effect of Cold.—Bacteria are much |
less sensitive to low 1han to high:
temperatures. While chilling largely
prevents fermentative action and act-
ual freezing stops all growth process-
| es, it does not follow that exposure to |
| low temperatures will effectually de- |
| stroy the vitality of bacteria.
Fig. 1 is here | common forms of water and soil, and
reproduced with explanations in order that |
scientific terms necessary to be used may
become familiar to the reader.
SCO
Magnification. a, Staphylococcus (clus-
‘phoid and diphtheria bacilli,
The
also pathogenic bacteria, like the ty- |
have
been exposed for days to the tempera-
| ture of liquid air (—310 F.) without |
i destroying their vitality. Numerous
. non-spore-bearing
alive in ice for a prolonged period,
i although the death rate 1s high. With :
i tynhoid bacilli,
Fig. I.—Forms of bacteria (Jordan.) High shown that when wate: freezes, the
ter coccus;) ec, streptococcus (chain coc-
cus; b, d, cocci showing cleavage in two |
planes; e, sarcina (cubical mass or pack-
et;) f, bacillus (straight rod;) g, straight
h, spirilla (spiral
with motile organs.
The forms of bacteria are simple and
comprise only three principal
straight rod (bacillus,) the sphere or dot
(coccus,) and the spiral (spirillum.) If
fission or division goes on in the same
plane continually, it results in the forma-
tion of a cell-row. A coccus forming such
a chain of cells is called strepto-coccus
(chain coccus.) If the cells cohere to form
a group, it is called staphylococcus (clus-
ter coccus.) If division takes place in
three dimensions of space a cell-mass or
sarcina is produced. (See Fig. 1.)
forms;) i, j, bacilli
Environmental Influences Upon Bac-
teria.
With bacteria as with other living
organisms certain conditions must
. survive die off progressively. Accord-
rods connected to form filament or chain; ! ing to Park,
lives in ice longer than one month and
species remain!
experiments have |
great majority of these kacteria are!
immediately destroyed. Those that
|
i
{
not one in a thousand
: at the end of six months all are dead.
types—the |
injurious to certain forms of bacterial |
Typhoid infection from ice, however, |
has been known to «ccur several |
months after the ice was frozen. |
Light.—Direct sunlight is highly |
life, many being killed almost instant- |
‘ly when exposed to the full action of
‘ed than that of direct
the sun’s rays. Diffuse daylight has
a hindering effect upon the growth of
bacteria although naturally less mark-
sunlight.
. Spores, perhaps hecaus: of oily sub-
prevail before development can occur.
Among the most important of the nat- |
ural environmental influences are
temperature, light, moisture, oxygen-
supply and food-supply.
TEMPERATURE RELATIONS
(As the Fahrenheit (F.) thermometer is !
more commonly used than the centigrade, |
degrees of temperature have been convert-
ed into the former; fractions of a degree
cannot be given.)
Bacteria are highly adaptable to
temperature conditions. Some are
able to grow at or near the freezing
point; others at 167 degrees F. to 170
degrees F.; “Heat loving” bacteria
have been found living in the waters
of hot springs at a temperature of 192
degrees F. In the growth of any giv-
en species, there are three tempera-
ture points: A minimum or the low-
est point at which growth occurs; an
optimum or point of best growth; and
a maximum or highest temperature
at which growth can take place. These
three points differ greatly for differ-
ent species; what is minimum for
some bacteria may be maximum for
others and the range of this tempera-
tuhe zone is much wider for some than
for others. For example, the bacillus
of tuberculosis has a minimum point
of 341-5 F.,, 29 C., an optimum of
100 2-& F., 38 C. and a maximum of
107 3-5 F., 42 C., while a species
found in fermenting manure (B. ther-
mophilus) has a minimum of 107 F.
The hay bacillus (B. subtilis) is able
to multiply at 42 F. and also at 122 F.
with an optimum point of 86 I. The
temperature zone of most dairy bac-
teria in which growth occurs ranges
from about 40 degrees F. to about
110 degrees F. In general, it may be
said that the most favorable growing
point for bacteria is determined by
the temperature of their habitat; for
instance, bacteria parasitic in the
bodies of animals have an optimum
approximating the normal tempera-
of the body (98 3-5 degrees F., 37 de-
grees C.)
Effect of Heat.—The temperature
at which all the organisms are de-
stroyed is known as the thermal death
point for the species. Just as there is
a wide range in the temperatures that
permit growth of bacteria, so there is
diversity in their resistance to ex-
treme temperatures. The death-point
varies with the nature of the bacteria,
with the time of exposure and the
condition in which the heat is applied.
Spores are always much more resist-
ant to heat than vege:ative forms;
some species when in the spore-state
can withstand the temperature of boil-
ing water for many hours (210-212 de-
grees F.) The vegetative forms of
most bacteria, on the other hand, are
killed at 55 degrees to 58 degrees C.,
(131 F.—140 degrees F.) by ten min-
utes exposure in the presence of mois-
ture. Dry heat is much less effective
as a germicide than steam. In a dry
atmosphere, temperatures ranging
from 140 degrees to 180 degrees C.
(260 F. to 300 F.) must be employed
to insure sterilization. Where steam
is confined under pressure, as in the
autoclave exposure for fifteen minutes
to a temperature of 125 degrees C.
(230—240 degrees F.) is sufficient to
destroy all known microbes.
The thermal death point as deter-
mined carefully for the common bac-
teria varies in species but, as many
figures are apt to be confusing to the
average reader, they are not given
here. In this connection, a point of
practical significance may be noted—
that while tubercle bacilli in suspen-
sion in milk are destroyed at 140 F.,
60 C. in fifteen to twenty minutes, the
pellicle that forms on the surface of
milk during exposure at this tempera-
ture may contain living bacilli after
sixty minutes. For this reason in
heating milk for sanitary reasons it
should be done in a closed vessel to
prevent formation of the pellicle
or “skin” on the surface cr should be
subjected to a higher temperature.
This will be later more carefully con-
sidered under pasteurization of milk.
The question may be asked, Why is
water that has been mercly boiled for
five minutes said to be safe? The
thermal death point of those bacteria
that are likely to be present in pollut-
ed water is low (135 to 140 F.) and
since they do not form spores, the
stances that they contain, are especi-
ally sensitive to light.
This germicidal action of light has |
been proven due to the violet end of |
the spectrum and not the heat or ved |
rays. The electric light exerts a ger- |
micidal influence similar to that of the |
sun’s rays. i
Experiments by Scparker, Calcutta, |
(Med. Jour. Aug. 1917) chow that, in |
the case of direct sunlight, tubercle
bacilli in sputum remain alive approx- |
imately two hours. When deposited |
in a place exposed to diffused daylight |
the interval during which sputum dust
may remain infective can be calculat-
ed in days. When sputum is deposit-
ed indoors, especially in dark, ill-ven-
tilated places, the tubercle bacilli may
retain their vitality and power to
cause the disease as long as 309 days.
Bovine tubercle bacilli were found to
be more resistant to sunlight and dif-
fused daylight than hun'an tubercle
bacilli. When exposed to electric
light the bovine bacilli were found
alive for seventy-four days but dead
after one hundred days. A practical
conclusion of these results is that the
entrance of sufficient light and air in
all inhabited rooms will do much to
combat the spread of tuberculosis. i
Next week—“Environmental Influ- |
ences” continued.
|
Glass Bottle Prices to Rise.
During the last week glass bottle |
manufacturers in South Jersey and |
elesewhere have been revising their |
cost tables to cover the advances in|
glass-blowing wages agreed upon at
the Atlantic City conference, which
closed August 6. This annual wage
conference between the National As-
sociation of Glass Manufacturers and
the Glass Blowers’ Asscciation, which
is affiliated with the American Feder-
ation of Labor, sets wages for virtu-
ally all glass bottle workers in the
United States and Canada, and as la-
bor is the largest item of cost in bot-
tle making, it can be seen that the de-
terminations of this joint body have a
far-reaching effect in the bottle trade.
At the conference 15 per cent. were
granted on virtually the entire hand-
made bottle line, while on machine-
made bottles 10 per cent. was agreed
upon. This increase appiies only to
organized or union labor, which com-
prises 40 to 50 per cent. of the total
employees in each plant. It is very
probable that the unorganized labor in
each plant will receive jauch higher
advances, for itis from this unorgan-
ized labor that the greatest withdraw-
als will be made by the Government
draft. This will necessitate bringing
in men from other industries which
have higher wage scales. Wages
alone will increase the cost of bottles
next year not less than 8 to 10 per
cent. depending upon their size.
A further increase, it is said, will
be necessary to cover the increased
cost of materials. Sand, which is the
principal constituent of glass by
weight, has increased at least fifty
cents per ton since :zontracts were
made in August, 1916. Soda ash, the
heaviest material item in cost, al-
though not in weight, is holding
steady, but the price todsy on long-
term contracts is more than double
-vhat it was a few years ago, and all
but a few manufacturers of bottles
have exhausted their old contracts and
are forced to use soda ash at the new
pirces. Lime, although used in small-
er quantities, has increased ir cost
about 20 per cent. since last August,
and minor chemicals are holding
steadily to a high scale of prices com-
pared with previous years.
——All those who have seen Ker-
ensky with the armies declare that it
is wonderful what he is able to do
with the men by his own strong faith
in Russia and the Revolution. A Fin-
nish soldier tells of an experience he
had on the eve of the battle between
Brzezany and Pinsk. “The Minister
of War,” he says, “came into our
trench the evening before the battle.
He shook hands with us, and exhorted
us to do our duty. He had on the
same uniform as ourselves, with noth-
ing to distinguish him, exeept a red
silk scarf, which he wore over the
shoulder. The next morning at five
lock, the first infantry attack was
ade, and Kerensky was one of the
first to leave the shelter of the trench,
armed with a revolver. It was a mar-
vel that he escaped scathless. We
would follow that man to the end of
the world.”
——They are all good enough, but
the “Watchman” is always the best.
{ That young sovereign seemed indeed
i was at any rate unable to follow ener-
pais
tremely valuable one, of being able to
Alfonso Losing His Grip. !
Five years ago a Spanish republic |
was but a wild dream in the minds of |
a few irreconcilable extremists. The
Republican leaders had no prestige |
whatever in the country at large and |
their following was being reduced to |
a mere handful. The causes of this
were, of course, many, but everybody |
agreed that among them the personal |
infiluerice of the King was paramount.
to be chosen by Fate or Providence to |
| gather around him all sections of his |
people and lead them united to great |
destinies. Today, writes a Barcelona |
correspondent to the New York
Word, things have altogether chang- |
ed.
A little retrospect is necessary for
the better understanding of the pres- |
ent situation. As soon as he was able |
to move about unfettered, King Alfon- |
co appeared, and to a certain extent |
| proved himself to be a ruler with an |
open mind, a keen perc:ption of real- |
ities, a genuine interest ir. the welfare |
of the country and an carnest desire |
to promote it by all means in his |
power. His youth and physical ener- |
gy appealed to the popular imagina- |
tion as symbois of hope and power, |
but his achievement as « polo player
and a crack shot and his undeniable |
qualities as an all round sportsman !
were, perhaps, more bvraised abroad |
than appreciated at home. i
The high water mark of popularity
| was reached when, two years before
i the breaking out ¢f the war, King Al-
i fonso called to counsel several prom-
| inent men of the Spanish political left.
| Among other representative personal- |
| ities there went to the royal palace
| Prof. Azcarate, the veteran Republi- |
‘can leader, ard Prof. Simarro, the
i man chiefly responsible for the show-
ing un of Francisco Ferrer’s judicial
murder; and although no publicity
was given to the interviews, both
these men admitted privately that the
King had made on them the best of
impressions. Simultancously with
this royal move the right wirg of the
Republican party detached itself from
the old fold, made clear its acceptance
of the monarchial regime and formed
a new political party, which was styl-
ed the Reformist party. Everything
then seemed to point toward a future
of close co-operation and understand-
ing between. the crown and the democ-
racy.
The King, however, if not unwilling,
getically the path of liberalism and
reform, and as far back as three years
ago the disappointment of the Span-
ish people had already begun. Then
came the war and the sharp division
of the country into pro-Germans and
pro-Allies. The King was credited
with pro-Ally leanings. He devoted
himself to the relief of prisoners of
war of all nationalities and did very
good work, particularly in locating
prisoners believed to have been killed.
But when all is said, it must be recog-
nized that kind-heartedness and will-
ingness to oblige are poor substitutes !
for statesmanship.
King Alfonso is learning this now.
The present crisis has been brought
about by the army, whose loyalty to
the crown, up to very recently, was
supposed to be unconditior.al. But the
army at length grew tired of the per- |!
sonal interference of the King and the
members of his military household in
all questions connected vith the pro-
motion of officers. and, te stop once!
and for all favoritism and intrigue,
the officers themselves set up a com-
mittee of defense and sent an ultima-
tum to the Government, asking,
among other things, for the dismissal
of every member of the royal military
househola. To this the King yielded,
and his military household, to which
belonged Count Grove and Colonel
Echague, two close personal friends
of the King, was completely overhaul-
ed. Thus we see that ths King is not
quite the master of his cwn house.
But it would be hasty to infer from
all that the King of Spain has got to
go. He has still many chords in his
arch. Senor Azcarate, who was again
called to the palace a few days ago,
told the King frankly—we have it on
the most reliable authority—that
great opportunities had keen lost. The
royal task now is to find new ones, and
the sooner the better.
|
The Bintz Sisters.
It was just after the Bintz sisters’
refined juggling act, the worst per-
formance of any kind that the great
detective ever yawned through, so he
decided to seek relaxatior. and diver-
sion by surprising the oczupants of his
stage box with his intimate knowl-
edge concerning them.
“Pardon me,” he said smilingly to
the thin, nervous man at his right.
“but how is the restaurant business?”
“Pretty well, thank you—er—that
is, rotten. But—how—did— ?”
“Very simple,” explained the great
detective. “You have the underfed,
illnourished look of the typical restau-
rant proprietor. And you, sir’—turn-
ing to the stout man 'n the checked
suit on his right—*“are a barber. How
do I know? Because, like 11 out of
every 10 barbers, you are in urgent
need of a shave.”
The stout man nodded meekly, and
the bushy-faced gentleman just be-
hind opened his mouth in amazement.
“You, sir,” the great detective said
to him, “are for the first time in your
life witnessing a vaudeville perform-
I notice that you applauded
hat last act vociferously for at least
two minutes, whereas if you had ever
witnessed a vaudeville performance
i of a great
THE SIGNAL CORPS.
This Branch of the Service Is the
Nerves of the Army.
An army must have eyes and ears as
well as muscles and legs. It has a
brain to direct its members in accord
with the things the eyes and ears bring |
| to the attention of the general in com-
mand. But it must also have nerves
to carry the messages of the eyes and
ears to the commanding brain,
The eyes and ears of an army are its
scouts, its cavalry, its aeroplanes, its
balloons, its spies, its photographers,
its observers. The brain is the com-
manding general and his staff. The
nerves are a hundred different activi-
ties of that branch of the service
known as the signal corps.
It is the duty of the signal corps to
transmit information. It performs this
duty in many ways, ranging from the
courier to wireless, from rockets at
night to heliograph flashes by day,
from permanent telephone and tele-
graph lines to the curious ‘‘buzzer”
and its wire on the ground, on fence
tops, strung among trees, anywhere it
can be put. It uses the wigwag code
with flags, searchlight signals, tele-
phones, signal flares—any and all
means of communication which the in-
genuity of man has devised are em-
ployed by the signal corps as necessity
may dictate.—Brigadier General Squier
in American Boy.
|
NEW YORK’S DIRECTORY.
In Early Editions They Turned a Poet
Loose Upon the Job.
The first New York city directory
was printed in 1786 and was a scanty
affair, with the “Van” descendants of
the Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam
taking up pretty nearly all the space.
The first attempt to compile names
of New Yorkers by business or trade
was made in 1805, when a classified
list was appended to the directory. At
the top of each classification the pub-
lishers inserted the work of a poet
whose lyre was turned to commerce.
This, for instance, is the bard's
thoughts on hairdressers:
Ye ragged pates, your hair we'll crop
And dress it vastly pretty,
Or if your blocks are bare walk in,
I warrant we can fit ye,
With bag or queue or long pig tail
Or brushed wig or grizzled—
It was pointed out that the poet evi-
dently had no trouble finding inspira-
tion for each of the different business-
es he was called upon to sing about un-
til he came to the list of restaurants,
which was published without verse,
leading to the belief that the strain of
singing of food had been too much for
the bard.—New York Times.
Sea Water.
Sea water is a complicated mixture
variety of substances.
Roughly speaking, it consists of 961%
per cent of fresh water plus 3% per
cent of mineral salts. Three-fourths
of these salts is chloride of sodium, or
common table salt, and the next largest
constituent .is chloride of magnesium.
After these come sulphate of magne-
sium, sulphate of lime, sulphate of pot-
ash, bromide of magnesium and carbo-
nate of lime. In addition to these sub-
stances, sea water contains minute
quantities of quite a variety of ele-
ments, including iodine, phosphorus
and arsenic. It also contains some sil-
ver, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, iron
and gold. Copper and zinc are found
in some seaweeds, and certain species
of coral is three-millionths silver.
Curved Arms of Flywheels.
A great many people imagine that
the arms of flywheels and pulleys are
curved for the sake of beauty and
graceful appearance. But this is not
so. In the making of these wheels they
are cast in sand from molten iron
poured in. As the arms are of less
thickness and body than the heavy rim
and the hub, they begin to cool off
quicker. By the time the arms are
“set” the rim and hub are still cooling
and contracting, and the effect of their
shrinkage is to cause a very powerful
pull on the arms. As the latter are sol-
idly set they become severely strained,
but if the arms are curved they with-
stand the pull that goes on during
shrinkage and simply straighten out a
little.
The Beginning of Brazil.
Rising brisk and early one bright
morning toward the close of the fifteenth
century, a nice Portuguese gentleman,
to wit, Cabral, going for a sail, decided
to take his comical little fleet down the
west coast of Africa, turn to the east,
totter across the Indian ocean and, be-
fore he grew quite old, reach the Indies.
The opening voyage was shorter than
expected. He awoke one day to find
land on his right instead of on his left,
land which Pinzon had scratched three
months earlier, land in the west and
not in the east. It was Brazil.—London
Chronicle.
Without Fear.
“The first shall be last and the last
shall be first,” quoted the devout citi-
zen.
“It makes no differenee to me how
before, no matter how poor, you | You arrange ’em,” replied the expert
would have known that act was not | commercialist. “I'll get mine either
worth applauding.”—Detroit Free | way. I'm the middleman.”—Washing-
Press. ton Star.
There is untold value in an ec-
onomical and mathematical cutlook in
camp life. The British armies have
proved it over and over again; the use
to which are put churks of bread
which remain uneaten being only one
instance. A year ago these were sim-
ply thrown away, but now, cwing to
the calculating power of one officer,
they are carefully collected and turn-
ed into chicken food. The officer in
question not only had a mathematic-
al mentality, but the capacity, an ex-
impress government officials with the
soundness and desirability of his
views.
Hard Task.
“What’s the matter, my dear?”
“Oh,” I'm trying to tell that Gotrox
person how perfectly beautiful we
think her horrid old wedding present
.”—Life.
Very Good.
“Did he get a good wife?”
“Good for a million.”
“Good enough.” — Louisville Courier-
Journal.
Pluck is always trying to forget that
it was beaten yesterday.
FAUBLE’S.
Stetson Hats
Walk-Over
SHOES
New Fall 1917
Styles Now
Ready.
FAUBLE'’S.
Allegheny St. BELLEFONTE, PA.
58-4
LYON @& COMPANY.
FALL AND WINTER
OPENING
—) OF (—
COATS and SUITS
We extend a cordial invitation
to all to come in and see our
large varieties of exclusive mod-
els in Coats and Suits.
CLOSING OUT SALE
OF ALL
Summer Dress Goods
Undermuslins, Shirt Waists and
Shoes at less than wholesale
prices. Everything in Summer
Stuffs must be sold regardless of
cost.
Lyon & Co. ... Bellefonte.