PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S FIRST t‘NNL'i AL MESSAGE. • • feikoz , (Aka .Rf Mg . Sti ll 4 lo- =`ella_ lianas of RePtufg"oo , To expreitu gratitude to God,Jn the name of the People, for the preservation of the United StoleS, is my flfsrduty in address ing you. Our thoughts next rsvert to the death of the late President by an act of int.- riaidal treason. ' The grief of the nation is ,ctill fresh ; it flails 50010 solace in the con slderaliou that he•livoitto enjoy the high cat proof of its confidence by entering on the renewed terbaa, the Chief Magletutey, .6 w h i ch lie had been elooted li • that nv brought the civil war substantially to a close; that his loss was deplored in all parts ' of the Union : ntitLtliat foreign nations have rendered justice to bie memory. Ills re mornf cast upon' me a heavier weight of tares than eve" devolved upon any one of 'his predecessors. ;To Uhl my trust I need the' support and confidence of all who are ul socinied with me in the various depart ments of Government, and the support and co nfidence of the people. Thera I. but ono way in which I can hope to gain their ne ce.snry aid : it is. to state, with frankness, the principles which guide my conduc...and their application to the present state of 'af f ins, well aware that the efficiency of my labors will. in a great measure, depend Ott your and their undivided approbntion. The Union of Jho United States of Amer- icn was-intende,l'hy its anthers to last as lonz so the ytuteq litent?elres shall last, UNION all %Lt. DR PERPETUAL!' are the woe de of the Confederation, "To - von moat. pEntr. , :r U:stos,"hy an ordinance of oT the United 'States, is the de clared purpose of the , Cnnotilution. The band of Divine Providence was never morn visible to the affairs of i.,en than in the frutning and' adopting of that It it, beyond comparison, the great ed event in American history.; and mice of all events iit 1110,11 re 111,100, the 11 , 0 ,0 preiritit with connegnetteen for every )o,ple of the r,irth ? Thp members of the Cooveldion whin prepared it bretigid to tiirir wink the tv.Pri tenon, of the l'ontedrr a: Rm. of their •et ern! Staten, and of other letitililienn government., old fled new: bet t h e y needed and they .übtained n, wirdoin , tiierior to expel icnrr. Anil when for 3t 8 i111.1.1y it requirod the upprncal Or n peo-, ligiassuin LLA iient and noted beporotely iu uvuty hit met conventions, what is [word wonderful Ilion tL it. otter earnest ronlentiom act Jong acy_ foojtugo awl all e ultimately di ow n m uu wly tai cc+ support ...1111,11i011 (0 19111111 Illc was dial 1 1.111 011 cnulnitre 5 . 111111 - 11 7 E7TrTiTt 7 71 7- TC• 10011 . 0 , 01 for Int 0011 100141 vitt too It iii, isturri to enforce the pithl-0 tit -•so,. and insure domestic trainit,,lity. In es,e 4 I the pal lou of the It.o et Ilthellt or by one flour, or so ~ 1 1;rarelty, it bi' ~•011, It duty ,d• the I 1111c.1 t.. 131, In 1119'.e the,c,tt wattle , u. lii iv: l •ate Or l'elsllll - 1 0 r111 of gpSt•l tool tit, :Lint -.0 to main .wuu the ito:ll,oge , le.iii-ii.•-•i 01 /111.. I) , 0 till) I tp.e 4.1 I illto . re, 41 , 41 ,It trots' ,111,1t1 10 .11 nototolnient pruvele.l 10 1110 I'oll - itself, so that lIN 4,11,11t.ip4 ttl + hr ui nle to tri In the 1 tsititre 'menet of I,atacittg elr tilt l'ion \o n oln ~11,wel ergo for the tlt,tucht of it posst- N6lity nl ,ti 10 'ill 1.114 i. 'llOl nese p rners 1 , 1 self-preeet 1.111.11 110%e .1 et'll +ot let itt tlnsr Integrity ~. .ry polo Alt^ thief Nlsgistrue -by .leo - 1 not h.q.. 111.111 Ity W anitt , n Ind NI 'tie rat:10; 1 , 11 ice 6f rho ,',tt lulr of 1 / 1 i roo l ltl $". while yet lont..to if Ow Fou • T 11..., 11, iree I ,1 11 -1 11,111,1 ., 91 ItnAt w" The Is or , art eddy ; tilt the lu 1t1 , 401 l ten .11 of I're,o,ol( .101'01 or7it , l , l,tap t •trje cbcryti -11 to , Central fins, romtsit, 1:19+ I 1,111111101101 vigor, 11, the 1 11 0 .-I . l6teitot of one pcner 11111110 o',ll sniety 011,114T0, Coost tint 0,11 ti the Stitt "I the ••1',....1.14. of the Uttity.l titate.." it -hott,i be v.+ in (10.11 110111 , 11. Ai the !ovoid,: It to 11 , 1 1 .11 'intro tit it the tr mo , rs „i "h.ch I tfl the 1 1.1,1 , 111 MI 1 lull It Ise 1 ,1 ,) t.,lf.ll , telit . title I tile CYCe4le4lCe I 'till 0.0 1 ; I'l 1. II :r,llll a b1i%14;410 post•i, ninny pull iols sullen 1 11.411 ham...n-1;44 411 10.1.101 . plitill of k• 5.,113 by lie loqieral 1:,1$l I and 111..11y IL ,11111 , 1 ILZY , Vll./111 ,1 hl; tic uuw ty fin oil, I, ISO 010 Sr)tfrelltiesn 01 ourh enitti.iy irlll.l Riluv . • lip apprehel,l4ti ft ei1e,..1 , 1,1,1' ! , Y 1111. 11,11, Ai Tlip• 111:1( 001110 111111 hill 11l jolt 0.11. ..11 . 1111111e1,11-, 1111,1 it 11111,1 ever tat Ist .1 ly be embarrassed by questions that lie be “ll./ it. %Vert, it rat lies Nri+e. the Exettio ive would beneatit the Mink', : the elm, nett of justice would he choked; legislation uoultl he (obstructed by exc.. ; so that there is greater tymplat ion to exercise .01.10 .h e C o mo otitis of the Genet al Government through the States than to ire-pats 011 their right lulsphere "The 'all .014de ucyntescuea Ili the tleetsions - of the totiet it)” ems, 'at the beginning or the et "tory. (to forced ht Jetlerston -as the vital ptineiple of tics," and the events .ir ibe lavi lour Yeats have estubliabed, we will loupe forever, Li, I t I here is no appeal to torce The maiutepance 01 the Paton ht togs with it "the support et the Sotto Govern ments in all their right';"but 11 I+llol I_lllo of the rights of any ,tittlellovernment to renownee Its own placee in the I'llton, or to nullify the laws of the fawn, The Sagest liberty is to be maintained 111 the discussion of the nets of the Federal Government , lout t bent is no appeal from its laws, except to the varidOr broaches of iliat Government utoilf, or to the people, wile grant to the memberi of the Legislative and of the Ex ecutive Departments uo tenuie but a limited one, and in that tuanher always retain the powers of ,redress. n'Plie sovereignty of the Stales" is the •languami of the Confederacy and not the laugugge) of the Constitution " The latter contilins the emphatic words : c,rwr. and the laws of the United States shall tie mule in pursuance. thereof, and all treaties made or which sloth! be inxile under rho nutlinttly of the ,United States, shall be the entire= law of the Inn,! ; and the judges in every State shall he bound thereby, Anything tot the-convi it II ti1:111 or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding." Certainly the Government of the United States is a limited government ; and so is every State government a limited govern meat. With us, this idea of l&nitation spreads through °Very ° form of administra tion, general, State, swill municipal, and rests on the great distinguishing pr(tieiple ci t the recognition of the rights of man 'fie ancient republics absorbed d the individual in the State, , presertbed his religion, and controlled his activity. The American aye,- entrlits on the asstitis of the equal right of every union to Itlfe,..orly, and the pur suit of happiness; to freedom of 'MN:science, to rho cultureand exercise of all It facul ties. As a coniequenee, the Stale C liiver " - mont. is limited, as to the General Govern ment in the interest of - the Union, as to the individual citizen in the interest of freedom. States, wills proper limitalons of power, aro essential to the existence of the Consti tution of the United States. At. the very isolumeneernent, ct'i i y vf hen we assumed a place among the P - ows of the earth, the Decla ration of Independence was ado re d by States ; so alsoiwere tiro articles of - t 'oared oration ;_ and when " the People of [lie United States"' ordained 1111 , 1 established the Constitution. it was the assent of the Stites, one by one, which. gave it vitality. Ice the event, too, of any Amendment to the Consti tution, the preposition of Cringrose needs the confirination of States. Without Stites, one great branch of the logislativf govern- li-iii I•tiliattiiiitlT. iirlimAit, Vol. 10. meta would be wanting.. And, if we look beyond the letter of the Constitution to the character of our country, ita capacity for comprekending within its jurisdiction a vast continental mime is duel to the system of States. the best security for the perpetual existence of the States is.the "supreme au thority" of the Consiiintion of tip tinned States. Theeperpetuity of the Constitution brings with it the perpetuity of the States their mutual relation makes os what we are, and in our political system their connexion is indissoluble. The whole cannot exist Without the parts, the parts cannot exist without the whole. So long as the Consti lake e' the United States endures, .the States will endure ; the destruction of the use is the deetruction,ef theokber ; the pros ervation of the One is the preservation of the other. I have thus explained my views of the mutual relation of the Constitution and the States. because they unfold the principles on which I have sought to solve the momen tous questions and ovetcome the appalling difficulties that toot me at the very com mencement of my Administration. It has been my steadfast object to escape from the sway of elementary passions,•ftml to derive a healing policy from the fundamental and prineipl.,l of the Constitution I fermi the Staten suffering fr tut the ef fe'te of a cifil war Resistance to the den eral government appeared to have exhausted The Gutted States has recovered po , sessoii of their forts and arsenals ; and their thrones were In Clio occupation of every tAlght iii ktAtti.mpleiLta—seceale. Khatbss the tetritory within the limits of those stages should he held as conquered territory, under military'nuthority emanating front the President as the head of the army, was t h.. tie-r . i nestion that presented itself for dec,ion. C n 1111111111 1011.4111,1411114 4.11M44141,/l.le(01 tor an incLetinite period, would [Ave offered no seem by for the early suppression of die , . content; would have divided the people in to the vanquishers nod the vnnquished nod would have envenomed hatred rltther limo hare ieeiore'l affection. Once estob fished, no precise lutist to their continuance ',vas con , e•lable They would have occa sioned an incalculable' and exhausting ex peti‘e Peaceful emigration to and from Gra' p irtion of the country is one of the best Inteins that can be thoupht of for the restoration of linrmony ; and that emigre-' lion ndyild 'Hive been prevented ; for what emigrant from nhroad, what inilittiripue nit it en at hems, would plite_ himself willingly 'Mee military rule The chief person.% who would hare followed iu the trainet the army would have been dependents oAsefne (tenor il Government, or men who estreet profit from ,the ; miseries of their errinpt,7fel low-tit izers. The powers of petronnge and I tee which rt end ha‘ e been h xercieed, us. der the President, over n rant, and populous, aid l naturally wealthy region, are greater than, mikes under extreme necessity, I .mould he it ill!ng to trust to any one man , they tic for my sof, I could never, unless on occa.,iol l 4 of great emergency, con sent to exercise. The wilful iieb of such powers. if continued throtigh a period of „Feat., woul 1 have endangered the purity of the 0.1111,91 ndniin„rl.llion and the liberties of 'lie 0 1 ore 11111011 "111111111101.1 16)11. It si Ics the !obey of military rule over a c eiquered territory would linen implied that es'arhoic inhabitant, may hove to -I':n port in the rebellion lied, by the act oft teats, cea,eo 10 09.1111 But the tine thiemy is, that all pretended mots of •e -cc 'lion evre. from the beginning, null and via 1 The Suites cannot commit treason, I any inme item they eon make valid We it too t or miirll'll 10 liwfal commerce with any for rile, Prover 'fill Shi ices attempting t. se. ced• plare•l theeisel re , in a e oelition where !heir Nal:1111y 11.011111 3;red, 11111 1110 calm ), id-bed—their faiicilunn suspended, but not' dell toyed. Ihu if any State neglivis or gefuees to perform its otlioes. them is the lucre sided itint the I)enri al Government 8110111,1 retaiii tnin all its withot its, and no soon as re.itine the exercise, of all 119 f 1 1 .19- 1101111. • On flits prone: pie I have octet!, and have gradually :cud fitiletlyAand by almost imperceptible sole.. sought to restore the ielir tul etielLy'44tro lioteituneut w 4.1 of 11.0 , 1•111.9. 'lb Ilia( 01111, Provisional Gov ernor.i have been ntipuinted for the Stales, (tchvoic lons 10111011, Wivernors elected, Leg 1011ithres assembled. ai,l Senators and Rep• r...(entai C:10,1.1110 the ~ C ongress of the Loted Stales Au jp. same tithe, the courts of the United Stcp3, as far 111c,,tild be done, have heen reoqicued, eo iliut the laws of the I United.' Steles might he thus enforced I t fur ugh 'hell itgeney 'file blockade had been romoved and the custom-houses re. estsitil,lied in ports or entry. SO that the revenue 11l the rutted Slates may be collect rd. The Post Office Deintri moot renews its oda...Riess activity, nail the General Govern ment is thereby enabled to comtnunicate proliiptly with its officers and agents The rows brifig security to persona and prop• co) , ; the opening of the ports invites the 1•C•1101..11,111 of industry and COMMONIO ; the ro.t oflift renews the facilities of SOCi'll 11:1- tereur4 and of Wittiness. And is it not happy for us all, that. the restoration of mich one of these functions of the General Government brings with it a blessing to the "tutee over which they are extended f Is It not a sure promise' of harmony and re- I 'lowed attachments to the Union that, after I all that has happened, the return of the I General liorcrnmeut is known only as a I beneficence I know 'cry well tint this policy i/ at tended with Immo tisk ; that for its suttoesi it requires al least the aequieseenee of the States which it concerns ; that it implies an. invitation to those States by renewing their allegiance to the United States. to resume their functiells ns States of the Union. But it is a risk that must lie token; in the choice of difficulties, it is the smallest risk ; and fo — ditninish, and, if povsiblf, to remove all clanger, I have felt it incumbent on me to assert one other power of the General GOit ernment—the power of pardon. As no State cillifthrow &defence over the erinie of treason, the power of pardon is exclusively vested in the Executive-Government of the United States. In exercising that power, I , have taken every precaution to connect it With the clearest. recognition of the binding ()roe of the•laws of the United States, and an unqualified acknowledgement of the great social change of condition in regard ' to Slaves' wlivih has grown out of- the war. The newt--step which I have taken to re shire the constitutional relations of the ' States, has been an •invitattion to them to participate in the high office of amending ' wife Constitution, Every patriot must wish fur a rowel amnesty at the earliest epoch consistent with publie safety. For this great end there is need of a Coneurrene o 0 all opinions, and the spirit of manta con ',ciliation. All parties in the late terrible ocnilliet must work together In hanittny.— ft is not too much to ask, in the name of the ',hole people, the!, on the onnlide, the ilea- BELLEFONTE, C.A.,:FRIDAY, DECEMBER-15,18'65. of restoration shall proceed in conformity with a willingness t% cast the disorder, ut tile past into oblivion; and that, .on the 'other, the evidenee'of sincerity in the luture maintenance of the Union shall be put be yond any doubt by the ratification of the proposed amendment "to the Constitution, which provides for the libolitioirof slavery forever within the limits aLour country So long as the adoption of this amendtuent is delayed, so long will doubt, and jealousy, and uncertainty Trevail. . This is the mras• ore, which will efface the sad memory Of the plat; this is the measure which will most certainly call i:Tut:llpm, and capital, and security lo those parts of tile Union that need them most. Indeetlot•is not too much to ask of the' States which aro now realm% lug their places in the family of the Union to give this pledge of perpetual loyally and peace. Until it is done, the past, lioaever touch we iii•y desire it, will not be forgot .ten. The adoption of the amendment re unites us beyond alPpower of disruption -- It heals the wound that is still imperfectly closed ; it. removes slavery, the ,element which has so long perplexed and divided the country ; it makes of us ()nee more united people, renewed and strengthened, hound more than ever to mutnalatfection and support. The amendment to the Constitution being" adopted, it would remain for the Slates, _whose powers have been so dung in abey ance, to resume their, places in the two brauebes of the National Legislature, nail thereby complete the work i ,of restoration. er•-.1.1-4,•-for--yens-41.10w-eitie Senate, and for you, fellow citizens of the• House of Representatives, to judge, each of }ion for yourselves, of the elections, returns, and qualifications of your own members. The full assertion of the powers of the General Government requires the bolding ,ait ..4-the—kluisol-St,ate.s.with: iu the district where their authority has been interrupted. In the present posture of our public affairs, strong objections have been urged to holding thosecourts in spy of the States where the rebellion has existed ; and it was - tisdortained, by inquiry, that the Cir cuit Court of the United States would not be held within the District of Virginia du ring the autumn or early winter, nor until Congress should have imu opportunity to consider and act on the whole subject." To your deliberations the restoration of this branch' of this oiril authority of the United States is therefore uecessarly refer red, with the hope that early provision 011 be made for the resumption of all its func tions. is manifest that treason, most flagranut in character, has been committed. Perseus who are charged with its commis sion should have fair and impartial trials in the highest civil tribunals of the country, In order that the Conti itution and:the laws may be fully vindicated ; the truth 'Clearly eat abliphed and affirmed that treason as a croiLlitat traitors should be punished and the offence made infamous ; and at the same timr, that the question may be judicially settled, Gnnlly and forever, that no State of ite own will has the right to 'renounce its plane to the Utlion. The relation of the General Government towards the four Millions of inhabitants whom the war has called into fretedom, have engaged my most serious consideration. On the propriely of attempting to make the freedmen electors by the proclamation of the Executive, I took for my counsel the Constitution itself, the interpretations of that instrument by its authors and their co ivitiroraries, and recent legislation by Con grees. Wheu, at the first movement towards independence, the Congress of the Nailed States instructed tee several States to imsti tote governments of their own, they left each State decide for itself the conditiolie fur the enjoyment of the elective franchise. During The period of the Confederacy, there continued to exist a very great diversity in the qualifications of electors in toe several Stoics; and even within the State a distino lion of qualifications prevailed with regard to the officers who were lobe chosen. The Constitution of the United States recognizes these diversities when tt eajoinstLat, in the choice of members of the !louse of Repre sentatives of the United States, "the eleot oi.s in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous ranches of the State Legiblature." After the tormat ion of the Constitution, it renisin ed, as before, the uniform usage for each State to enlarge the body of its electors, ac cording to its own judgement ; and under this system, one State after another bits proceeled to increase the number of its electolk until now universal suffrage, or something very near it, is the general rule. So fixed was this reservation of power in rite habits of the people, and so unquestion ed has been the interpretation of the Con stitution, that daring the late war the Pees idol!. Sever harbored the purpose—certainly - never avowed the purpose—of disregarding tf' and in the acts of Congress, during that period, nothing con be found which, during the continuance of hostilities, much less af ter their close, would have sanctioned any departure by the Executive from a policy which has so uniformly qbtained. Moreo ver a concession of the elective franchise to the freedmen, by act of the President of the United States, must have beep extended' to all colored meti, wherever found, and so must have established a change of etltfrage in the Northern, Middle and Western States, not less thorn in the Southern and Southwes tern. Such an act would haver-cheated a. new class of voters, and wtiald have been an assumption of power by the President which nothing in the Constitution or laws of the United States would have warranted. On the otherhand, every danger of con flict is avoided when the settlement of the question is referred to the several atates.— Zbey oin, eaoh for itself, decide on the 'fitenture, and wbeth&it is to be adopted At once and aboolutely:'oe introduced gradual ly and with conditions: In my judgment 'the freedmen, if they show patience and ntanly virtues, will sooner obtain a partici pation in the elective franchise through the States than through the aeneral Government evenif it bad power to intervene.—When the iumult of emotions that have been rais ed by the suddenness of the social change shall have subsided, it may prove that they willreceive the kindliest usage from some of those on whom they ham heretofore most closely depended. But wbilo I have no doubt that. now, After the close of the war, [tie not oompetent for the GenertakOovernment to extend the elec tive touching in the several States, it is equally clear that good faith requires the security of the freedmen in their liberty and their property, their right to' tabor; and' their right to claim the just return of their labor. I cannot toontroegly urge a diming /donate treatment of Ibis. subject, which should carefplly be kept aloof from all.par ty strifo:--41l• oust equally avoid hastjaas sumpi ions of :wry natural lurpossibility for the two races to live side by 5h10,..1w.a state of mutual beasilf . l4 &al sPIII. The di- "AMAMI mantis AND rwinutaur UNION.,, pertinent invokes us into inconsistency; let us then go on and make that experiment in good faith, uild not too easily disheartened. Tao country is in need of labor, and' the ft eedaten are in need uf cinploy :tient, Quillen and protection. While their right, of voluntary migration and expatriation is'llot to be questioned, I would, not acirise thelt. forced remotal and colonization Let lift rather encourage them to honorable and useful industry, Where it may be beneficinl ip themselves and to the country ; and, instead of hasty anticipations of the certainty of failure,' let there lio:nuthiug wanting to the fair trial of the experiment. The change in their condition is the aubsti. tution of labor by contract for the status of slavery. The freedmen cannot, be fairly accused of their unwillingness to work, so long :is a doubt remain" about his freedom of choice in his puriutts, and the certainty, of recovering his stipulated wages. In this the totereet of the employee and em ploy ed coinctde.-The employer desires in his workmen spit it and alacrity, and these can be permanently seemed in no other way. And if the one ought to ho able t q force the eomoncl, so ought the other" - The r tibii, interest will he best promoted, if the several States will Itrovtdn adoquate proteetion aml remedies for the freedmen. Milli 0115 is in shine way accomplished, there is no chance fur the freedmen. Until this is in some wit' accomplished, theic is no linnee for the nil vuningeous use of their !chi. ; .and the, blame of ill success will not rest on them.. I know that sincere philanthropy is earn- t-fer-ther le, eetliate tea uf 1110 ISSI aims ;but but lime is always an element in refOrm. It is one of the greatest acts on record to have brchtglit . (our millions of people Into freedom. The career of free industry must be fairly opened to them ; and then their future prosperity and condi tion must, after all, rest mainly on thein eelvtriffifit-ntrd-rre • . • let us be careful •that the failure shell nut be attributable to any denial of ,lint ice. In all that relates to the destiny of tub freed men, we need not be too anxious to read the future; mmy incidents which, from a spec ulative point of view, might raise alarm, will quietly settle themselves. Now thnt slavery is at an end or near it s cud, the greatness of its evil. in the wilt of view of public economy, becomes more and more appatent. Slavery was °seen' i ally a monopoly of labor. and as such lock ed the States where it prevailed agninet the incoming of free industry. Where labor wits the property of the cepitalist, the white man was excluded from employment, or bud but the ascend beet chaise of finding it ; and the foreign emigrant turned nway from the region where his condition Would be so precarious. With the destruction of the monopoly, freer labor will hasten from all ports aL-the orld to ii•tsst in defeloping various and immeasurable re sources which have hit bet to lain dormant. The eight or nine St des no it est the Gulf of Mexico have a soilufexubertint let tility. a climate frienly to long life, and can sus tain a denser population than is found as yet in any part of our country. And the future influx of popttlation to them will be mainly from the North, or ham the tnstbt cultivated nations in Europe From the sufferings that have Attended them . during our Into struggle, let us look away' to the future, which is sure to be laden tor them with greater prospet ity Inn has ever before beenlAwn. The removal of the of 'slave labor is a pledge that t .10.0 legrotis will bo peopled by a tin [nerve 1111.1 enter prising population, which with v IC Wllll any in the Union in corepactne-s, inventive ge nius, wealth, and industay. Our Government springs front awl wa 6 made for the people—ma the people for the Government. To them it Owen Illieg . lllllCo ; from them it mint derive its courage, strength . , and wisSen., But, while the*goi ernment is thus boom , ] to defer to the peo ple, thorn whom 1 ,i. ;Iva, ex istenee. It front the vets' cogs, lei-Ilion of its origin. be strong in its pomet of resistatuie to the establishment nopolias, perpetuities, and cl.,s are contrary,to the con.as of r• ee p.vora ment and ought tut to be allowed. Hero, there is no roan Tor tovered classes or ilio• nopolics ; the principle of onr Gni eminent is that of equal and fitelotti of indus try. Wherever monopoly :01,11/1.1 a foothold it is sure to ben seuree, of d "leer, discord and trouble. We shall but fulfil our antics as legislators by aceordln: "equal mil vs act justice to all. men," ; : peeial privileges to none. The ficvernmert it inahordinate to the people , but, to the se nit and len fesentative of the people, it must he held superior . Is monopuliez, ,11101, in them selves, ought loner to 1 0 gt:atitcl, and which, where the) existine , a he 1-.ltborsli nate sind'yield to the Go\ eminent The Constitution confers on ConLrress the right to regulate commerce among the sev• eral States. It io of the first necessity for the maintenance of the Union that ilatt commerce should be free nod unobstructed. No State con be justified ut any device to tax the,transit of hovel and commerce be tween States. The posriou of many States is such that, if they were allowed to take adtlantage of it for purposes of local reve nuer the commerce between Stifles might be injuriously burdened, or even virtually pro hibited. It is best, while the co AY' is still young, and while the leniency ens u gerous monopolies:of this kind is still feeble to use the power of Congress so 119 to pre. vent any selfish impediment to the flee cir culation of men and merchandise. .1 dux on travel and merchandise, in their transit, constitutes one of the worst terms of mo— nopoly, and the evil is inereasio s i if coupled with a denial of the choice of route. When the vast extent of our c,punify is considered, it is plain that every obstacle to the free circulation of commerce between the Slates ought to be sternly planted agalest by appropriate legislation, within the limits of the Constitution. The report of the Secretary of the Interior tiplaint thescsndition of tie public laude, Hie transactions of the Patent Office nod the Pensieur Bureau, the management of our . Indian affairs, the progress made in the construction of the Pacific railroad, and furnishes information in reference to mat tees of local interest in the District of Co. lumbia. It also presents evidence of the successful operation of the Homestead Aot, under the provisions of which L 160,533 acres of- the public lands were entered during the last liscaryear—more than one fourth of the whole number of acres bold or otherwise disposed of during that period• It is estimated thot the receipts derived rout this gourmet° euffudent to cover the eipenses incident to the survey and dispo eat of the lands entered under this ACt, and that ttayments in cafib to the extent qf from forty , to fi ft y per cent. will be mitHe'brffit. tiers who may thus at any time acquire title before (be expiration of the period at which it would otherwise vest. The houto stead polio, nevs established only after long 'and earnest resistance ; experience proves its wisdom. The lands, In the hands of industrious settlers, whose labor creates wealth and contributes to the public re sources.are worth niore to the I.lnited,States than if they had beep reserved as a solitude for future purohasers. The lamentable events of the laid four years, snd the sacrifices 'mode by the gal. , - hint men of our Army and Navy, have swelled the records of the Peirsiou Itunenu to an unprecedented extent. On the ltith day of June last. !betide' number of pen. sionera wataBft,oB6, requiring (or taci- au noel pay, exclusive of expenses, of $8,023,445. The number of applicatixts that' have boon Allowed since that date will require a large im.resse of this amount for the next fiscal year. Tile means tor the payment of the gtiperids •due, under exist. log laws, to. our disabled soldiers and nail. ors, and the families of such as have perished re the service of their ceentrv, will no doubt he cheerfully and promptly granted. .1 grateful people will not hesitate to sanction any measures having for their object the relief of soldiers mutilated and families Louie tatherlevs in the effort to preserve our national existence; The report of the Posturt.ter Oeneral pre sents an encouraging exhibition of the op erate/lei of the Post °thee Department' du eig the year. The revenues of tit . past year from the loyal States alone exceed the maximum. annual receipts from all the l•sistes previous to the rebellion, in the sum of $d,0:18,091; and the annual average In reetie-of eev.enate.slar-ingotkaoltutt-foutr-,aaas cot:peered with the revenues of the foqr years immedintely preceding the rebellion. was 1i.r.3,633,i4-1. The revenues of the ltist fiscal year aniotrntetl to $14,55.1,158, nod the expenditures to $11,091.728. leaving a Sur plus of receipts over expenditures of SS6I, Progtess hoe been made In restoring the postal service in the Southern States. The stew's - Tircsetti-eir by- the Postma star General against the policy of granting sub to ocean mail stenuiship lilies upon esintilisbed routes, and iu favor of emit MU ing the 'Prem:nt system, which limits the compensation fttr ocean servlem to the pos tage earuitigs, are recommended to the careful consideration of Congress. It appears from the report of the Stscre ; tat y of the Nary. that it hilt!, at. the canes mencenieut of the present year, there were iu commission 530 vessels of all' classes and descriptions. aimed nab 3,000 guns, and manned by 51.1100 men, the number of ves sels at prevent in coninuesion is 117, with hat guns and 12.1. i men lty this prompt reduction of the naval forces the expense. , of the tinvernment have been largely and a number of vessels, pur chased for naval purposes from the merchant marine. hate been returned to the peaceful puicuits ore, u?leree. Since the suppres sioa of active hostilities our foreign squad rune have been re-established, and consist of vessels much more effioient than those employed on similar service previous to the rebellion. The suggestion forlbe enlarge ment of the navy' yards, and eipbcially for' the establishment of one in fresh water fort iron clad vessels, is dmierving of considers lion, as is also the recommendation fur a different location and more ample grounds for the N.toill Academy, In the report of Ttiti Secretary of War, a geeeral summary is gi :en • of. the military campaigns of 1801 and 1565, ending in the, suppessden of ii tied resistance to the na tiatior authority in the insurg int States gllie operation. , of the general admiitisira• Otte Bureaus of the It ar Departniout tlurtotl the past year are detailed, and an estimitic ' made of the appropriattotts that will be re qhired for military purposes in the firecil year commencing the 30th day of June, IStlei. The national military force on the 1.. t. of May, 18 1 65, numbtl'&l 1,000,510 men. It is proposed ro reduce-the military Web , lisliment to a peace footing. comprelicniling fifty [holism] troops of all arms, organized 04 to admit of an enlargement' by filling tip the ranks to eiglityttwo thout.and sit banked, if the eireitinstaces of the roan. try slitothl re vice tan augmentation of the army. The lollinic , rr force has already been vedlitod by the discharge from service of ortr eight hundred thousand troops and the Deparipent iv ptoc Aing rapidly in the work of luttlloo reduction. The war ern mates are - reduced from* $7111,240,111 to $33,814.4tt1, which amount, in the opinion of the Department, is adequate for n peace establishment. The measures of re treneliment in each Bureau and branch of tile service exhibit a diligent economy -vrorlliv of commendation Reference is also ' , made in the report to We neceasuy of pro riding for a uniform militia system, 00111.0 the piopriety of malting suitable provision 1 for wounded and disabled officers and 'stil -1 diet... I The revenue system of t the count ry.IS A I subject of t ital interest to its - honor and prospei it y, and should command the earn est consideration of Congress. The Secre tory of fhe 'freasttry will lay before you a full and detailed report of the receipts and disbursements of the last fiscal year, of the first quarter Of the present fiscal year, of the prolidhle receipts an' expenditures for the other three planers, and the estimates for the year full e mins the 30th of dime, 1860. I might °enteral myself with wefer enoe to that report, in which you will find all the information required for your delib erations and decision. licit the paramount importance of the subject so presses itself on My own mind, that I cannot but lay before you my veins of the measures which are required for the good character, and. 1 might almost say. for the existence of this people. The life of a republic lies certain ly in the energy, virtue, add inlelfigerice of its eitiaens : but it id equally trite that a good revenue system. is the life of an organised government. I meet. you 'at a tithe when Limitation harvoluntilVily bur dened itself with a debt unprecedented in our annals. Vast as is its amount, it fades away into nothing when compared with the countless blessings that will be onoferred upon our country and Upon man by the preservation of the nation's life. Now, on the first occasion of the meeting of Con gress since the return of Obace. it is of the utmost importance to inaugurate a just pol icy, which shall 'commend itself to those who come after us for its continnturce. We must endeavor to apply the earliest remedy to the deranged state of the ettrrency, and not shrink from degising to policy whjph, wtithout being oppressive to the people. stall immediately begin to effect a redue-' lion of the debt, and, if persisted in, dis charge it filly within a definitely fixed number of years. It is our first duly to prepare in earnest for our recovery from the ever increasing' ' evils of an Irredeemable currency, without a sudden vevnision. , and yet without un timely proerastinai ionk f For that end, we must, each in our respective positions prepare the way. I hold it the dety of the Ixecutive to insist upon frugality is the expenditures; anti i sparing economy Is lbw No. 49. itself • great national resource. Of Ite banks to which Authority has been given to issue notes secured by bonds of the United ,States we may require the gjentent Moder ation and prudence, and the law must be rigidly enforced when its limits arc exceed ml We MAT, each orte,of us, counsel „our active andi.enterprisiitg countrymen to bo constantly on their guard, to liquidate debts cuntracted.ln a paper currency, and by condpcting business as nearly as possible ou a system of cash payments or short eredits, to hold themselves prepared Sc return to the standard of gold and silver. .1n aid ouch:flow citizens in the prudent management of 'their montentary affairs, the duty devolves on tts to dl.niuieh by la the hinotint of paper money now in circula tion. Fire years ego thelianrk note circula tion of the country amounted to not much more than t no•hundred millions; now the circulation, bunk and national, exceeds sexes hundred muttons. I r rie simple state ment. of the fact recommends more strongly then any words onnitio c - uld do, the necessity of our restraining thi. expansion The gradual reduction of the currency is the only measure tbst can save the business of the country from disastrous calamities; and this can, be slmot:t imperceptibly accomplished by gradually funding the national circttlal ion in necuritiea that may be redeemable at the pleasure of the her. ernmedt nor debt is doubly securs--51:'st in the Actual wealth and still great et uhdeveloped resources of the country ; and next in the • . • • -oar- jaaoLilial ion,. 11.0 too intelligent observers among political econo mists linvetiot failed to remark, that the public debt of a country is in roper. !ion as its people are flee ; that debt of a republic is the Rarest of all. Our history confirms and establishes the theory, and is, I firmly believb, destined to glee It a still more signal Illustration. The secret ef this superiority springs-not merelyfrom thetia that in a republic the national obligations are aistributed more widely through count less numbers in all classes of toddy ; it has its root in the character of oar laws. Ilero all men contributes to the public welfare, and bear their fair' allure of the public burdens. boring the war, under impulses of patriotism, the men of the great holy of the people, without regard to their own comparative want of wealth, threnged to our armies and filed per fleets or war, and hold themselves ready to offer their lives for the public good. Now, in their turn, the property and inCome of the country should bear their just proportion of the burdens of taxation, while in our impost system, through moan of which. increased vitality is accidentally mparted to all the industrial interest, of nation, the duties shall 1111140 adjtiSted as to fall most heavily on erticlea of luxury, leaving the necessa ries of llfC-as 'free frum taxation as the absolute wants of, the Government, econom ically administered, will justify. No favored class shouliidemand freedom from assessment and the taxes should be so dist lbuted as not to fail unduly on the poor, but 'rather on the Accumulated wealth of the country. We should leolellt the onafenal debt just as it is --net as a national' bieasing. but as a heavy burden on the industry of the country, to be dischmed without unnecessary delay. It is estimated by the Secretary of the Treasury that the expenditures for the fiscal year ending the 30th of June, 1806, will exceed the receipts $112,194,947. It is gratifying, however, to state that it is oho es.mited that the revenues for the year endingt he 30th of Juno, 180, wiil exceed the expenditures in the aunt of $111,672,- 818. '1 cis amount, or so unfelt as may be deemed sufficient for the purpose, Dins' be applied to the reduction of the public debt, which, no the 31st day of Chuolter, 1863, was, tf3,710,854,720.. Exert" reduction will diminish the total amount of interest to be paid, and eo enlarge ,the means of stilt further reductions, until the whole shall be liquidated ; and this, as will be seen from the estimates of the Secretary of ther Treasury may be aecompliihed by annals' payments eveu within a period-not exueed 1 tug 39 leers. I have faith that we shall do all this within a reasonable time ; that, as we 1111VO untaxed the world by the suppreasion of a civil war which was thought to be beyond the control of any frovernment, vo we shall: equniiy show the superiority of our institutions by the prompt end faithful discharge of our national telillgt,t ions. ' The department of Agriculture. under its pre-eat direction, is accomplishing much in developing and utilising the vast agrienltirr •al capabilities of the ocuOry, and torturer :nation ref Uncling the details or its Manage ment, reference is made to the nunual repot t of the Commissioner, I have dwelt thus fufly on our domestic affairs because of their transcendent impor— tance - Pndernity circumstances, dilr'greed extent of territory and ..oricty cf didiste, producing almost everything that is is necessary for the wants, and even' the comforts of man. make us singularly independent of the varying policy "of Foreign Fos era, and protect us against every temptation to "entangling alliances," while at the present moment the re-establishment of harmony, and the strength that canted from harmony, will to our best security against "nations who feel power and forget right." For myielf, it hid been and it will be my eon slant aim to promote peace and amity wittiall foreign net ons and powers ; and 1: - hove every reason to believe that...they all, without excep tion, are animated by the same disposition. Our relation. with the Emperor of China, so recent in their orgin. arernost friendly. Our commerce with his detentions is receiving new envelopment.; and it is very pleasing to fled that the Government of that great empire Man ifests satisfaction with out policy. and re see oat confidence in the fairness which se • k.-istkr ntercourse. The unbroken harmony , the United Staten and the Emperor of. • receiving a new suppntt from air elite I signed to carry telegraphic lines across the Con tinent of Asia, through his dominions, and so t o conneet us with all Europe by a new channel of intercourse. Our commerce with Bout,' Amer ica is about to nettle., ormouragmnent by a di root line of mail steamships its the ri.ing Em pire of Brazil. The distinguished party of men of 'dance who ha. e recently left out errantry to make d scientific exploration of the natural his tory and river`! and mountain range. of that re gion. have recetvell from the Emperor that gen erous welcome which wee to have been expected from his constant friendship for the United Stateeond his well known se tl in promoting the adraneement of knowledge. A hope is enter, tallied that our temporal with the rich and populous countries that border on the Mediter ranean sea maybe Inzgely increased, Nothing will be wanting, on be past of this Govern ment, to extend the protection of our **s ores the enterprise of our .fellow-citizens. We m eeke from the Powers in that region asetatiness of good will; and it is word* of note that a epeeist envoy has brought us Messages -of cosi dolenee on the death of oar late 'Chief Meet trate from the Bey of Tunithehose rule includes the old dominions of.Uarthageb op the African melt. Our dementia ammo; now harke ended. h left perm tretterin car relationt wl one Mime.. of Chastest marithne Toni. o. The formulae, • Its= justified' by UM tithe. IN neutrality pursued by the Porninh=l coneMelen, there was a potarkled The mateirsh of war for thii issoliaatikaawa were futoisbed, in • poet mowntili 6 ° 0 4 workshops of (treat Bratsh,l did Binh& - • manned bj British enbjeets, art mend he receiving British artnamenta, nollolAra= ports of Great Britian to make war Vl' - nommen:eh under the shelter of Ai iteno from the Insurgent &Mee. ,Tif see AO, having once escaped from British pone, at m afbiewitraV entered them in scary pasta theirs= and au to review their depredations , The sequences of thiaNcerideet, well tided to the Maths thou in rebellion, increasing desolation and misery, by the valet= • our civil contest. It Lid, Mammas to a groat exumt, to (Wet the AM•6611.11 fine' from the sea, and do Ulnas?, mech . of our shipping and our cumnidoliq to um tory Poems' whose subjects Mu treated the fisintleilitrikof stub a change. Them eventastpok place berme I wee called to the administration of theties oninient. The sincere desire fbrpeace by which I am animated led me to approve the proposals already m.sde , to submit the questions Whieh• had tree arisen between too sountrias to mid [ration. These questions Ire of each moment they must have commanded tire attention of the, greet Powers. and aro au interwove° with the peace and interest of every one of them et to hate euiured an impartial decision. I re gret to inform you that Brent Britian declined the arbitrament, but, on the other hike/ invited us to the formation of • Joint commission tis settle mutual claims between the two countries, from which those for 'the deprodilitina Whim mentioned should be excluded. The poorpgi -46a , in that very unsatisfactory form, has bead declined. The United States did, not present the aubl• Ject as an impeachment of the good faith oft l',.wer which was professing Usti must friendly dispaitions, but as involving quo/diens of pub. I.ty law, tif whieh the sittlemon. iii essontial•to the peace of natlons; ind,"theigh peettniarr repliratton to their injuied sibs iath would hare' foilu wed ineldeotally on a decision ag Janet Ghent Britian, such compensation was not theirprl ,mary otuosL They had a htgher mode!, end le Wit! in the interohts of pease end Jtfstice _ toAa- Ladish tropurturt pnlaciptos of internatidhal law. The correspondence will be platted before you. The ground on which the British Minister rests his Justille:Cion Is, substantially, that the munietped law of a nation, and the donuts& interpretations of that law are the measure of its duty as a neutral; and I feel bound to de clare my opinion, before you and before the world, that that Justification cannot be sustain.. ed before the t;ibunal of nations. At the aunts da nor an; ntimentattassnt.ta redress by seta of legislation. For the return, friendship between the two countries met awl on the basis of mania Pieties. From the moment of the establishment Of init free Conatitutien, the civilised world has been convulsed by revolution. In the Interest of de mummy or of monarchy; but throeg6 all *Me heel utions the United States have wisely and firm) fused to become peopmeaudirts - of re. liiilhanktn. It Ll4ll. only grratirttalldit MOM to our tonditiou'rbut we have never sought he impose it op °tee* end wo have • consistently followed the advice of Washington to meant mend It only by the careful presernitiap and prudent use of the blessing. During all the la tereeuing paned the policy of European Pointe and et the United .Statee has, ea the whole, been harmonious. Twice, indeed, rumen of M emnon of some parts of America, in the imilitted of monarchy, have prevailed; twice sy prods meson bare had occasion to aenouates the views of this nation in respect to such Wade. anti. On both °outside, the remonstrainse of the United States was respected, 'from a deep conviction, yea the part of Enropme Gonna menu, that the system of moss-lenenterened and normal abstinence from propairsedlata wen the truo rule for the two hemispheres. aka* *IMP times we have edvanoed in we4tle-and „power; but we retain the same purpose to, leave the nations of Europe to °booed - Weir own dynaithse and form -their own - systems of - government Thu consistent moderation timyjustly demand a `eorrespoutling, moderation. vre should tipe gerd it as a great calamity to ourselves, to the cause of good government, and to the prime of the world, should any European Power dud . lenge the American people,. as. ikirare, to the 'defence of republicanism against foreign Ilther fereuce. We cannot foresee and me astraWg to consider what opportunities might premed themselves, what combinations 'redght Oder to protect ourselves ageing. designs Setubal to our form of government. The Wilted Stehle desire to act id the future as they have ems acted heretofore ; 'they never will be delver from that course butrby the aggreeskeed Rio: ropean Powers ; and we rely On the wisdom and justice of those Powers to respeeeeireeyeeletrelf Hon-interference which has so long been tame tioned by time, mad which, by its good mulls, has approved itself to Vieth eontinents. The coerespondence between the Malted States and France, in reference to quantum which bare booome subjects of discussion be tween the two Governments, fill, at a peeper tikno, Lo laid before Coegress. When, on the organizationeof our Opvern meat, under the Constitution, the ~president Of the United Stated de - Geared lii• iniegunsi ad dress to the two Houses of Congress, he said to them, and throngh th, in to the ermeitct ! re m amassed, that "the prosetvanen of the fire 01 liberty and the dieUny of the rebublioae ' model of government are justly considered as deeply, perhaps as finally staked on the, etre runentintrueleidto the Amerleass-peopl4o -And the House of Representatives ensnared Wash ington by the voice of Madison: "We addre the invisible hand whets his led the American people. through so many difficulties, tel cherish e eon‘cioars reepotisibility for the destiny of re publicanliberty," More than seventy-six years . have glided away since these words were spo ken; the United States have passed through severer trials than foreseen; and now, at tide new epoch in our existence al , one natkel, with our Unit, purified by sorrosrapind strengthened, by colitict, and established hy tee , virtue , in the people, the greatness of the mica- . elms invitee us once more tirrepeetj-wittilieleiri nity, the pledges of our fathers to hold °urine*/ answerable before our fellow-men for the encodes of the republican form of government. Eerier ' score has proved its rullicetuoy In peace and in war; It has vindicate& its authority through dangers, and Meknes's and sudden and terrible 4, nehergrerreles, which would have eruehed any system that had been less timely fixed in ems heart of the people. At the , inauguration" Of legehingten-the loroign Helens of the °pinery were few, and its trade was repressedthy hostile . regulatioas; now all the civilised nation's of the globe welcome our commerce, and their Ocean,. meets profess towards us amity. Then our ecuetry telt its ,way hesitatingly along an us tried path, with States hp little bound to„,eesiser by rapid mean, of oorntounteation as to he herd- Iyalinown 1$ "owe another, and with hietorlo tee ditions iratenditig over very few years • now intereounie between the Stateciarieleadd intl. mate ; the experience of oeneutite luts teem omitted iuto a dew generations and 1111 h elee& . au intense, indestructible u:stioaality. our jurisdiction did not roach beyond the Luna yen ien t boundaries, of the territory which bed achieved independent:se; now, through cessions of lands, trot colonisal by Spans sued Illittall e the country has acquired I more complei liar acter, and hes for It, mesterei Smite the ens - "nf Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, and eat timeesell L the west the two great memos. Ottitogg lure vestited tej eiVil Wes foe ages could establish for themselves the otemmatershi gree of unity; the latent Onnvisithet digegejer form of government is the-beet ever lino,* to the world, has stabled pa teleseergelfraiii Will war within four, yease, with a: irepnEere bee tion uf.net, sionstitutionsi euthsirity pe t tk - oral Goverionsent,arid with our .1 and State institutions animpairod.-The 01 emigrants that Growl Jo opir aktri&l V meshed of the onsildence of allpebeilen in 6 - mimeses. Here is the great hod dope where industry is blessed with.. wards. and the bread of the 'Tr=gli C ti sweetoded by theombeeionenees tine Mieldlifillie of the country "le lions emu% hisses' lib. ownellipertry.", ere every,one ettjey74 hise me or his faculties and th e choke of e arl - fly ei * nal,lllllll right. Mete, einemehe eeelidn ed influence of fruitful (Ail s teem is happy instittittoshae i population tie. a lifteen-fold:wirthe •is dietary, now WOO the easy develohnsidt of bowlike'''. . wealth hoe itiondowoli with Ise rapidity thka awittithrow eat .I ww . ' moue agoisot thy Laaalial oiotooltatrof , et, • °mintage, and allha likeembiees end , ~,., on self-centred and Veto• ....____Afif. more .. sidle's,* oaxe.isigivea , to '''"'"'""-- tiels for meg one UNA as eat - ! '• on. relismot Obibpolldell ..', `M . Gs Mtn sovutiamitt. rehraris • MO (CbookSLA alsAffarsB4_ .., 4 ",,
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers