PRESIDENT JOHNSON'S FIRST t‘NNL'i
AL MESSAGE. •
•
feikoz , (Aka .Rf Mg . Sti ll 4 lo- =`ella_ lianas of
RePtufg"oo ,
To expreitu gratitude to God,Jn the name
of the People, for the preservation of the
United StoleS, is my flfsrduty in address
ing you. Our thoughts next rsvert to the
death of the late President by an act of int.-
riaidal treason. ' The grief of the nation is
,ctill fresh ; it flails 50010 solace in the con
slderaliou that he•livoitto enjoy the high
cat proof of its confidence by entering on
the renewed terbaa, the Chief Magletutey,
.6 w h i ch lie had been elooted li
• that nv
brought the civil war substantially to a
close; that his loss was deplored in all parts '
of the Union : ntitLtliat foreign nations have
rendered justice to bie memory. Ills re
mornf cast upon' me a heavier weight of
tares than eve" devolved upon any one of
'his predecessors. ;To Uhl my trust I need
the' support and confidence of all who are
ul socinied with me in the various depart
ments of Government, and the support and
co nfidence of the people. Thera I. but ono
way in which I can hope to gain their ne
ce.snry aid : it is. to state, with frankness,
the principles which guide my conduc...and
their application to the present state of 'af
f ins, well aware that the efficiency of my
labors will. in a great measure, depend Ott
your and their undivided approbntion.
The Union of Jho United States of Amer-
icn was-intende,l'hy its anthers to last as
lonz so the ytuteq litent?elres shall last,
UNION all %Lt. DR PERPETUAL!' are the
woe de of the Confederation, "To - von
moat. pEntr. , :r U:stos,"hy an ordinance of
oT the United 'States, is the de
clared purpose of the
, Cnnotilution. The
band of Divine Providence was never morn
visible to the affairs of i.,en than in
the frutning and' adopting of that
It it, beyond comparison, the great
ed event in American history.; and mice
of all events iit 1110,11 re 111,100, the
11 , 0 ,0 preiritit with connegnetteen for every
)o,ple of the r,irth ? Thp members of the
Cooveldion whin prepared it bretigid to
tiirir wink the tv.Pri tenon, of the l'ontedrr
a: Rm. of their •et ern! Staten, and of other
letitililienn government., old fled new: bet
t h e y needed and they .übtained n, wirdoin
, tiierior to expel icnrr. Anil when for 3t 8
i111.1.1y it requirod the upprncal Or n peo-,
ligiassuin LLA
iient and noted beporotely iu uvuty hit met
conventions, what is [word wonderful Ilion
tL it. otter earnest ronlentiom act Jong acy_
foojtugo awl all e
ultimately di ow n m uu wly tai cc+ support
...1111,11i011 (0 19111111 Illc was dial
1 1.111 011 cnulnitre 5 . 111111 - 11 7 E7TrTiTt 7 71 7- TC•
10011 . 0 , 01 for Int 0011 100141 vitt too It iii,
isturri to enforce the pithl-0 tit -•so,.
and insure domestic trainit,,lity. In es,e
4 I the pal lou of the It.o et Ilthellt or
by one flour, or so ~ 1 1;rarelty, it bi'
~•011, It duty ,d• the I 1111c.1 t.. 131, In 1119'.e
the,c,tt wattle , u. lii iv: l •ate Or l'elsllll
- 1 0 r111 of gpSt•l tool tit, :Lint -.0 to main
.wuu the ito:ll,oge , le.iii-ii.•-•i 01 /111.. I) , 0 till)
I tp.e 4.1 I illto
. re, 41 , 41 ,It trots' ,111,1t1
10 .11 nototolnient pruvele.l 10 1110 I'oll
- itself, so that lIN 4,11,11t.ip4 ttl
+ hr ui nle to tri In the 1 tsititre
'menet of I,atacittg elr tilt l'ion \o n oln
~11,wel ergo for the tlt,tucht of it posst-
N6lity nl ,ti 10 'ill 1.114 i. 'llOl nese
p rners 1 , 1 self-preeet 1.111.11 110%e .1
et'll +ot let itt tlnsr Integrity
~. .ry polo Alt^ thief Nlsgistrue -by .leo
- 1 not h.q.. 111.111 Ity W
anitt , n Ind NI 'tie rat:10; 1 , 11 ice
6f rho ,',tt lulr of 1 / 1 i roo l ltl $". while yet
lont..to if Ow Fou •
T 11..., 11, iree I ,1 11 -1 11,111,1 ., 91 ItnAt w"
The Is or , art eddy
; tilt the lu 1t1 , 401 l ten .11 of
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-11 to , Central fins, romtsit, 1:19+ I
1,111111101101 vigor, 11, the 1 11 0 .-I . l6teitot of one
pcner 11111110 o',ll sniety 011,114T0,
Coost tint 0,11 ti the Stitt "I the ••1',....1.14. of
the Uttity.l titate.." it -hott,i be v.+ in
(10.11 110111 , 11. Ai the !ovoid,:
It to 11 , 1 1 .11 'intro tit it the tr mo , rs „i
"h.ch I tfl the
1 1.1,1 , 111 MI 1 lull It Ise 1 ,1 ,) t.,lf.ll , telit . title I
tile CYCe4le4lCe I 'till 0.0 1 ; I'l 1. II
:r,llll a b1i%14;410 post•i,
ninny pull iols sullen 1 11.411 ham...n-1;44
411 10.1.101 . plitill of k• 5.,113
by lie loqieral 1:,1$l I and
111..11y IL ,11111 , 1 ILZY , Vll./111 ,1
hl; tic uuw ty fin oil, I, ISO 010
Sr)tfrelltiesn 01 ourh
enitti.iy irlll.l Riluv
.
• lip apprehel,l4ti ft ei1e,..1 , 1,1,1' ! , Y
1111.
11,11, Ai Tlip• 111:1(
001110 111111 hill 11l jolt 0.11.
..11 . 1111111e1,11-, 1111,1 it 11111,1 ever tat Ist .1
ly be embarrassed by questions that lie be
“ll./ it. %Vert, it rat lies Nri+e. the Exettio ive
would beneatit the Mink', : the elm,
nett of justice would he choked; legislation
uoultl he (obstructed by exc.. ; so that
there is greater tymplat ion to exercise .01.10
.h e C o mo otitis of the Genet al Government
through the States than to ire-pats 011 their
right lulsphere "The 'all .014de ucyntescuea
Ili the tleetsions - of the totiet it)” ems, 'at
the beginning or the et "tory. (to forced ht
Jetlerston -as the vital ptineiple of
tics," and the events .ir ibe lavi lour Yeats
have estubliabed, we will loupe forever, Li, I t
I here is no appeal to torce
The maiutepance 01 the Paton ht togs
with it "the support et the Sotto Govern
ments in all their right';"but 11 I+llol I_lllo
of the rights of any
,tittlellovernment to
renownee Its own placee in the I'llton, or to
nullify the laws of the fawn, The Sagest
liberty is to be maintained 111 the discussion
of the nets of the Federal Government , lout
t bent is no appeal from its laws, except to
the varidOr broaches of iliat Government
utoilf, or to the people, wile grant to the
memberi of the Legislative and of the Ex
ecutive Departments uo tenuie but a limited
one, and in that tuanher always retain the
powers of ,redress.
n'Plie sovereignty of the Stales" is the
•languami of the Confederacy and not the
laugugge) of the Constitution " The latter
contilins the emphatic words : c,rwr.
and the laws of the United States
shall tie mule in pursuance. thereof,
and all treaties made or which sloth! be
inxile under rho nutlinttly of the
,United
States, shall be the entire= law of the
Inn,! ; and the judges in every State shall
he bound thereby, Anything tot the-convi it II
ti1:111 or laws of any State to the contrary
notwithstanding."
Certainly the Government of the United
States is a limited government ; and so is
every State government a limited govern
meat. With us, this idea of l&nitation
spreads through °Very ° form of administra
tion, general, State, swill municipal, and
rests on the great distinguishing pr(tieiple
ci t the recognition of the rights of man 'fie
ancient republics absorbed d the individual
in the State, , presertbed his religion, and
controlled his activity. The American aye,-
entrlits on the asstitis of the equal right
of every union to Itlfe,..orly, and the pur
suit of happiness; to freedom of 'MN:science,
to rho cultureand exercise of all It facul
ties. As a coniequenee, the Stale C liiver " -
mont. is limited, as to the General Govern
ment in the interest of - the Union, as to the
individual citizen in the interest of freedom.
States, wills proper limitalons of power,
aro essential to the existence of the Consti
tution of the United States. At. the very
isolumeneernent,
ct'i i y vf hen we assumed a place
among the P - ows of the earth, the Decla
ration of Independence was ado re d by
States ; so alsoiwere tiro articles of - t
'oared
oration ;_ and when " the People of [lie
United States"' ordained 1111 , 1 established the
Constitution. it was the assent of the Stites,
one by one, which. gave it vitality. Ice the
event, too, of any Amendment to the Consti
tution, the preposition of Cringrose needs
the confirination of States. Without Stites,
one great branch of the logislativf govern-
li-iii I•tiliattiiiitlT. iirlimAit,
Vol. 10.
meta would be wanting.. And, if we look
beyond the letter of the Constitution to the
character of our country, ita capacity for
comprekending within its jurisdiction a vast
continental mime is duel to the system of
States. the best security for the perpetual
existence of the States is.the "supreme au
thority" of the Consiiintion of tip tinned
States. Theeperpetuity of the Constitution
brings with it the perpetuity of the States
their mutual relation makes os what we are,
and in our political system their connexion
is indissoluble. The whole cannot exist
Without the parts, the parts cannot exist
without the whole. So long as the Consti
lake e' the United States endures, .the
States will endure ; the destruction of the
use is the deetruction,ef theokber ; the pros
ervation of the One is the preservation of
the other.
I have thus explained my views of the
mutual relation of the Constitution and the
States. because they unfold the principles
on which I have sought to solve the momen
tous questions and ovetcome the appalling
difficulties that toot me at the very com
mencement of my Administration. It has
been my steadfast object to escape from the
sway of elementary passions,•ftml to derive
a healing policy from the fundamental and
prineipl.,l of the Constitution
I
fermi the Staten suffering fr tut the ef
fe'te of a cifil war Resistance to the den
eral government appeared to have exhausted
The Gutted States has recovered
po , sessoii of their forts and arsenals ; and
their thrones were In Clio occupation of every
tAlght iii ktAtti.mpleiLta—seceale. Khatbss
the tetritory within the limits of those
stages should he held as conquered territory,
under military'nuthority emanating front
the President as the head of the army, was
t h.. tie-r . i nestion that presented itself for
dec,ion.
C n 1111111111 1011.4111,1411114 4.11M44141,/l.le(01
tor an incLetinite period, would [Ave offered
no seem by for the early suppression of die , .
content; would have divided the people in
to the vanquishers nod the vnnquished
nod would have envenomed hatred rltther
limo hare ieeiore'l affection. Once estob
fished, no precise lutist to their continuance
',vas con , e•lable They would have occa
sioned
an incalculable' and exhausting ex
peti‘e Peaceful emigration to and from
Gra' p irtion of the country is one of the
best Inteins that can be thoupht of for the
restoration of linrmony ; and that emigre-'
lion ndyild 'Hive been prevented ; for what
emigrant from nhroad, what inilittiripue nit
it en at hems, would plite_ himself willingly
'Mee military rule The chief person.%
who would hare followed iu the trainet the
army would have been dependents oAsefne
(tenor il Government, or men who estreet
profit from ,the ; miseries of their errinpt,7fel
low-tit izers. The powers of petronnge and
I tee which rt end ha‘ e been h xercieed, us.
der the President, over n rant, and populous,
aid l naturally wealthy region, are greater
than, mikes under extreme necessity, I
.mould he it ill!ng to trust to any one man ,
they tic for my sof, I could never,
unless on occa.,iol l 4 of great emergency, con
sent to exercise. The wilful iieb of such
powers. if continued throtigh a period of
„Feat., woul 1 have endangered the purity of
the 0.1111,91 ndniin„rl.llion and the liberties
of 'lie 0 1 ore 11111011 "111111111101.1 16)11.
It si Ics the !obey of military rule over a
c eiquered territory would linen implied that
es'arhoic inhabitant, may hove to
-I':n port in the rebellion lied, by the act oft
teats, cea,eo 10 09.1111 But the
tine thiemy is, that all pretended mots of •e
-cc 'lion evre. from the beginning, null and
via 1 The Suites cannot commit treason, I
any inme item they eon make valid We it too t
or miirll'll 10 liwfal commerce with any for
rile, Prover 'fill Shi ices attempting t. se.
ced• plare•l theeisel re , in a e oelition where
!heir Nal:1111y 11.011111 3;red, 11111 1110 calm
), id-bed—their faiicilunn suspended, but not'
dell toyed.
Ihu if any State neglivis or gefuees to
perform its otlioes. them is the lucre sided
itint the I)enri al Government 8110111,1 retaiii
tnin all its withot its, and no soon as
re.itine the exercise, of all 119 f 1 1 .19-
1101111. • On flits prone: pie I have octet!, and
have gradually :cud fitiletlyAand by almost
imperceptible sole.. sought to restore the
ielir tul etielLy'44tro lioteituneut w 4.1 of
11.0 , 1•111.9. 'lb Ilia( 01111, Provisional Gov
ernor.i have been ntipuinted for the Stales,
(tchvoic lons 10111011, Wivernors elected, Leg
1011ithres assembled. ai,l Senators and Rep•
r...(entai C:10,1.1110 the ~ C ongress of the
Loted Stales Au jp. same tithe, the courts
of the United Stcp3, as far 111c,,tild be done,
have heen reoqicued, eo iliut the laws of the I
United.' Steles might he thus enforced I
t fur ugh 'hell itgeney 'file blockade had
been romoved and the custom-houses re.
estsitil,lied in ports or entry. SO that the
revenue 11l the rutted Slates may be collect
rd. The Post Office Deintri moot renews its
oda...Riess activity, nail the General Govern
ment is thereby enabled to comtnunicate
proliiptly with its officers and agents The
rows brifig security to persona and prop•
co) , ; the opening of the ports invites the
1•C•1101..11,111 of industry and COMMONIO ; the
ro.t oflift renews the facilities of SOCi'll 11:1-
tereur4 and of Wittiness. And is it not
happy for us all, that. the restoration of
mich one of these functions of the General
Government brings with it a blessing to the
"tutee over which they are extended f Is
It not a sure promise' of harmony and re-
I 'lowed attachments to the Union that, after
I all that has happened, the return of the
I General liorcrnmeut is known only as a
I beneficence
I know 'cry well tint this policy i/ at
tended with Immo tisk ; that for its suttoesi
it requires al least the aequieseenee of the
States which it concerns ; that it implies an.
invitation to those States by renewing their
allegiance to the United States. to resume
their functiells ns States of the Union. But
it is a risk that must lie token; in the choice
of difficulties, it is the smallest risk ; and
fo — ditninish, and, if povsiblf, to remove all
clanger, I have felt it incumbent on me to
assert one other power of the General GOit
ernment—the power of pardon. As no
State cillifthrow &defence over the erinie of
treason, the power of pardon is exclusively
vested in the Executive-Government of the
United States. In exercising that power, I ,
have taken every precaution to connect it
With the clearest. recognition of the binding
()roe of the•laws of the United States, and
an unqualified acknowledgement of the
great social change of condition in regard '
to Slaves' wlivih has grown out of- the war.
The newt--step which I have taken to re
shire the constitutional relations of the
' States, has been an •invitattion to them to
participate in the high office of amending '
wife Constitution, Every patriot must wish
fur a rowel amnesty at the earliest epoch
consistent with publie safety. For this
great end there is need of a Coneurrene o 0
all opinions, and the spirit of manta con
',ciliation. All parties in the late terrible
ocnilliet must work together In hanittny.—
ft is not too much to ask, in the name of the
',hole people, the!, on the onnlide, the ilea-
BELLEFONTE, C.A.,:FRIDAY, DECEMBER-15,18'65.
of restoration shall proceed in conformity
with a willingness t% cast the disorder, ut
tile past into oblivion; and that, .on the
'other, the evidenee'of sincerity in the luture
maintenance of the Union shall be put be
yond any doubt by the ratification of the
proposed amendment "to the Constitution,
which provides for the libolitioirof slavery
forever within the limits aLour country
So long as the adoption of this amendtuent
is delayed, so long will doubt, and jealousy,
and uncertainty Trevail. . This is the mras•
ore, which will efface the sad memory Of the
plat; this is the measure which will most
certainly call i:Tut:llpm, and capital, and
security lo those parts of tile Union that
need them most. Indeetlot•is not too much
to ask of the' States which aro now realm%
lug their places in the family of the Union
to give this pledge of perpetual loyally and
peace. Until it is done, the past, lioaever
touch we iii•y desire it, will not be forgot
.ten. The adoption of the amendment re
unites us beyond alPpower of disruption
--
It heals the wound that is still imperfectly
closed ; it. removes slavery, the ,element
which has so long perplexed and divided
the country ; it makes of us ()nee more
united people, renewed and strengthened,
hound more than ever to mutnalatfection
and support.
The amendment to the Constitution being"
adopted, it would remain for the Slates,
_whose powers have been so dung in abey
ance, to resume their, places in the two
brauebes of the National Legislature, nail
thereby complete the work i ,of restoration.
er•-.1.1-4,•-for--yens-41.10w-eitie
Senate, and for you, fellow citizens of the•
House of Representatives, to judge, each of
}ion for yourselves, of the elections, returns,
and qualifications of your own members.
The full assertion of the powers of the
General Government requires the bolding
,ait ..4-the—kluisol-St,ate.s.with:
iu the district where their authority has been
interrupted. In the present posture of our
public affairs, strong objections have been
urged to holding thosecourts in spy of the
States where the rebellion has existed ; and
it was - tisdortained, by inquiry, that the Cir
cuit Court of the United States would not
be held within the District of Virginia du
ring the autumn or early winter, nor until
Congress should have imu opportunity to
consider and act on the whole subject."
To your deliberations the restoration of
this branch' of this oiril authority of the
United States is therefore uecessarly refer
red, with the hope that early provision 011
be made for the resumption of all its func
tions. is manifest that treason, most
flagranut in character, has been committed.
Perseus who are charged with its commis
sion should have fair and impartial trials
in the highest civil tribunals of the country,
In order that the Conti itution and:the laws
may be fully vindicated ; the truth 'Clearly
eat abliphed and affirmed that treason as a
croiLlitat traitors should be punished and
the offence made infamous ; and at the same
timr, that the question may be judicially
settled, Gnnlly and forever, that no State of
ite own will has the right to 'renounce its
plane to the Utlion.
The relation of the General Government
towards the four Millions of inhabitants
whom the war has called into fretedom, have
engaged my most serious consideration. On
the propriely of attempting to make the
freedmen electors by the proclamation of
the Executive, I took for my counsel the
Constitution itself, the interpretations of
that instrument by its authors and their co
ivitiroraries, and recent legislation by Con
grees. Wheu, at the first movement towards
independence, the Congress of the Nailed
States instructed tee several States to imsti
tote governments of their own, they left
each State decide for itself the conditiolie
fur the enjoyment of the elective franchise.
During The period of the Confederacy, there
continued to exist a very great diversity in
the qualifications of electors in toe several
Stoics; and even within the State a distino
lion of qualifications prevailed with regard
to the officers who were lobe chosen. The
Constitution of the United States recognizes
these diversities when tt eajoinstLat, in the
choice of members of the !louse of Repre
sentatives of the United States, "the
eleot
oi.s in each State shall have the qualifications
requisite for electors of the most numerous
ranches of the State Legiblature." After
the tormat ion of the Constitution, it renisin
ed, as before, the uniform usage for each
State to enlarge the body of its electors, ac
cording to its own judgement ; and under
this system, one State after another bits
proceeled to increase the number of its
electolk until now universal suffrage, or
something very near it, is the general rule.
So fixed was this reservation of power in
rite habits of the people, and so unquestion
ed has been the interpretation of the Con
stitution, that daring the late war the Pees
idol!. Sever harbored the purpose—certainly
- never avowed the purpose—of disregarding
tf' and in the acts of Congress, during that
period, nothing con be found which, during
the continuance of hostilities, much less af
ter their close, would have sanctioned any
departure by the Executive from a policy
which has so uniformly qbtained. Moreo
ver a concession of the elective franchise to
the freedmen, by act of the President of
the United States, must have beep extended'
to all colored meti, wherever found, and so
must have established a change of etltfrage
in the Northern, Middle and Western States,
not less thorn in the Southern and Southwes
tern. Such an act would haver-cheated a.
new class of voters, and wtiald have been
an assumption of power by the President
which nothing in the Constitution or laws
of the United States would have warranted.
On the otherhand, every danger of con
flict is avoided when the settlement of the
question is referred to the several atates.—
Zbey oin, eaoh for itself, decide on the
'fitenture, and wbeth&it is to be adopted At
once and aboolutely:'oe introduced gradual
ly and with conditions: In my judgment
'the freedmen, if they show patience and
ntanly virtues, will sooner obtain a partici
pation in the elective franchise through the
States than through the aeneral Government
evenif it bad power to intervene.—When
the iumult of emotions that have been rais
ed by the suddenness of the social change
shall have subsided, it may prove that they
willreceive the kindliest usage from some
of those on whom they ham heretofore most
closely depended.
But wbilo I have no doubt that. now, After
the close of the war, [tie not oompetent for
the GenertakOovernment to extend the elec
tive touching in the several States, it is
equally clear that good faith requires the
security of the freedmen in their liberty and
their property, their right to' tabor; and'
their right to claim the just return of their
labor. I cannot toontroegly urge a diming
/donate treatment of Ibis. subject, which
should carefplly be kept aloof from all.par
ty strifo:--41l• oust equally avoid hastjaas
sumpi ions of :wry natural lurpossibility for
the two races to live side by 5h10,..1w.a state
of mutual beasilf . l4 &al sPIII. The di-
"AMAMI mantis AND rwinutaur UNION.,,
pertinent invokes us into inconsistency; let
us then go on and make that experiment in
good faith, uild not too easily disheartened.
Tao country is in need of labor, and' the
ft eedaten are in need uf cinploy :tient, Quillen
and protection. While their right, of
voluntary migration and expatriation is'llot
to be questioned, I would, not acirise thelt.
forced remotal and colonization Let lift
rather encourage them to honorable and
useful industry, Where it may be beneficinl
ip themselves and to the country ; and,
instead of hasty anticipations of the
certainty of failure,' let there lio:nuthiug
wanting to the fair trial of the experiment.
The change in their condition is the aubsti.
tution of labor by contract for the status of
slavery. The freedmen cannot, be fairly
accused of their unwillingness to work, so
long :is a doubt remain" about his freedom
of choice in his puriutts, and the certainty,
of recovering his stipulated wages. In
this the totereet of the employee and em
ploy ed coinctde.-The employer desires in his
workmen spit it and alacrity, and these can
be permanently seemed in no other way.
And if the one ought to ho able t q force the
eomoncl, so ought the other" - The r tibii,
interest will he best promoted, if the several
States will Itrovtdn adoquate proteetion aml
remedies for the freedmen. Milli 0115 is in
shine way accomplished, there is no chance
fur the freedmen. Until this is in some wit'
accomplished, theic is no linnee for the nil
vuningeous use of their !chi. ; .and the,
blame of ill success will not rest on them..
I know that sincere philanthropy is earn-
t-fer-ther le, eetliate tea uf
1110 ISSI aims ;but but lime is always an element
in refOrm. It is one of the greatest acts on
record to have brchtglit . (our millions of
people Into freedom. The career of free
industry must be fairly opened to them ;
and then their future prosperity and condi
tion must, after all, rest mainly on thein
eelvtriffifit-ntrd-rre • . •
let us be careful •that the failure shell nut
be attributable to any denial of
,lint ice. In
all that relates to the destiny of tub freed
men, we need not be too anxious to read the
future; mmy incidents which, from a spec
ulative point of view, might raise alarm,
will quietly settle themselves.
Now thnt slavery is at an end or near it s
cud, the greatness of its evil. in the wilt
of view of public economy, becomes more
and more appatent. Slavery was °seen' i
ally a monopoly of labor. and as such lock
ed the States where it prevailed agninet the
incoming of free industry. Where labor
wits the property of the cepitalist, the white
man was excluded from employment, or
bud but the ascend beet chaise of finding
it ; and the foreign emigrant turned nway
from the region where his condition Would
be so precarious. With the destruction of
the monopoly, freer labor will hasten from
all ports aL-the orld to ii•tsst in
defeloping various and immeasurable re
sources which have hit bet to lain dormant.
The eight or nine St des no it est the Gulf
of Mexico have a soilufexubertint let tility.
a climate frienly to long life, and can sus
tain a denser population than is found as
yet in any part of our country. And the
future influx of popttlation to them will be
mainly from the North, or ham the tnstbt
cultivated nations in Europe From the
sufferings that have Attended them
. during
our Into struggle, let us look away' to the
future, which is sure to be laden tor them
with greater prospet ity Inn has ever before
beenlAwn. The removal of the
of 'slave labor is a pledge that t .10.0 legrotis
will bo peopled by a tin [nerve 1111.1 enter
prising population, which with v IC Wllll any
in the Union in corepactne-s, inventive ge
nius, wealth, and industay.
Our Government springs front awl wa 6
made for the people—ma the people for the
Government. To them it Owen Illieg . lllllCo ;
from them it mint derive its courage,
strength . , and wisSen., But, while the*goi
ernment is thus boom , ] to defer to the peo
ple, thorn whom 1 ,i. ;Iva, ex istenee. It
front the vets' cogs, lei-Ilion of its
origin. be strong in its pomet of resistatuie
to the establishment
nopolias, perpetuities, and cl.,s
are contrary,to the con.as of r• ee p.vora
ment and ought tut to be allowed. Hero,
there is no roan Tor tovered classes or ilio•
nopolics ; the principle of onr Gni eminent
is that of equal and fitelotti of indus
try. Wherever monopoly :01,11/1.1 a foothold
it is sure to ben seuree, of d "leer, discord
and trouble. We shall but fulfil our antics
as legislators by aceordln: "equal mil vs
act justice to all. men," ; : peeial privileges
to none. The ficvernmert it inahordinate
to the people , but, to the se nit and len
fesentative of the people, it must he held
superior . Is monopuliez, ,11101, in them
selves, ought loner to 1 0 gt:atitcl, and
which, where the) existine , a he 1-.ltborsli
nate sind'yield to the Go\ eminent
The Constitution confers on ConLrress the
right to regulate commerce among the sev•
eral States. It io of the first necessity for
the maintenance of the Union that ilatt
commerce should be free nod unobstructed.
No State con be justified ut any device to
tax the,transit of hovel and commerce be
tween States. The posriou of many States
is such that, if they were allowed to take
adtlantage of it for purposes of local reve
nuer the commerce between Stifles might be
injuriously burdened, or even virtually pro
hibited. It is best, while the co AY' is
still young, and while the leniency ens u
gerous monopolies:of this kind is still feeble
to use the power of Congress so 119 to pre.
vent any selfish impediment to the flee cir
culation of men and merchandise. .1 dux
on travel and merchandise, in their transit,
constitutes one of the worst terms of mo—
nopoly, and the evil is inereasio s i if coupled
with a denial of the choice of route. When
the vast extent of our c,punify is considered,
it is plain that every obstacle to the free
circulation of commerce between the Slates
ought to be sternly planted agalest by
appropriate legislation, within the limits of
the Constitution.
The report of the Secretary of the Interior
tiplaint thescsndition of tie public laude,
Hie transactions of the Patent Office nod the
Pensieur Bureau, the management of our .
Indian affairs, the progress made in the
construction of the Pacific railroad, and
furnishes information in reference to mat
tees of local interest in the District of Co.
lumbia. It also presents evidence of the
successful operation of the Homestead Aot,
under the provisions of which L 160,533
acres of- the public lands were entered
during the last liscaryear—more than one
fourth of the whole number of acres bold or
otherwise disposed of during that period•
It is estimated thot the receipts derived
rout this gourmet° euffudent to cover the
eipenses incident to the survey and dispo
eat of the lands entered under this ACt, and
that ttayments in cafib to the extent qf from
forty , to fi ft y per cent. will be mitHe'brffit.
tiers who may thus at any time acquire
title before (be expiration of the period at
which it would otherwise vest. The houto
stead polio, nevs established only after long
'and earnest resistance ; experience proves
its wisdom. The lands, In the hands of
industrious settlers, whose labor creates
wealth and contributes to the public re
sources.are worth niore to the I.lnited,States
than if they had beep reserved as a solitude
for future purohasers.
The lamentable events of the laid four
years, snd the sacrifices 'mode by the gal.
, - hint men of our Army and Navy, have
swelled the records of the Peirsiou Itunenu
to an unprecedented extent. On the ltith
day of June last. !betide' number of pen.
sionera wataBft,oB6, requiring (or taci- au
noel pay, exclusive of expenses, of
$8,023,445. The number of applicatixts
that' have boon Allowed since that date will
require a large im.resse of this amount for
the next fiscal year. Tile means tor the
payment of the gtiperids •due, under exist.
log laws, to. our disabled soldiers and nail.
ors, and the families of such as have
perished re the service of their ceentrv,
will no doubt he cheerfully and promptly
granted. .1 grateful people will not hesitate
to sanction any measures having for their
object the relief of soldiers mutilated and
families Louie tatherlevs in the effort to
preserve our national existence;
The report of the Posturt.ter Oeneral pre
sents an encouraging exhibition of the op
erate/lei of the Post °thee Department' du
eig the year. The revenues of tit . past
year from the loyal States alone exceed the
maximum. annual receipts from all the
l•sistes previous to the rebellion, in the sum
of $d,0:18,091; and the annual average In
reetie-of eev.enate.slar-ingotkaoltutt-foutr-,aaas
cot:peered with the revenues of the foqr
years immedintely preceding the rebellion.
was 1i.r.3,633,i4-1. The revenues of the ltist
fiscal year aniotrntetl to $14,55.1,158, nod the
expenditures to $11,091.728. leaving a Sur
plus of receipts over expenditures of SS6I,
Progtess hoe been made In restoring
the postal service in the Southern States.
The stew's - Tircsetti-eir by- the Postma star
General against the policy of granting sub
to ocean mail stenuiship lilies upon
esintilisbed routes, and iu favor of emit MU
ing the 'Prem:nt system, which limits the
compensation fttr ocean servlem to the pos
tage earuitigs, are recommended to the
careful consideration of Congress.
It appears from the report of the Stscre ;
tat y of the Nary. that it hilt!, at. the canes
mencenieut of the present year, there were
iu commission 530 vessels of all' classes and
descriptions. aimed nab 3,000 guns, and
manned by 51.1100 men, the number of ves
sels at prevent in coninuesion is 117, with
hat guns and 12.1. i men lty this prompt
reduction of the naval forces the expense. ,
of the tinvernment have been largely
and a number of vessels, pur
chased for naval purposes from the merchant
marine. hate been returned to the peaceful
puicuits ore, u?leree. Since the suppres
sioa of active hostilities our foreign squad
rune have been re-established, and consist
of vessels much more effioient than those
employed on similar service previous to the
rebellion. The suggestion forlbe enlarge
ment of the navy' yards, and eipbcially for'
the establishment of one in fresh water fort
iron clad vessels, is dmierving of considers
lion, as is also the recommendation fur a
different location and more ample grounds
for the N.toill Academy,
In the report of Ttiti Secretary of War, a
geeeral summary is gi :en • of. the military
campaigns of 1801 and 1565, ending in the,
suppessden of ii tied resistance to the na
tiatior authority in the insurg int States
gllie operation. , of the general admiitisira•
Otte Bureaus of the It ar Departniout tlurtotl
the past year are detailed, and an estimitic '
made of the appropriattotts that will be re
qhired for military purposes in the firecil
year commencing the 30th day of June,
IStlei. The national military force on the
1.. t. of May, 18 1 65, numbtl'&l 1,000,510 men.
It is proposed ro reduce-the military Web ,
lisliment to a peace footing. comprelicniling
fifty [holism] troops of all arms, organized
04 to admit of an enlargement' by filling
tip the ranks to eiglityttwo thout.and sit
banked, if the eireitinstaces of the roan.
try slitothl re vice tan augmentation of the
army. The lollinic , rr force has already
been vedlitod by the discharge from service
of ortr eight hundred thousand troops and
the Deparipent iv ptoc Aing rapidly in the
work of luttlloo reduction. The war ern
mates are - reduced from* $7111,240,111 to
$33,814.4tt1, which amount, in the opinion
of the Department, is adequate for n peace
establishment. The measures of re
treneliment in each Bureau and branch of
tile service exhibit a diligent economy
-vrorlliv of commendation Reference is also
' , made in the report to We neceasuy of pro
riding for a uniform militia system, 00111.0
the piopriety of malting suitable provision
1 for wounded and disabled officers and 'stil
-1 diet...
I The revenue system of t the count ry.IS A
I subject of t ital interest to its - honor and
prospei it y, and should command the earn
est consideration of Congress. The Secre
tory of fhe 'freasttry will lay before you a
full and detailed report of the receipts and
disbursements of the last fiscal year, of the
first quarter Of the present fiscal year, of
the prolidhle receipts an' expenditures for
the other three planers, and the estimates
for the year full e mins the 30th of dime,
1860. I might °enteral myself with wefer
enoe to that report, in which you will find
all the information required for your delib
erations and decision. licit the paramount
importance of the subject so presses itself
on My own mind, that I cannot but lay
before you my veins of the measures which
are required for the good character, and. 1
might almost say. for the existence of this
people. The life of a republic lies certain
ly in the energy, virtue, add inlelfigerice of
its eitiaens : but it id equally trite that a
good revenue system. is the life of an
organised government. I meet. you 'at a
tithe when Limitation harvoluntilVily bur
dened itself with a debt unprecedented in
our annals. Vast as is its amount, it fades
away into nothing when compared with the
countless blessings that will be onoferred
upon our country and Upon man by the
preservation of the nation's life. Now, on
the first occasion of the meeting of Con
gress since the return of Obace. it is of the
utmost importance to inaugurate a just pol
icy, which shall 'commend itself to those
who come after us for its continnturce. We
must endeavor to apply the earliest remedy
to the deranged state of the ettrrency, and
not shrink from degising to policy whjph,
wtithout being oppressive to the people.
stall immediately begin to effect a redue-'
lion of the debt, and, if persisted in, dis
charge it filly within a definitely fixed
number of years.
It is our first duly to prepare in earnest
for our recovery from the ever increasing'
' evils of an Irredeemable currency, without
a sudden vevnision. , and yet without un
timely proerastinai ionk f For that end, we
must, each in our respective positions
prepare the way. I hold it the dety of the
Ixecutive to insist upon frugality is the
expenditures; anti i sparing economy Is
lbw
No. 49.
itself • great national resource. Of Ite
banks to which Authority has been given to
issue notes secured by bonds of the United
,States we may require the gjentent Moder
ation and prudence, and the law must be
rigidly enforced when its limits arc exceed
ml We MAT, each orte,of us, counsel „our
active andi.enterprisiitg countrymen to bo
constantly on their guard, to liquidate debts
cuntracted.ln a paper currency, and by
condpcting business as nearly as possible
ou a system of cash payments or short
eredits, to hold themselves prepared Sc
return to the standard of gold and silver.
.1n aid ouch:flow citizens in the prudent
management of 'their montentary affairs,
the duty devolves on tts to dl.niuieh by la
the hinotint of paper money now in circula
tion. Fire years ego thelianrk note circula
tion of the country amounted to not much
more than t no•hundred millions; now the
circulation, bunk and national, exceeds
sexes hundred muttons. I r rie simple state
ment. of the fact recommends more strongly
then any words onnitio c - uld do, the
necessity of our restraining thi. expansion
The gradual reduction of the currency is
the only measure tbst can save the business
of the country from disastrous calamities;
and this can, be slmot:t imperceptibly
accomplished by gradually funding the
national circttlal ion in necuritiea that may
be redeemable at the pleasure of the her.
ernmedt
nor debt is doubly securs--51:'st in the
Actual wealth and still great et uhdeveloped
resources of the country ; and next in the
• . • • -oar- jaaoLilial ion,. 11.0 too
intelligent observers among political econo
mists linvetiot failed to remark, that the
public debt of a country is in roper.
!ion as its people are flee ; that debt of
a republic is the Rarest of all. Our history
confirms and establishes the theory, and is,
I firmly believb, destined to glee It a still
more signal Illustration. The secret ef this
superiority springs-not merelyfrom thetia
that in a republic the national obligations
are aistributed more widely through count
less numbers in all classes of toddy ; it
has its root in the character of oar laws.
Ilero all men contributes to the public
welfare, and bear their fair' allure of the
public burdens. boring the war, under
impulses of patriotism, the men of the
great holy of the people, without regard
to their own comparative want of wealth,
threnged to our armies and filed per fleets
or war, and hold themselves ready to offer
their lives for the public good. Now, in
their turn, the property and inCome of the
country should bear their just proportion of
the burdens of taxation, while in our impost
system, through moan of which. increased
vitality is accidentally mparted to all the
industrial interest, of nation, the duties
shall 1111140 adjtiSted as to fall most heavily
on erticlea of luxury, leaving the necessa
ries of llfC-as 'free frum taxation as the
absolute wants of, the Government, econom
ically administered, will justify. No favored
class shouliidemand freedom from assessment
and the taxes should be so dist lbuted as not
to fail unduly on the poor, but 'rather on
the Accumulated wealth of the country. We
should leolellt the onafenal debt just as it is
--net as a national' bieasing. but as a heavy
burden on the industry of the country, to
be dischmed without unnecessary delay.
It is estimated by the Secretary of the
Treasury that the expenditures for the fiscal
year ending the 30th of June, 1806, will
exceed the receipts $112,194,947. It is
gratifying, however, to state that it is oho
es.mited that the revenues for the year
endingt he 30th of Juno, 180, wiil exceed
the expenditures in the aunt of $111,672,-
818. '1 cis amount, or so unfelt as may be
deemed sufficient for the purpose, Dins' be
applied to the reduction of the public debt,
which, no the 31st day of Chuolter, 1863,
was, tf3,710,854,720.. Exert" reduction will
diminish the total amount of interest to be
paid, and eo enlarge ,the means of stilt
further reductions, until the whole shall be
liquidated ; and this, as will be seen from
the estimates of the Secretary of ther Treasury
may be aecompliihed by annals' payments
eveu within a period-not exueed 1 tug 39 leers.
I have faith that we shall do all this within
a reasonable time ; that, as we 1111VO untaxed
the world by the suppreasion of a civil war
which was thought to be beyond the control
of any frovernment, vo we shall: equniiy
show the superiority of our institutions by
the prompt end faithful discharge of our
national telillgt,t ions.
' The department of Agriculture. under its
pre-eat direction, is accomplishing much in
developing and utilising the vast agrienltirr
•al capabilities of the ocuOry, and torturer
:nation ref Uncling the details or its Manage
ment, reference is made to the nunual repot t
of the Commissioner,
I have dwelt thus fufly on our domestic
affairs because of their transcendent impor—
tance - Pndernity circumstances, dilr'greed
extent of territory and ..oricty cf didiste,
producing almost everything that is
is necessary for the wants, and even' the
comforts of man. make us singularly
independent of the varying policy "of Foreign
Fos era, and protect us against every
temptation to "entangling alliances," while
at the present moment the re-establishment of
harmony, and the strength that canted from
harmony, will to our best security against
"nations who feel power and forget right."
For myielf, it hid been and it will be my eon
slant aim to promote peace and amity wittiall
foreign net ons and powers ; and 1: - hove every
reason to believe that...they all, without excep
tion, are animated by the same disposition.
Our relation. with the Emperor of China, so
recent in their orgin. arernost friendly. Our
commerce with his detentions is receiving new
envelopment.; and it is very pleasing to fled
that the Government of that great empire Man
ifests satisfaction with out policy. and re see
oat confidence in the fairness which se • k.-istkr
ntercourse. The unbroken harmony ,
the United Staten and the Emperor of. •
receiving a new suppntt from air elite I
signed to carry telegraphic lines across the Con
tinent of Asia, through his dominions, and so t o
conneet us with all Europe by a new channel of
intercourse. Our commerce with Bout,' Amer
ica is about to nettle., ormouragmnent by a di
root line of mail steamships its the ri.ing Em
pire of Brazil. The distinguished party of men
of 'dance who ha. e recently left out errantry to
make d scientific exploration of the natural his
tory and river`! and mountain range. of that re
gion. have recetvell from the Emperor that gen
erous welcome which wee to have been expected
from his constant friendship for the United
Stateeond his well known se tl in promoting the
adraneement of knowledge. A hope is enter,
tallied that our temporal with the rich and
populous countries that border on the Mediter
ranean sea maybe Inzgely increased, Nothing
will be wanting, on be past of this Govern
ment, to extend the protection of our **s ores
the enterprise of our .fellow-citizens. We m
eeke from the Powers in that region asetatiness
of good will; and it is word* of note that a
epeeist envoy has brought us Messages -of cosi
dolenee on the death of oar late 'Chief Meet
trate from the Bey of Tunithehose rule includes
the old dominions of.Uarthageb op the African
melt.
Our dementia ammo; now harke
ended. h
left perm tretterin car relationt wl one Mime..
of Chastest marithne Toni. o. The formulae,
•
Its=
justified' by UM tithe. IN
neutrality pursued by the Porninh=l
coneMelen, there was a potarkled
The mateirsh of war for thii issoliaatikaawa
were futoisbed, in • poet mowntili 6 ° 0 4
workshops of (treat Bratsh,l did Binh& - •
manned bj British enbjeets, art mend he
receiving British artnamenta, nollolAra=
ports of Great Britian to make war Vl' -
nommen:eh under the shelter of Ai iteno
from the Insurgent &Mee. ,Tif see AO, having
once escaped from British pone, at m afbiewitraV
entered them in scary pasta theirs=
and au to review their depredations , The
sequences of thiaNcerideet, well tided
to the Maths thou in rebellion, increasing
desolation and misery, by the valet= •
our civil contest. It Lid, Mammas
to a groat exumt, to (Wet the AM•6611.11 fine'
from the sea, and do Ulnas?, mech . of our
shipping and our cumnidoliq to um tory Poems'
whose subjects Mu treated the fisintleilitrikof
stub a change. Them eventastpok place berme
I wee called to the administration of theties
oninient. The sincere desire fbrpeace by which
I am animated led me to approve the proposals
already m.sde , to submit the questions Whieh•
had tree arisen between too sountrias to mid
[ration. These questions Ire of each moment
they must have commanded tire attention
of the, greet Powers. and aro au interwove° with
the peace and interest of every one of them et
to hate euiured an impartial decision. I re
gret to inform you that Brent Britian declined
the arbitrament, but, on the other hike/ invited
us to the formation of • Joint commission tis
settle mutual claims between the two countries,
from which those for 'the deprodilitina Whim
mentioned should be excluded. The poorpgi
-46a , in that very unsatisfactory form, has bead
declined.
The United States did, not present the aubl•
Ject as an impeachment of the good faith oft
l',.wer which was professing Usti must friendly
dispaitions, but as involving quo/diens of pub.
I.ty law, tif whieh the sittlemon. iii essontial•to
the peace of natlons; ind,"theigh peettniarr
repliratton to their injuied sibs iath would hare'
foilu wed ineldeotally on a decision ag Janet Ghent
Britian, such compensation was not theirprl
,mary otuosL They had a htgher mode!, end le
Wit! in the interohts of pease end Jtfstice _ toAa-
Ladish tropurturt pnlaciptos of internatidhal
law. The correspondence will be platted before
you. The ground on which the British Minister
rests his Justille:Cion Is, substantially, that the
munietped law of a nation, and the donuts&
interpretations of that law are the measure of
its duty as a neutral; and I feel bound to de
clare my opinion, before you and before the
world, that that Justification cannot be sustain..
ed before the t;ibunal of nations. At the aunts
da nor an; ntimentattassnt.ta
redress by seta of legislation. For the return,
friendship between the two countries met awl
on the basis of mania Pieties.
From the moment of the establishment Of init
free Conatitutien, the civilised world has been
convulsed by revolution. In the Interest of de
mummy or of monarchy; but throeg6 all *Me
heel utions the United States have wisely and
firm) fused to become peopmeaudirts - of re.
liiilhanktn. It Ll4ll. only grratirttalldit MOM
to our tonditiou'rbut we have never sought he
impose it op °tee* end wo have • consistently
followed the advice of Washington to meant
mend It only by the careful presernitiap and
prudent use of the blessing. During all the la
tereeuing paned the policy of European Pointe
and et the United .Statee has, ea the whole,
been harmonious. Twice, indeed, rumen of M
emnon of some parts of America, in the imilitted
of monarchy, have prevailed; twice sy prods
meson bare had occasion to aenouates the
views of this nation in respect to such Wade.
anti. On both °outside, the remonstrainse of
the United States was respected, 'from a deep
conviction, yea the part of Enropme Gonna
menu, that the system of moss-lenenterened and
normal abstinence from propairsedlata wen the
truo rule for the two hemispheres. aka* *IMP
times we have edvanoed in we4tle-and „power;
but we retain the same purpose to, leave the
nations of Europe to °booed - Weir own dynaithse
and form -their own - systems of - government
Thu consistent moderation timyjustly demand
a `eorrespoutling, moderation. vre should tipe
gerd it as a great calamity to ourselves, to the
cause of good government, and to the prime of
the world, should any European Power dud .
lenge the American people,. as. ikirare, to the
'defence of republicanism against foreign Ilther
fereuce. We cannot foresee and me astraWg
to consider what opportunities might premed
themselves, what combinations 'redght Oder to
protect ourselves ageing. designs Setubal to
our form of government. The Wilted Stehle
desire to act id the future as they have ems
acted heretofore ; 'they never will be delver
from that course butrby the aggreeskeed Rio:
ropean Powers ; and we rely On the wisdom and
justice of those Powers to respeeeeireeyeeletrelf
Hon-interference which has so long been tame
tioned by time, mad which, by its good mulls,
has approved itself to Vieth eontinents.
The coerespondence between the Malted
States and France, in reference to quantum
which bare booome subjects of discussion be
tween the two Governments, fill, at a peeper
tikno, Lo laid before Coegress.
When, on the organizationeof our Opvern
meat, under the Constitution, the
~president Of
the United Stated de - Geared lii• iniegunsi ad
dress to the two Houses of Congress, he said to
them, and throngh th, in to the ermeitct ! re m
amassed, that "the prosetvanen of the
fire 01 liberty and the dieUny of the rebublioae '
model of government are justly considered as
deeply, perhaps as finally staked on the, etre
runentintrueleidto the Amerleass-peopl4o -And
the House of Representatives ensnared Wash
ington by the voice of Madison: "We addre
the invisible hand whets his led the American
people. through so many difficulties, tel cherish
e eon‘cioars reepotisibility for the destiny of re
publicanliberty," More than seventy-six years .
have glided away since these words were spo
ken; the United States have passed through
severer trials than foreseen; and now, at tide
new epoch in our existence al , one natkel, with
our Unit, purified by sorrosrapind strengthened,
by colitict, and established hy tee , virtue ,
in the people, the greatness of the mica- .
elms invitee us once more tirrepeetj-wittilieleiri
nity, the pledges of our fathers to hold °urine*/
answerable before our fellow-men for the encodes
of the republican form of government. Eerier
' score has proved its rullicetuoy In peace and in
war; It has vindicate& its authority through
dangers, and Meknes's and sudden and terrible 4,
nehergrerreles, which would have eruehed any
system that had been less timely fixed in ems
heart of the people. At the , inauguration" Of
legehingten-the loroign Helens of the °pinery
were few, and its trade was repressedthy hostile .
regulatioas; now all the civilised nation's of the
globe welcome our commerce, and their Ocean,.
meets profess towards us amity. Then our
ecuetry telt its ,way hesitatingly along an us
tried path, with States hp little bound to„,eesiser
by rapid mean, of oorntounteation as to he herd-
Iyalinown 1$ "owe another, and with hietorlo tee
ditions iratenditig over very few years • now
intereounie between the Stateciarieleadd intl.
mate ; the experience of oeneutite luts teem
omitted iuto a dew generations and 1111 h elee& .
au intense, indestructible u:stioaality.
our jurisdiction did not roach beyond the Luna
yen ien t boundaries, of the territory which bed
achieved independent:se; now, through cessions
of lands, trot colonisal by Spans sued Illittall e
the country has acquired I more complei liar
acter, and hes for It, mesterei Smite the ens - "nf
Lakes, the Gulf of Mexico, and eat timeesell
L
the west the two great memos. Ottitogg
lure vestited tej eiVil Wes foe ages
could establish for themselves the otemmatershi
gree of unity; the latent Onnvisithet digegejer
form of government is the-beet ever lino,* to
the world, has stabled pa teleseergelfraiii Will
war within four, yease, with a: irepnEere bee
tion uf.net, sionstitutionsi euthsirity pe t tk -
oral Goverionsent,arid with our .1
and State institutions animpairod.-The
01 emigrants that Growl Jo opir aktri&l V
meshed of the onsildence of allpebeilen in 6 -
mimeses. Here is the great hod dope
where industry is blessed with..
wards. and the bread of the 'Tr=gli C ti
sweetoded by theombeeionenees tine Mieldlifillie
of the country "le lions emu% hisses'
lib. ownellipertry.", ere every,one ettjey74
hise me or his faculties and th e choke of e arl -
fly ei * nal,lllllll right. Mete, einemehe eeelidn
ed influence of fruitful (Ail s teem is
happy instittittoshae i population tie. a
lifteen-fold:wirthe •is dietary, now WOO
the easy develohnsidt of bowlike'''. .
wealth hoe itiondowoli with Ise
rapidity thka awittithrow eat .I ww . '
moue agoisot thy Laaalial oiotooltatrof
, et, •
°mintage, and allha likeembiees end , ~,.,
on self-centred and Veto• ....____Afif.
more ..
sidle's,* oaxe.isigivea , to '''"'"'""--
tiels for meg one UNA as eat - ! '•
on. relismot Obibpolldell ..', `M .
Gs Mtn sovutiamitt. rehraris • MO
(CbookSLA alsAffarsB4_ .., 4 ",,