PUBLISHED BY PARTICULAR REQUEST LETTERS, EARL OF DUN DO NA L D, ON MAKING BREAD FROM POTATOES THE discovery of a method to make good bread of the Potatoe, or its farina, been a desideratum, and the only thing wanting to render it the moll ufeful of plants.—The in tention of the following letters, is to communi cate to the public the result of my experiments on the above subject:—And which, I am happy to have it in my power to lay, have been attend ed with the wi(hed-for fnccefs. The proeefs of making a flour, or farina, from potatoes, is similar to what has long been prac tised in the Weft Indies, by the negroes, in the preparation of the Callado flour ; viz. by grating down the root, and by subsequent and repeated walhingswith water, to free it from the juice, which is a flrong poifon—lt is likewise nearly the fame as has been pra&ifed by families in the making starch from potatoes ; for the meal or flour got from potatoes is a starch powder. It has for some years been known, that grain, particularly wheat, consists of two diftind:, and, in some circumstances, opposite substances : viz. a powder insoluble in cold water, called starch ; and another substance, which may be rendered soluble in cold water, resembling completely in its analysis to animal matter, hence called by the French chemists, vegeto-animal. Potatoes contain likewjfe those different sub stances, with the addition of certain salts, not contained in grain, at leaftin that abundance Potatoes contain a large proportion of liquid, which grain does not.—lt is from this liquid that the vegeto-animal matter, as well as the saline matter, are to be got. —The proportion of the vegeto-animal matter in the potatoes, to the starch-powder, is much less than in grain : and, from the quantity of liquid contained in pota toes, in which the vegeto animal is soluble, the two fubftancesdo not join together, and form a solid substance, as is the cafe in grain. The powdery part of the potatoe is found in the state of a powder extremely fine, and of a fi brous part, which conne&s the particles of the powder : which fibrous part is capable, likewise, of being reduced to a powder by drying and grinding. This last bears a proportion to the former (according to the average of the trials made) of about one to i wo. The very fine and white powder got from po tatoes, and which is ftateJfco be in the propor tion to the fibrous part as two to one, precipitates in cold water like sand. The particles have ns union the one with the other, as in wheat-flour The reason is : It contains no vegeto animal mat ter. It is a pure (larch, free from the acidulous smell of starch, separated from wheat by mace ration in water. The fibrous matter of the potatoe, when dried, and ground, has a greater degree of tendency, than the fine white powder, to form a palte with water ; but not fufficient to allow it, by itfelf, to make a proper palte or dough for baking : Al though it thickens little inferior to wheat flour, ■when made with milk and eggs into a dumpling, or boiled putting. From what has been flared, it is obvious, that the farina, or rather powder, got from potatoes, does not contain that substance, which is the cause of wheat flour forming a paste with water; and that the desideratum, is to add to potatoe powder something which should give it that qua lity. Nothing appears mart [imply, and more likely to answer the purpose, than the mixing it with differen t proportions of the flour of different forts of grain, according to the kind of bread to be made of it, whether leavened or unleavened. Two parts of wheat-flour to one of potatoe powder, make a leavened bread, in no "ways to be dijlinguijhed from wheat-bread alone. Equal quantities of wheat-flour, and potatoe powder, make a bread which leavens, and rises exceedingly -well .• but which has a taste. although very ptcafant, a tittle different from wheat-bread. Equal quantities of wheat-flour and potato powder make a sea biscuit, -which cannot, by the nicest tafle, be distinguished from biscuit baked wholly of wheat flour. Equal quantities of oat-meal ahd potatoe-pow der unleavened, or with a small portion of yeft, make a cake or flat bread more pliafant, to the taste, than when made only of oat-meal. With pease and barley-meal the potatoe-pow der has not yet been tried : But it is more than probable that equal quantities of pease meal, and potatoe-powder will make a good wholesome bread, fiinilar to a mixture of barley and peafe meal. There is reason a priori, however, to believe, that a mixture of barley-meal and potatoe-pow der will not answer equally well. To this ac count of the component parts or analyses of po tatoes, and the uses to which the powder ntay be BY THE LETTER I applied, I shall subjoin the result of my last ex periment made with 241b. avoirdupoife of pota toes. From these were got 61b. 2 one half oz. ot flour, and 2 oz. of bran, or skin of the pota toes, making in all 61b. 4 one half oz. The Hour was prepared into the different kinds of ead stated below ; wherein the weights of wheat-flour and potatoe-powder, as well as of the bread weighed when it came out of the oven, are accurately stated. LEAVENED, OR LOAF-BREAD. Potatoe-powder illb. ) ... . , . Wheat-flour lbWeight of Bread — 3 lb. 135 oz, Potatoe-powder i lb. > , Wheat-flour 2 lb. $ Wc, S h t of Bread — 3 lb. 14 oz, 6 lb. Potatoe-powder 1 lb. ) .... , , „ Wheat-flour t lb. J Wc, g ht ° f Bread — 1 lb. 12 or. Potatoe-powder zA lb. „ , Wheat-flour 2 | lb. J Wel S ht of Bread — 4 lb. ioi oz. 7 lb. Enough has been dated in this letter to call the attention of the public to the farther uses of a plant, or root, which, in its simple and (unpre pared ftatc, has been deemed, by one of the ablest men in Europe, (Abbe Raynal) to have been the only fuhftantial blessing which the inhabitants of Europe derived from the discovery of the conti nent of America. Another letter will soon follow this, Hating other experiments on potatoes, as well as uses to which they, or the powder made from them, are applicable; together with the beneficial conse quences that will ensue to Britain and Ireland, by the increafedcultivation of a plant which, contrary to graniferous plants, produces its farina, or flour, under the furjace of the earth, protected jrom the injury of the -weatherand which yields that farina, on the fame extent of ground, in the pro portion of near to one, to what is got from the bell crop of wheat. Culrofs Abbey, Feb. 1 791 [LETTER 2, INOUR NEXT.] Philadelphia, November 50. of a Utter f rem James Maury, Consul of the. United. States at I P-'.-- — > Extra& Liverpool, to the Secretary of State, dated September 14, 1791 " The Ports ol Britain arc shut againfl Foreign Wheat.—Many of our vessels within my di6lritt have been under difficulties this year ; and although, as yet, they have been released (except in three cases not finally decided on) without any great expence, yet the delay has been extremely injurious to, and been very hard on the owners. The causes have been informality in manifefts, irregula rity in crews, trading to Guernfcy, as before-mentioned, but prin cipally excess of spirits. " The brig Bctfy, Capti Salter, of Portsmouth, New-Hamp shire, was refufed entry in the Cl)de fix weeks, for the tonnage and where built being omitted in the manifeft, and the affidavit thereto being made before a Justice of the Peace instead of the British Deputy Consul, although it was afterwards certified by said Deputy Consul. " I submit to you the propriety of making public these par ticulars that similar inconveniences may be guarded against in future. A notice from the Board oj Cujloms, to the Collector and Comptroller oj Liverpool. " Whereas it has been slated to have been the practice for American (hips and veflels to land at Guernsey cargoes of tobacco, the produce of the United States of America, contrary to the 12th Charles ad. Chap. 18th. " We dire£l you to make it known to all owners and mailers of American veflels which may trade to and from your part, that two American veflels have been on that account lately seized there, and that the said ast which not only prohibits the before mentioned article, but all other species of goods, the produce of America, from being imported into the aforefaid Island, or the Iflaud of Jerfcy, in foreign ships, will be ftri&ly enforced in fu ture." The produce of the Rice Plantations the present season, are much larger than were ever before known in Carolina—and this is owing principally to the use of machines, the introdu&ion of the plough instead of hoes, and to the humane treatment of the slaves, who are found to encreafe thereby, instead of diminiftiing, as is the cafe in the Islands. The Englifti papers fay, that the elections for the new Legisla ture of France go on with great rapidity, and every where with the mod profound tranquility. The harvest in England the present year, has turned out very favorably. It is aflerted in a late French paper, that the Abbe Raynal was not the real author of the work entitled, u The History of the European Eftabliftiments in the Eaftand Weft-Indies." From the general tenor of the late European papers, the new French Government is now universally looked upon as estab lished. Amongst the objefls which will claim the attention of the pre sent Congress, will be a provision for the refiduarv surplus of the unfublcribed debts of the States. This fubjecl, which was sug gested in the President's speech, has been specially referred to the Secretary of the Treasury by the House of Representatives, and the liberal policy of that officer leaves little room to doubt that he will be an advocate for the measure, without which the Finances of the Union can never aflume an orderly (hape. Confufion mull be the result of clashing revenue systems among the several States, and between the general Government and the States ; —one gene ral system should embrace the whole debt. N. Y. frapcr. The glory of old England was ihe burthen of the song, from the Tar who swabbed the deck, to the immortal Pitt who guided the elm—tbe enthusiasm excitcd by this ignisfatuus, carried their triumphs round the globe; —but, happy for mankind, tne princi ples of reason and philosophy are inspiring jufter sentiments —a ri valry in the arts of peace, and univeifal philanthropy, will crown the labors of that country which (hall make the molt diftingmfhed exertions to level the jealousies and prejudices in the family ol man, with more real dignity than is comprized in all the victories from Alexander to Caesar, and from Caesar to Catharine. APPOINTMENT. The President of the United States has been pleased to appoint, bv and with the advice and consent of the Senate, Richard Har r'i son, of Virginia, to be Auditor of the Treasury. 247 7 lt>- 113 oz, BISCUIT. 6 lb. 6g oz, It is an old adage, Hove fly is the heft policy—this applies to individuals and societies—to rulers and people—it extends to opinions and actions—to giving and receiving, and in all implies that golden rule of doing as -j>e wo'/Id be done nrito—ic carries its own reward with it—and in all ages and countries has rewarded the fathers and be nefactors of mankind with the love of the peo ple, promoted their happinels and celebrity while living, and embalmed their memories in the pre cious repositories of a grateful recollection in fnc ceedingages. Why then will liuman folly and a falfe greatness stimulate the ambitions pigmies of a day to iuch conduct as renders the tenure of their present enjoyments in (ecu re, and trans mits their name to posterity with execration 1—» It is becnufe the demon of avarice hath extracted from their bosoms every drop of the " milk of human kindness." Many people read newspapers who read little else—They live in retired situations, and feel a strong curiosity to know the news, and to join in the opinions of the day. To a retired man,a news paper is always company—sometimes inftru£lion. Bad newspa pers, therefore, fliould be difccuraged—becaufe it is fumifhing bad company to those whose folttary way of living makes them willing to accept of almost any. The mind profits as much, or more, by discipline, than the body. No exercise, therefore, should be encouraged, which tends to make it worse. When Gazettes are filled with tales to set credulity gaping, with slander of private characters, to supply malice with more poison ; or with sou' afpcrfions on government, to make patriotism sick at the heart—what is it but to nurfethe bad paflions with the food lup plied lor wisdom and virtue f Liberty is not only secured against many former dangers, but it has fewer enemies to contend with. As knowledge spreads through Europe, it gains authority over the hearts of its adversa ries ; Kings begin to talk like good republicans—they give a tone to the fafhion of being free. But let those who love liberty be careful how they mistake the love of liberty for the practice of its discipline. No man loves to be under the power of a master. 1 herefore, to become free men have only to let their paflions loose ; -to secure freedom, they must contrive to put them under prudent restraints. This is the work of the understanding—it is never easy though often necessary to persuade men to surrender present power for future fafety. Our Allies, in forming their Government, have, according to the English paragraphifts, deviated from the opinions of the great Democrat, Mr. Paine, in several points ; —they have eftablifiied a monarchical form of government, and made the monarchy heredi tary—and their constitution they have made perpetual, by declar ing that it is fufccptible of no alteration. This is, in cffeft, bind ing those that are to exist, at a future period ; or which is the fame thing, it is faying that those who will in a few years be no more, (ball bind those who may then be on the flage of life. Perhaps there is a point of perfe&ion in government, if not in other things, beyond which mankind cannot progress—and if men can agree and determine precifefy, when that point is attained, in which the two great objects ot forming the social compact, liberty and security, may be most compleatlv realized, why is it not a di&ate of wisdom to resolve, that a Confirmation thus organized, shall never be changed ? Monday the ele&ion of Directors to the institution for pro moting American Manufa&ures, was made at Trenton—seven from New-York, and fix of New-Jersey. We are not in pos session of the names at present. To JOSIAH HARM AR, Esquire, Brigadier-General in the service of the United States. and Lieutenant Colonel Commandant of the firfl United States Regiment. S I K, THE officers of the firft regiment beg leave to express the warmth of their attachment to your person, and that perfect fatisfa&ion which they have severally experienced under your command. United as they have always been in sentiments of affeflion and friendfhip towards you, it is with extreme regret they are Inform ed of your intention to quit the army. —If, Sir, upon this inter* efting occasion your officers might presume their advice—or would you attend to the refpe£tful solicitations of men anxious for your welfare—they might yet hope for your continuance in the service. But—whatever may be your final determination, that honor and happiness may attend you, is amongst their firft and moll ardent wishes. We have the honor to be, with perfect esteem and refpeft, Sir, your very humble servants, [Signed by twenty-fix commijioned Officers.] TO THE OFFICERS OF THE FIRST UNITED STATES REGIMENT. Gentlemen, YOUR very affe£lionate address of this morning, claims my warmest acknowledgments. If I have been so fortunate, during my command, as to give fatisfa&ion to ray officers, believe me it has been reciprocal. I sincerely thank you, gentlemen, for your expreflions of af fcftion and friendfhip towards me, and of the obliging part you appear to take in my future welfare. When I tell you that I (hall continue to remember you, my companions, with emotions of friendfhip and affe&ion, and that my best wilhes for your hap piness through life, can only cease to exist with myfclt, I beg you to receive it as the gennine cffufion of my heart. I have the honor to be, with the most affe&ionate regard, Gentlemen, your most obedient servant, J. H A R MA R, B. G. Fort-WaJhingtoVy Augujl il, 1791. From PELOSI's MARINE LIST. ARRIVALS *t the PORT of PHILADELPHIA. Brig James, Roe, Cape-Francois Minerva, Raden, Jamaica Charleston, German, Charleston Brothers, Carpenter, Cadiz Snow Noftra Seignora, Bernardo, Oporto Schooner Ann & Mary, Sweetman, Virginia Sloop Peggy, Whitby, Ditto Merrimack, PRICE CURRENT.—PUBLIC SECURITIES. FUNDED DEBT. 6 pr. Cents 3 pr. Cents Detcied 6 pr. Cents 13/ UNFUNDED DEBT. F > 1 Settl. and otlier Cauilkatcs 10J6 zcf par. Indents 11/6 57$ do. Bank Subscriptions, 140 to 143 Dollars, Edwards, Newbury-Port 2 '/9 >CBJ pr. ctnt. 12J5 61 do. 6j do.
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