PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 69, HIGH-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD STREETS, PHILADELPHIA [No. 2, of Vol. lII.] TRANSLATED For the GAZETTE oj the UNITED STATES. A DISCOURSE OF STEPHEN BOETIUS, Concerning voluntary Servitude : Or the Anti-One. [CONTI N U ED.] Ovk ctyot9cv ttolvkch pectin i/? xopavoj f5«, E/C Iliad, lib. 2, v. -h 4. 205. TO endure the depredations, the debauche ries, the cruelties, not of" an army, not of a camp of barbarians, against whom we ought to Ihed our blood and fucrifice our lives; but of one, alone ?—not of an Hercules oraSampfon : but of a little man, frequently the moll cowardly and effeminate of the nation : not accustomed to the powder of battles, nor yet scarcely to the dust of a liorfe-race ?—not one who, by force, can command over men, but one who is wholly unqualified to contend even with women ? Shall we call this cowardice ?—Shall we fay that those who serve thus are paltroons and drivelers?—lf two, if three, if four, (hould not defend thern felves against one, this would be strange ; (till it is poflible. But, even in these cases, we fliould have a good right to fay it was for want of heart orfpirit. But if an hundred, if a thonfand, fuf* fer from one alone, shall we fay that they will not refill, that they dare not oppose ?—fliall we fay that it is fear, cowardice, or rather contempt and disdain ? If we fliould fee, not an hundred, not a thousand men, but an hundred countries, a thousand cities, a million of men, not attempt to attack or oppose one alone, from whom these who were best treated, received nothing but slavery and villainage : How could we name this con duct? Is this cowardice ? There is to every vice fonie limit, beyond which it cannot pass. Two may be afraid of one ; and so poilibiy may ten : but a thousand, a million, n thonfand cities, if these defend not themselves against one, this is not cowardice. Cowardice extends not this length, no more than bravery can extend so far as that one man might scale a fortrefs, defeat an »rn>v or a WnHom. What mnnftpr then of vice is this, which merits not the title of cowardice ? which cdnnot find a name base e nongh, which nature denies to have produced, and the tongue refufes to name ? Place, 011 one fide, fifty thousand men in arms— as many more on the other—make your difpofi tions for battle, and let it begin—one army con sists of freemen fighting for their liberty—the other to take it away from them—to which fide fhonld you prophesy the vk'tory ? Which would go the most gallantly to atlion —those who hoped | as a reward of their pains the maintenance of j their liberty ?—or ihofe who could cxpecft no thing for the blows they might give or receive, but the fervitudt of others ? 1 he one have al ways before their eyes the happinefsof their past life, and the hope of the like to come. They re gard not the pain to be endured for the iliort time of tlie continuance of a battle, so much as those to be borne forever by themselves, their children, and all their posterity. Ihe others have nothing to embolden them but a little point of covetonfnefs, which is suddenly blunted by danger, and which cannot be so ardent, but that it ought and must be extinguished by the smallest drop of blood which flows from their wounds. In the battles so celebrated of Miltiades, of Leo nidas, and of Themiftocles, which were waged two thousand years ago, and which still live as frelh in the memory of books and of men, as if they had been fought but the last month ; battles which were fought in Greece, for the good of Greece, and for examples to al 1 the world : What was it which gave to so finall a number of men as were the Greeks, not the power but the heart to support the force of so many liiips, that the sea seemed to be overloaded with them ? to defeat so many nations, who were so numerous that the whole squadron of the Greeks could not have furnifhed Captains to the armies of the enemy? In those glorious days, it was not so much a bat tle of Greeks against Persians, as the victory of li berty over domination, of privilege over avarice. It is a wonderful thing to speak of the valour which liberty inspires into the hearts of those who defend her. But a thing that happens in all countries, anion"; all men, and every clay, or in nil ages, that a single man (hou'd become the "'after of an hundred cities, and deprive them of 'heir liberties—who would believe it, if he only heard it related, and did not fee it ? If he saw it Wednesday, May 4, 1791. not in his own country, and only heard it related of foreign nations and dillant lands, would he not think it to he ficftion and romance, fraud and forgery ? (To be continued.) FOR THE GAZETTE OF THE UNITED STATES. O D ODE 11. FURTHER HINTS TO REVIEWERS. AGAIN, dispensers of the lirck and bays, The Muse inspires ; an ' John advice difplayi. Such is my nature—when 1 .Hee pretend, Or undertake, a purpose > perform; No power that purpose from my foul can rend I heed not hatred, javri plague, or storm In all your criticisms, mind one thing : Bepojitive. For O what help it gives, To be determined that peifcftion lives, In all you fay, or sing. Whene'er you praifc, with high, enthusiastic zeal, Your commendation, ev : 1 to cracking, drain; And swear that he who differently doth feel, Is idiot, baby, and devoid of brain. Yet do not praifetoo much ; —of that beware; — But freely deal, rich condemnation forth : Then, in particular, when modest worthy And youthful merit, novel truths declare. For thev will dare but small icfiftance make. And you may press them with feveretl hand; Exclaim—" Eftablilb'd orde* they forfake, 44 And spread opinions new, around the land." How will the people wonder at your wit, Scared with the dreadful fhunder of your words ! And, with your rueful length of visage fmit, Adore the felf-created Lords. So have I mark'd the Owl, with horrid scream, Fright the sweet songsters of the warbling grove ; And with a face, made wife with manv a seam, Reign a dread Lord where once smiled joy and love. JOHN. R. E P O R T OF T V IE SECRETARY, OF STATE, Oa the of *he CODAND WHALE FISHERIES, Made comformably to an Order of the House of Representatives of the United States, referring to him the representation of the General Court of the Commonwealth of Mafiachufetts on those fubjefts February xft, 1791. THE Secretary o f State, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives, the representation from the General Court of the Commonwealth of iMaffachufetts, on the fubje&s of the cod and whale fifhcies, together with the several papers accompany ing it, has had the fame under consideration, and thereupon makes the following Report : The representation sets forth that, before the late war, about fourthoufand seamen, and twenty-four thousand tons of (hipping were annually employed, from that State, in the whale fifhery, the producc whereof was about three hundred and fifty thousand pounds a year. That thcfe branches of business, annihilated during the war, have been, in some degree, recovered since : but that they labor under many and heavy embarrassments, whieh, if not removed, or lessened, will render the fiiheries every year less extensive and important. That these embarrassments are, heavy duties on their produce abroad, and bounties on that of their competitors : and duties at home on several articles, particularly used in the fifheries. And it aflts that the duties he taken off ; that bounties be given to the fifbermen ; and the national influence be used abroad for .' obtaining better markets for their produce. The cod and whale fifberies, carried on by different persons, from different ports, in different veffe'.i, in different seas, and seek ing different markets, agree in one circumstance, in being as un profitable to the adventurer, as important to the public. A fuc cinft view of their rife, progress, and present state, with different nations, may enable us to note the circumilances which have at tended their profperitv, and their decline, to judge of the embar rassments, which are said to opprefsours; to fee whether they de-. pend on our own will, and may, therefore, be remedied imme diately by ourfelves,or, whether, depending on the will of others,, they are without the rcach of remedy, from us, either directly or indire£lly. Their history, being as unconncfted as their pra&ice, they (ball be feparatelv considered. Within twenty years after the supposed discovery of Newfound land, bv the Cabots, we find that ihe abundance of fifh on its: banks, had already drawn the attention of the people of Europe. For, as early as 1517, or 1519, we ate told of fifty Ibips being seen there atone time. The firll adventurers iu that filbery, were the Bifcavans of Spain, the Bafquesand Bas-Brctons of France, all uni ted anciently in language, and still in habits and in extreme po verty. The last circumstance enabled them long to retain a consi derable share of the filberv. In 1,577, the French had one hun dred and fifty vessels there ; the Spaniards had still one hundred ; and the Portuguese filtv, wben the English had only fifteen. The Spaniardsand Portuguese Teem, at length, to have retired silently, the French and Englith claiming the filhery excluiivelv, as an ap purtenance to their adjacent colonies, and the profits being too small for nations surcharged with the precious metals pioceedmg from their mines. Without materials to trace the intermediate progress, we only know that so late as 1744, the French employed there five hnndred and fixtv-four ships, and twenty-seven thousand five hundred fca men, and took one million two hundred and forty-fix thousand kentals of fifh. which w*t three times the extent to which England and her colonies together carried this filbery at that time. 5 E S, Hkso [Whole No. 2 i o.] The English, in the beginning of the feventeenrh century, hai employed, generally, about one hundred and fifty vefTels in the Newfoundland fifhery. About 1670, we find them reduced ro eighty, and one hundred, the inhabitants of New-England begin ning now to supplant them. A little before this, the British par liament, perceiving that their citizens were unable to subsist on the scan y profits which fufficed for their poorer competitors, endea vored to give them some advantage by prohibiting the importation of foreign fifh ; and, at the close of the century, they formed some regulations for their government and protettion : and remitted to them some duties. A fuccefsfnl war enabled them in 1713 to force from the French, a ceflion of the island of Newfoundland. Un der these encouragements, the English and American fifheries be gan to thrive. In 1731, we find the English take two hundred thousand kcntals of fifh, and the Americans two hundred and thir ty thousand, besides the refufe fifh not fit for European markets. They continue to gain ground, and the French to lose it, inso much, that about 1755, they are said to have been on a par : and, in 1768, the French have only two hundred and fifty-nine vefTels of twenty-four thousand four hundred and twenty tons, nine thou sand seven hundred and twenty-two seamen, taking two hundred thousand kentals, while America alone, for some three or four years before that, and so on to the commencement of the late war, employed fix hundred and fixty-five veirels, of twenty-five thou sand fix hundred and fifty tons, and four thousand four hundred and five seamen, and took from three hundred and fifty thousand, to upwards of four hundred thousand kentals of fifh. and England a still greater quantity, five hundred and twenty-fix thousand ken tals, as is said. Spain had formally relinquiflicd her pretensions to a participa tion in these fiftieries, at the clofeof the preceding war ; and, at the end of this, the adjacent continent and ifiands, being divided between the United States, the EngliOi and French (lor the last re tained two imall ifiands merely for this cbjed) the right of fifliing was apprqpriated to them also. Franc-e, fenlibleof the necessity of balancing the power of F,n<r. land on the water, and therefore, of improving everv resource for raising fcamen, and feeing that her fifhermen could not maintain their competition without some public patronage, adopted the ex periment of bounties on her own fifh, and dutie* on that of foreign nations brought into her markets. But, notwithftandins; this, her fifherics dwindle, from a change taken place, infenftbly, in the character of her navigation, which, from being the mod economi cal, is now become the most expenfivc. In 1786, file is said to have employed but seven thousand men in this fi:hery, and to have taken four hundred and tweniv-fix thousand kentals ; and in 1787, hut fix thousand men, and and twenty-eighj thousand kentals. She seems not yet sensible that the unthrtftinefs of her .fifheries proceeds from the want of economy, and not the want of markets ; and that the encouragement of our fifhery abridge that of a rival nation, whose power on the ocean has long threat* ened the loss of all balance on that element. (To be continued.) By the Skip Can-ton, Captain Truxiox. CALCUTTA, October 21. THE following account of the lare nftion of the J 3th and 14th, received in a letter from Arnee, of date the 26th September, in several refpetfts differs from, and is more particular than others which have been given to the public; and we trust it will therefore be acceptable to our readers. Tippoo descended the Gauts on the 12th of September, and reinforced Seyd Saheb. He mo ved earlv in the morning of the towards Colonel Floyd, whose detachment confilted of his own regimen: of dragoons, two regiments of native cavalry, three battalions of feapoys, and two companies ot the Bengal artillery, under the command of Captains Samp foil and Elwood, with one eighteen-pounder, two twelve pound ers, and eight fix-pounders. The enemy's cavalry firft began skirmishing, but were woffled by our cavalry. About eleven o'clock in the forenoon, Tippoo's whole army eroded the Bavani, and advanced within 600 yards of our line, before they fired a single shot; they then opened at once, with all their guns and rockers, and, having ascertained our dis tance, did amazing execution. The enemy's cavalry repeatedly charged our line, with great order and regularity : butwere always repulsed with cojifiderable loss. On the night of the 13th, a board of field of ficers being aflembled, it was resolved upon to retreat: accordingly, the detachment moved off before day, on the 14th, leaving the whole of the baggage, together with the eighteen-pound er, two of the twelve-pounders, and three fix pounders, for want of bullocks to draw them. The enemy were not long in getting informa tion of this letreat, but they were so bufilv oc cupied in plundering the baggage, that they did not again come up with the detachment until 12 o'clock that day, when a second engagement commenced, in which the enemy made every poflible exertion to break our line, but without effect ; for both Europeans and feapoys behaved with the utmofl steadiness and cool intrepidity. Night coming on, put a flop to the action ; and our little army continued retreating in good or der until 8 o'clock, when they halted. About 3 o'clock the next morning, (the i?th) they a gtin moved, and mat ched to effect a jumftion
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