<S>szeJfe PUBLISHED WEDNESDAYS AND SATURDAYS BY JOHN FENNO, No. 4 i, BROAD-STREET, NEAR THE EXCHANGE, NEW-YORK [No. 14, if Vol. 11. j DISCOURSES ON DAVILA. (ONCWDI D. The Senate's thanks, the Gazette's pompous tale, With force resistless, o'er the bnve prevail ; This power has praise, thai virtue fcarcc can warm Till fame fupplics the universal charm. NATURE has taken effectual care of her own work. She has wrought the pallions into the texture and efience of the foul—and has not left it in the power of art to deflroy them. To regulate and not toeradicate them is the province of policy. It is ofthehn hell importance to edu cation, to fife and to society, not only that they should not be deflroyed, but that they fbould be gratified, encouraged, and arranged on the lide ot virtue. To confine ourobfervations at pretent to that great leading passion of the foul, which has been so long underourconfideration : What dif couragement, distress and despair, have not been occasioned by its difappointnient ? Toconftder one instance, among many, which happen contin ually in schools and colleges. Put a supposition of a pair of twin brothers, who have been nour ished by the fame nurse, equally cncouraged by their parents and preceptors, with equal genius, health and strength, pursuing their lludies with equal ardor andfuccefs. One, is at length over taken by some sickness, and in a few days the other, whoefcapes the influenza is advanced some pages before liitn. This alone will make the flu dies of the unfortunate child, when he recovers his health, difguftfnl. As soon as he loses the animating hope of pre-eminence, and is cortftrain ed to acknowledge, & few others of his fourin or class, his superiors, Ire becomes incapable ofin duflriousapplication. Even the fear of the ferule or the rod, will after this be ineffectual. The terror of punifhnient, by forcing attention, may compel a child to perform it talk—but can never infufe that ardor for flucly, which alone can arrive at great attainments. Emulation really seems to produce genius, and the tlefire of superiority to create talents. Either this, or the reverse of it, must be true ; and genius produces emulation, and natural talents, the deli re of fuperiority —for they are always found together, ain't v;iiat and na~ i ture have united, let no audacious legiflaror pre fume to put asunder. When the love of glory jnkindles in the hearty and influences the whole foul, then, and only then, may we depend on a rapid progression of the intelle<slual faculties.— The awful feeling of a mortified emulation, is not peculiar to childten. In an army> or a navy, sometimeS the intereftof the service requires, and oftener perhaps private irit'ereft and partial fa vor prevail, to promote officers over their super iors, or seniors. But the conffequence is, that those officers can never serve again together.— They must be diflribute<l in different corps, or sent ondifferentcommands. Nor isthis the worll effe»t: It alinofl universally happens, that the fuperceded officer feels his heart broken by his disgrace. Kis mind is enfeebled by grief, or dis turbed by resentment—and the instances have been very rare, of any brilliant a<flion performed by such an officer. Whatamonument tothilcfaa facfter of human r.ature is the long lift of yellow Admirals in the British service !- Consider the effects of similar difappointnients in civil affairs. Minillers ofState, are frequently displaced in all countries—and what is the consequence ? Are they seen happy in a calm refigtiation to their fate ? Do they turn their thoughts from their former employments,to private fludies or business? .Are the"}' men of pleasant humor, and engaging conversation ? Arc their hearts at ease ? Or is their conversation aconflantefFufion of complaints and murmurs, and their breall the residences of resentment and indignation, of grief and sorrow, .of malice and revenge .' Is it common to fee a «iatl get the-better of his ambition, and despise the honors he once poflefled—or is lie commonly employed in projects upon projects, intrigues ast ter intrigues, and manoeuvres on manoeuvres to recover them ? So sweet and delightful to the hu man heart is that complacency and admiration, which attends public offices, whether they are conferred by the favor of a Prince, derived from hereditary descent, or obtained by election people, that a mind mufl be funk below the feel "iiffs of humanity, or exalted by religion or phi lofnphy far above the common character of men, to be insensible, or to conquer its sensibility. Pre renfions to such conquests are not uncommon ; but the fincetity of fitch pretenders is often rendered fufpiciom, by their conllant conversation and con duct, and even by their countenances. The peo ple a; e fq Tenfible of litis, !hat a man in this pre No. VII SATURDAY, MAT 29, 1750. dicainent is always on the rotnpailionate lift, and, except in cases of great resentment against him for foine very unpopular principles or behavior, they arc found to be alwaysftudying fomeother office for a disappointed man, to coi sole him in liis af fliction. In short the theory of Education, and the science ofgovernment nay be reduced to the fame simple principle, and be all comprehended in the knowledge of the nnus of activity, con ducting, controiing and the emulation and ambition of the citizens. FROM THE UNITED STATES CHRVSIU.f.. MR. Wheeler, LOOKING over some F.nglifli Magazines, I was ftrilck with the following Extra# from a Pjmphht published in the year 1781, by the Dean of Glouceifccr, entitled *' An Enquiry, what benejth can arifc, to the Engli/h, the Americans, &c./rm thtgreatefl yulcrits orfuccejjts in tht prejevt war." The predictions of the coji- ' cerntng our country are so far from being fulfilled, that the very ; reverse has taken place—America is now united under a firm, ! efficient government, adminiftercd by her xhoiccli Son$ —her in- j habitants are happy,---Agri ulture, Commctc: and Manufa&ures are encouraged and encreafing—and in no country in the kno\yp world are there k'fs enemies to the ejlabljhed Cover nment, or more warm fupportcrs and friends to it. A CITIZEN OF THE INITIO STATCJ. Rehoboth, May 13, 1790. " A Sto the future grandeur of America, and n. its being a riling empire, underonehead, whether republican or monarchical, it is one of the'idlefl and molt visionary notions, that ever was conceived even by writers of romance. For there is nothing in the genius of the people, the situation of their country, or the nature of their different climates, which tends to countenance such a supposition. On, the contrary, every prognostic that ran be formed from a contem plation of their mutual antipathies, and claiming interests, their difference of governments, habi tudes, and manners, plainly indicate, that the Americans will have no centre of union among them, and no common interest to pursue when the power, and government of England are finally removed. Moreover, when the interfecflious and divifiom of their country by great bays ofthefea, and by vafl- rivers, likes ridgmnf mountain* and, above all, when those iuimenfe inland regi ons beyond the back fetilements, which are dill unexplored, are taken into the account, they form the highest probability, that the Americans never can be united into one compact empire, un der any fpeciesof government whatever. Their fate seems to be, « Sifunitcd People, till the end of time. In short, the only probable supposition can be formed of them at prsfent is this: that being so very jealous in their tempers, so fufpici 011s and diftruftful of each other, they will be di vided and subdivided into little commonwealths, or principalities, according to the above mention ed natural divisions, or boundaries of their coun try ; and that all of them in general will be more intent on profecutihgtheir own internal disputes and quarrels, than desirous to engage in external wars and diitant conquests. They will have nei ther leisure, nor inclination, nor abilities, for such undertakings." FOR THE GALETTE, Of STATE*. ON EMIGRATION. " A GRICULTURE should be the main objecfl jfl of inltuftry in such a country as ours.— Lands, uncultivated, are like gold sleeping in the mines—it is only culture that makes them valua ble."—Why then Ihould our citizens spread them selves over so immense a territory—why ihould they emigrate to the wilderness, and leave ex tensive regions behind them, in the neighbour hood of their friends ; conveniently iituated to export the produftsoftheir labor, and to acquire the neceflaries and comforts of life—thofe vari ous articles they have long been accuftonied to, and which conllitute the richest ingredients in the compofttion of animal existence.—" Why fhouldll thou die before thy time" ? is an old en quiry.—What is death but a privation of the com. pany, friendlhip, and conversation of our old ac quaintance and aflociates ?— Ihe sensations of an ingenious mind on abandoning his former lefideuce, to retire beyond the mountains to pass the remainder of life, are little fliort of those which rack the foul 011 the near prospect of nature's diflolution.—Spirit and industry in cul tivating the numerous tradts of fertile country in the neighbourhood of the old states, would pre vent the diflrcfs oC individuals, and fupercede the neceflity of diitant emigrations for centuries ; to come.— 469 CONGRESS. HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. MONDAY, MAY 10. On the proportion to increase the duty of Tonnage, on foreign bottoms. MR. JACKSON said, that he was one of the committee on the petition before the House, hut that by some accident or other he h.i<i not notice ot their fitting when they concluded on the icport. He would however tax the numbers with any design, buc fuppole it to have proceeded from the neglect of the meffcD gerr The object of ;he report terminated with him in three points of view--— It might be coofidered in t{v. light of an addition to the revenue—lt might be taken m a prohibitory or retaliating law— 5r it Vnight be tfortfidered as an additional encouragement to Ame ican lhipbijig. ""r r o" If it was to he considered a* an obje£l to produce revenue, th< Houfc mould be careful riot to overcharge it, by ovtrcharginj any article of revenue. It was an old maxim and a very just one that frequently instead of two and two making four, two and tw< made but one—This opeiafed with the House the laftfeflion, wher a higher tonnage was proposed—The revenue on tonnage is it fatt no other than a revenue on customs. for the freight is adder to, or dedu&ed from the sale of the article paying that freight; and the higher this tonnage is made the fewer vessels will entei your ports, and of course the less will be the revenue coming intc your treasury. If it is meant as a prohibitory or retaliating law on other na. tions,for not permitting your veflels to enter their ports ; si* observ ed, that it should not have been brought in,in itsjprefent form—Th< house (hould be manly and open, (hould ast up to the American chara&er and inform the nations complained of, why it was done. For what, he aflced, could be expe&ed from a law like the present regulation, but counter rellridlions and regulations, and on whom he a{kc4 would ihofe reftri&ions and regulations fall but on our own ve(tc!s 7 Suppose, however, that it h?s its full effect, and th«»i a prohibition is the consequence, what is to become of the pio duce of our Country—ls the hand of industry to be flayed ?Is jt to be arretted irt the hands of its owners ? \K ill the lumber cutter reft fatisfied with your telling him that this prohibition is neces sary for the encouragement of ship-building ? Will not his intci <-ft compel him to complain, and fir, js not interest in some mea« sure or other the principle Will he be fatisfied that hi> intertft (hall be uegletted, and that the interrft of the ship builder shall be regaided ? Will not the rice and the tobacco planter hnve likewise reason to complain ?—For fir, if this pro hibition is to take place, where is your flipping to carry oft the i surplus of produce ? Sir, it is not in existence, the best situated state with refpeft to (hipping, employs foreigners. That we had not fufficient was conceded on all (ides of the House at the last feflion, and particularly so, by forrie gentlemen of the greatest abilities and knowledge. He did not know that thofc gentlemen now would be of different sentiments, he hoped not— he had no authority » flowfe it, but he would mention the words of one or two of them to (hew the House what their opin ions then were. An honorable gentleman near him from Virgi nia (Mr. Madison) on the tonnage law, last feflion, had declared, that 46 it was admitted on all hands, that America did not furnifli (hipping fufficient for the transportation of her own produce, and the apparent quantity would decrease from what it was re presented to be, If gentlemen considered that the American veflels mentioned in the custom-house reports, may clear three, four or five times a year. This redu&ionof our (hipping serves only to (hew the indifpenfiblc necessity of applying means to raise it up to what it ought to be. But in doing this we ought to be careful in avoiding any sudden or violent effect upon our commerce by the rife of freight." Another gentleman from Pennsylvania (Mr. Fitzfimons) at that time had abfolutcly declared u dollar too great: for the trade to bear—his words were " Then we will not adopt such a duty as mud deter foreigners from coming amongst us un til we are in better circumstances. If we lay a duty ot two-thirds of a dollar per ton on nations in alliance, we cannot propose to lay less than a dollar on those with whom we have not treaties. A ship of 200 tons will then have to pay 200 dollars, a vry con siderable expence, perhaps much more han our trade can Sear." If then a dollar was too much for the trade to bear the last feflion, can we have so soon changed our situation for the better," that our trade will not feel it now—he could notfuppofe it. Suppose it taken up in the last view he had mentioned as an ad ditional encouragement to (hip-building. He would a(k what encouragement was wanting.—He wiftied the house to examine the relative situation of an American and a foreign ve(Tel. The latter, if of two hundred tons, and entering our ports three times a year paid three hundred dollars, whilst an American vessel if (he entered our ports twenty times a year paid but her fix cents per' ton, once in a twelve month, which would amount in a veflel of that burthen to just twelve dollars. He begged the house to view the immense difference, and then a(k if the payment of three hundred dollars to twelve was not encouragement fufficient.—. For his part he was at a loss to account for the application.—Fifty cents the last year was thought fully fufficient ; one hundred is fought for this feflion, and he had no doubt but the next another petition would request two hundred. He could not tell how such people were to be fatisfied, nor how far the length of such con sciences would go.—He brliev d they would not be fatisfied with any thing (hort of a total prohibition, and if they even poflefled this total prohibition, they would be like the dog in the manger —they could not eat the hay therafelves, nor would they fuffer others to eat it. For the (kipping it was manifeft they did not poflefs, nor was a fufficiency to be obtained in a moment. It was not this House's declaring that American (hipping only (hould cany the produce of America, that would produce this shipping —time alone could effect it—it was granted that America could build (hips cheaper than any other paitof the world—this ought to be encouragement fufficient without this tonnage, and no doubt would operate as such when merchants turned their attention that way, and which their intcrefts would naturally lead them into. The fa& was, that the American capitals which formerly were turned to that branch had been diverted from their course during the war, and would require time to return into their proper chan nel, which he had not a doubt would be effected—but time and time alone could do this. Here he would observe that an honora ble gentleman from Connecticut (Mr. Sherman) had on a former occasion argued dire&ly contrary to what he had yesterday de clared. 1 hat gentleman, when the tonnage was then before the noufe, had said •• that the policy of laying a high tonnage was at heft a doubtful point. The regulation, he had observed, was cer tainly intended as an encouragement to our own shipping, but if this was not the consequence of the measure it must be an impro» per one," Surely if it was • doubtful or an improper measure [Whole No. 118.]
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