THE DAILE EVENING TELEGRAPH f HlLADfiLPlllA, WEDNESDAY,' NOVEMBER 16, 1870 1V TDK firONTA nko us okheiia tion con- TROVKHHY. Trem th4 Saturday IitcUto. Can living substance ever be evolved oat of non-living substance? It is an old a very old question, to which the philosophers of successive centuries have given different an swers, and it is not yet certain when the tims will come tnat the final verdict of sci-wce shall be absolute and conclusive. It will be In the reoollection of many of onr readers that the distinguished President of the last meeting of the British Association put his foot down (as the Yankee phrase is) solidly, and almost savagely, upon one of the rival hypotheses, and pronounced that the maxim Omne vivvm ex two was victorious all along the line. Strangely enough this authoritative assertion on the part of one of the moat euai nentof our modern Bchoolof science has served only to revive the controversy whioh he en deavored to stamp out, and the pages of our scientific contemporary, Nature, bear witness to the keenness with which the inane is still contested. So warmly indeed has the battle raged that we are compelled to deplore the convertuon into controversial heat, and the onseqnent dissipation, of a vast amount of nergy which, under more favorable influ ences, might have manifested itself in the form of sound and lasting scientiflo work. This affords ono more illustration of what is almost a truism, that it pays better to an swer opponents than to try to stamp them out. But passing by, for the present at any rate, the manner in which the warfare has been waged, we propose to consider what the result of the evidenoe is up to the present time on this question, which has engaged the attention of mankind from the earliest dawn of science, which in successive ages has re ceived conflicting answers in aooordance with the knowledge and temper of the time, whioh is still, as some think, almost as unsettled as ever, and which, for aught we know, may re main unsettled to the end of time. The most prominent champions who have recently entered the lists in this great quarrel are Professor iluxley, who maintains that all living things without exception are the pro ducts of previously living matter, and Dr. Bastian, who maintains that his own experi ments and those of others who have preceded him in the same field establish the possibility, if not the probability, that living organisms are sometimes evolved out of non-living materials. Before discussing the points of difference between the two schools thus represented, it will be well to note the extent to whioli they are agreed. Professor Iluxley and Dr. Bas tian both hold that there is no difficulty in conceiving tho development of protoplasm step by step into higher organisms, and the only issue is whether it is or is not possible that protoplasm itself, or forms of life whioh are little more than undefined living substance, can under any conditions be evolved from non-living matter without the presence of pre-existiDg life. Again, Professor Huxley concedes so much to his opponent ast a admit that if he were permitted to look back "ba yond the abyss of geologically recorded time to the still more remote period when the earth was passing through the physical and chemical conditions" of its in fancy, he should expect, not as a matter of belief, but as an "act of philosophical faith," to see ''the evolution of living pro toplasm from non-living matter;" but ho seems to rely (apart from direct experiment) on the analogy of the known mode of repro duction cf all the higher forms of animal and vegetable life as a strong a priori argument that in the lowest forms also the rule Omne vivvm ex vivo may be presumed to hold good. Dr. Bastian, on the other hand, of coarse admits that, bo long as we keep out of the regions which the microscope with all its modern improvements has revealed, there is no known origin of life without a previously living parent; but he considers the analogy ol wnat, even according to irrofessor II ux ley, must once have happened on the earth to be a more cogent argument (on the princi ple of continuity) in favor of the present ex istence of the same mode of evolution of life than the parallel sought to be drawn from the rule which palpably governs the genesis of the higher orders of organized beings. If we are called upon to prononnoe judgment upon these a priori reasonings from analogy, we xuust say tnat tney are equally worthless. iToiessor iiuuey s taitn mat tnere was once an age of abiogenesis (as he terms the origin of life frow non-living matter), whioh has now finally passed away, has too much resemblance to the theological theory about the age of miracles to be very attractive to a scientific mind; while Dr. Bastian's reliance upon the law of continuity seems to us to be strained too far to have any appreciable value. To our minds the question is a pure question of fact, depending on the results of scientific investigation. We see no a priori considera tions which would weigh a feather fn the fccale against any well-established scientific experiments, and we approach the examina. tion of the evidenoe without the faintest prejudice for or against the possibility of the occasional evolution of life from non-living inuuer. Now what are the f acts ? This is the only question worth discussing. From 1608 to 1870 a series of experimental investigations stands reoorded, in the course of which re cults arrived at by one inquirer have been overthrown by his successor, to be sot on their legs again by a still later experimental, ist. Which way the beam is at present in. clined is the inquiry to which we shall briefly address ourselves. The task is happily not ao difficult as it would have been a few months since. In the address with whioh he fascinated the assembled savans of the Brit ish Association, Professor Iluxley has given an admirable summary (seen of oourse from his own point or view) of the work whioh was done by successive biologists from the year l(iC8 to the year 18G2. At this epoch he closes his narrative, for reasons which he has sinoe partially ex plained, and which we shall presently con sider, liui seekers alter truth need not be dismayed, for whatever they may have lost by the silence of Professor Iluxley has been e applied by the very ample account which Dr. Bastian has given in the pages of Nature i me wors: accompusnea since me year leoz, whicn closes tne l releasors charming juutory. Meed we say tnat tne balance of evi. dence in 1802 inclined more strongly than at any other period to the side of biogenesis, or that the subsequent experiments, whatever their weight may be, point exclusively in the ; w.i opposite direction r iusi as it needed a Hume and Smollett to complete the history of England, so we must combine the writings of Huxley and Bastian to get the whole story or tne protracted controversy as to tne origin 01 we. In the early dawn of scientific thought. when authority counted for more thau ex periment, and a priori fancies took the pUoa which belongs of right to inductive investi gations, a kind of philosophical faith was the only representative of scientiflo opinion. With or without reason, however, th world iiad satisfied itself thut lii true faith was that tor Jb of JiviEg creatures were gaily ajid hourly evolved out ef non-living matter. Whenever life appeared tne origin oi wmo-;, was not palpable to the eye, it was explained at once as a ease of abiogenesis. Having snail means of observation, and making little use of what they had, it is not surprising that these early theorists attributed to spontaneous generation the appearanoe of many living creatures whioh a little care would have traced to pre-existing germs. The maggot developed in putrid meat was allowed no pa rent except the carcass on whioh it fed, and other blunders, equally gross, were made (as was natural) by inquirers who did everything exoept inquire. About two centuries ago, when the spirit of induction had laid a firm hold of the minds of men, even biological science felt the revo lution, ltedi seems to have been the first to test the accepted doctrine of spontaneous generation. By the simplest process in the world he proved tnat putrid meat did not generate maggots. He kept the blowflies away, and the inaggoM did not appear. He collected the blowflies' eggs, and hatched his maggots without the presence of the flesh which had so long been their reputed parent. Similar results followed in other like ensos, and having shown that gentles and other creatures, whose origin he investigated, cer tainly were not the products of spontaneous generation, lledi conceived the theory that spontaneous generation was a fiction from beginning to end, and that the exclusive method of nature was expressed by what has since become the familiar maxim Omne tivum ex vivo. As a working hypothesis to be tested by future experiment this was legitimate enough. As a scientific conclusion it would have been a very audacious generalization. Until the commencement of what may be called the mioroscopio age there were no means of car rying the investigation further. By this time, however, the maxim Omne vtoum ex vivo had got associated with ideas now almost exploded about distinctive vital forces, and had become as firm an article of faith as the opposite doctrine had been before lledi dis credited itr. A new era was commenced, and it is to the revelations of the microscope during the last century, . and especially in quite recent times, that both parties to the controversy appeal. The programme of all these experiments has been the same. First destroy and exclude every trace of life then see if uncUr any influences life can be evolved. At each successive stage the strin gency of the methods employed has steadily increased. In all of them, however, heat has been the destructive agent employed. Need ham took a solution of hay, boiled it to destroy all life within, and corked and sealed his flasks to exclude all access of life from without. Never theless his solutions bred animalcules, and he ascribed the fact to spontaneous generation. Spallanzani repeated the experiment with severer precautions. He boilod his solutions longer, and hermetically sealed his flasks in stead of cooking them. No animalcules ap peared, and bo far the inference seemed ir resistible, that the source of life in NeaJ ham's experiments was something which might be destroyed by heat and excluded by a him of glass. If bo, what more likely thau a germ? Schwann followod on the same side. He calcined air and allowed it to ap proach his boiled solutions, and no life ap peared. He admitted ordinary air, and life abounded. Thus it seemed to be proved almost to de monstration that the presence of nuburned air contributed largely to the production of life, and no explanation of this was so natu ral as the hypothesis that the air is ladea with myriads of floating germs of life. The nega tive conclusion that this acoess of germs was the only mode by which life could be pro duced, was from its nature less easy to prove. So far as Schwann's experiments went, it seamed likely, but they supplied too slender and, as it aftei wards proved, too unsound a basis for bo large a generalization. Pasteur, himself a strong opponent of spontaneous generation, repeated Schwann's experiments, and tnough he too at first obtained only nega tive results, he found that when the solution contained certain alkaline fluids life appeared in spite of the boil ing and the calcining. This showed that to generalize from Schwann s results would have been at least premature, but further ex periments satisfied Pasteur that if the heat applied was raised from 0. 100 to 0. 110, the power of evolving life disappeared even from the alkaline solution. No visible germs, un less specially protected, have ever been shown to require bo high a temperature to destroy them in solution, and the necessity of assum ing this degree of vital resistance appreciably weakened the germ hypothesis. Still up to this point it did seem to be established that the power of vital evolution could not survive a fluid temperature of G. 110; and the further inference that connected this temperature with tne presumed limit of vital resistance in germs was at least as likely as any other ex planation. We say this without being un mindful of Dr. Bastian a suggestion that heat may be conceived as preventing vital evolu tion by afiecting the molecular arrangement of matter as well as by the annihilation of germs. Pasteur s experiments on this sub ject were announced in 18G2, tho data at which Professor Huxley closes his history For our remaining facts we have to draw upin Dr Bastian's continuation of the story. Pro fessor Wyman, of Cambridge, U. S., Profes Bor Mantegazza, of Turin, and Professor Urn toni, of Pavia, have all tried similar expari ments, in which temperatures of from O. 120 to O. 142 were employed, and. notwithsUnd ing this, they have found living organi-mis in tneir solutions, nnauy, Dr. Bastian, in an elaborate paper published in Nature, very shortly before Professor Huxley's address was delivered, minutely describes and pictures the living organisms whioh he obtained from hermetically-sealed flasks, sotue of which had been subjected by Professor Fraukland to a temperature of C 150 for several hours What makes the experiments the more start ling is that the fluids employed iu several of them were not iuf asions of orgamo matter, but mere solutions oi crystals of salts, con taining of course the necessary elements of orgamo substances. In one of these, figured at p. 200 of Nature for July 7, 1870, the solution was composed of tartrate of ammonia and phosphate of Bod a. The air was exhausted, and the flask hermetically sealed and kept for four hours at a temperature varying from C. 14J to O 154. Professor Franklaud's name suffioieutly attests the care with which tha processes were performed. When cooled, the fl iii wai clear, but after many days floMiileut misses appeared. The flask was "broken by Dr. Bas tian in the presence of Dr. Sharpey; one of the flocculent masses was taken up, inonutsd, and plaoed under the niu-rosoope. What Dr, Bantian and Dr. Sharpey stw is drawn in Nature, at the page we have mentioned. There is a mass rf sporfs with aliments issuing from them, aud a large fully-ddva-loped fungus. An eiferiineDt so Marling as this and it is only one of many, tbougu pviu wi,; tha moe icsaark&Lltf ajjwt change Ui whole ipect of the controversy, unless it can so mi low or other be explained away, toge ther ith the analogous results of Wymao, Mat fegazea, and Cantoai. If these are sound ei timents, free from any error that can be B'aed, they are not met by the faot that l'chieur and others, though working under less stringent conditions, and with sub stanoes presumably more favorable to the production of life, nevertheless failed again and again to diaoover a trace of living mat ter. Professor Huxley thought it enough, in his address, to dispose of all the modern experimenters whose results differed from Pasteur's, by saying that there might be some error. Undoubtedly there may be error in the experiments of any man, especially upon such a subject, and the moral which unpre judiced minds would draw is not that all the evidence on one side is to be disregarded, but that it will be well to suspend one's judgment until other investigators have re peated the process with analogous or discord ant results, as the ease may be. But Professor Iluxley has in -a reoently published letter given his interpretation of these extraordinary experiments, and the question is now reduced to the narrowest and simplest issue in the world. Dr. Bastian be lieves that he saw organisms wmcn grew in the solutions after all life had been destroyed by the heat to which they had been subjected. Professor Huxley believes that what was seen in the miorosoope consisted merely of impurities in the original solutions which had sustained the heat applied to them and retained the forms which Dr. Bastian has figured. Cer tainly in the absence of experiment to justify it this seems an hypothesis of portentous dif ficulty. Has it ever been shown that it is possible for such things as are drawn in the figure we have referred to, to say nothing of the other experiments, to escape disintegra tion under a temperature of C. 150 ? The experiment has been tried. Professor Frank- land has repeated his process upon a flask iu which was a fluid containing spores and a fungus as' nearly like those in the im pugned experiment as Dr. Bastian could procure. When examined in the microscope, Dr. Bastian, as might have been expected, found them utterly disintegrated. Unless Professor Huxley can reverse this last experi ment, his explanation of the former series of results must be wrong, though it by no means follows that Dr. Bastian is right, it is quite conceivable that closer investigation may ex plain these results without either admitting tne doctrine of spontaneous generatioa. or the equally astonishing theory of Professor Huxley as to the power of resisting heat pos sessed by delicate fungi and their spores. At present we cannot guess whether such an ex planation will be discovered, or, if so, what it will be. We wait for thj repetition by in dependent inquirers of Dr. Bastian's experi ments, and suspend our judgment; and here we would leave the sub- fect had not Professor Iluxley used one more argument the motive of which is more apparent than its point. He tells us that, in an unpublished experiment privately exhibited to himself, Dr. Bastian bad allowed a fragment of sphagnum leaf to get into the solution, and that when it ap peared in the field of the microscope it was Borne time before he could be brought to re cognise it. Even if this ciroumstance had been less irrelevant than it seems to us as affecting Dr. Bastian's conclusions, it would still leave the results of Wyman, Man tegazza, and Cantoni unimpeached and un answered. But even as to Dr. Bastian, what does the sphagnum story prove? Simply that dead foreign matter, capable of standing a temperature of C. 150, might fairly be looked for in any of the specimens examined, and moreover that sphagnum was tough enough to surviue the ordeal. But how does that touch the question, unless Professor Huxley is prepared to day and to prove that such things as Dr. Baitian and Dr. Sharpey saw were matter of this description The point relied on throughout the investi gation was, not the exclusion of foreign mat ter, but the destruction of vitality; and the force of the experiments would be in no way weakened if Dr. Bastian had never seen sphagnum in his life. Like many greater men, Dr. Bastian no doubt made a blunder when he failed io recognise a common enough object. But Professor Huxley committed a greater blunder in the use he made of his adversary's slip a blunder, we may add, so little in his manner as to encourage the hope that it may remain unique. 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TI ALLOWELL SELECT HIGH 8CUOOL FOR ard Boys, which has been re XI Young Men moved from No. 110 N. Tenth street, will be opened on September 13 In the new and more commodious buildings Nos. 118 and 114 N. NINTH Street. Nelthf-r effort nor expense has been t pared in fitting up the rooms, te make this a first-class school of the highest grade. A Preparatory Department Is connected with the school. Parents and students are Invited to cail and examine the rooms and consult the Principals from 9 A. AL to 8 P. M. after August is. GEORGE EASTBURN, A. B., JOHN G. MOORE, M. &, SITtf Principals. HY. LAI!Ii:KIiA(;il'H ACADEMY, ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS, No. 108 South TENTH Street. A Primary, Elementary, and Finishing School for boys and young men. Persons interested In educa tion are invited to call and witness the method of teaching and discipline practised. Circulars at Mr. Warburton's, No. 430 cbesuut street, or at the Academy. Open for visitors from 4 A. M. to 4 P. AL 8 80 E D G E H I L L SCHOOL MERCHANTVILLE, N. J., Four Miles from Philadelphia. Next session begins MONDAY, October 3. For circulars apply to 1 81 ly Rev. T. W. CATTELL, CHEGAKAY INSTITUTE, Nos. 1537 AND 16SS SPRUCE Street, Philadelphia, will nopn on TUB SDA Y, September 10. French is th. Uturoaa of th. lainilr. and la iv"-'"'f spoken in the institute. U whn bu U D'HKiiVILLY. Principal. CENT.' FOHNISHINQ QOQD8. pATBNT B1IO UL.D KK-BK AM SHIRT MANUFACTORY, AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING STORE. PERFECTLY FITTING SHIRT3 AND DRAWERS made from measurement at very short notice. All other articles of GENTLEMEN'S DRESS GOODS In full variety. WINCHESTER A OO., 11 No. 70S CUESN UT Street. a. 1, r. s aston. MltanoK. T?Aj'lUN Sc JHcITIAmTOIV. JSBIPPING AUD COMMISSION MKRBAKTH. No. t COKNTIK8 SLIP. New York, No. 18 SOUTH WHARVES, Philadelphia, No. o W. PRATT STREET, Baltimore. We are prepared to ahlp every description 01 Freight to Philadelphia, New York, Wilmington, an hiu;l Ulfetllal. pOlIlU WlUi pruUlplutNM ad Iui.cUi Cap itl Boats and Sttaiu-tug furnished at the aUurteai acilce. r 8HIPPINO. 4(ff LORILLARD STEAMSHIP CO MP AN! FOR IXKW YORK, SAILING EVERY TUESDATyTIITJESDAT, AND RATES TEN CENTS PKR loi POUNDS, FOUR UENTa PER C1BIC BXK3T, ONE CENT PER GALLON. SniPIS' OPTION. INSURANCE BY THIS LINE ONE-EIGHTH OF ONE PER CENT. Extra rates oa small packages Iron, metals, etc No ceceipt or bill of lading signed for less than fifty cents. Good a forwarded to all points free of commissions. Throngh bills of lading given to Wilmington, N. C, ny the steamers of this line leaving New York trl wcckly.A.For further particulars apply to juhn F. our. PIER 19 NORTH WHARVES. N. B. The regular shippers by this line will be charged the above rates all winter. Winter rates commence December IB. , g THE REGULAR STEAMSHIPS ON THE PHI LAPELPHIA AND CHARLESTON STEAM SHIP LINE are ALONE authorized to Issue throngs bills of lading to Interior points Sonth and West 14 connection with South Carolina Railroad (Tompanv. ALFRED U TYLErT Vloe-Preildent So. C Kit. Co. PHILADELPHIA AND 80UTH1IRH MAIL KTKA.U8U1P OOMPANVB Dihini LAK SKMI-MONTHLY llnb to mkw OB. LEANS, I . . Tb YA.OO will nil for New Orlsanf , rU Havana. Or Thnrla, Pomber 1, at 8 A. M. Th J L MAT A wHiMllfrom NnwOrlMni, ria Havana, on . Wovember . THROUGH bllJJS OF LADING at aa low ratee m by any other route riven to Mobile, (;Wton, INDIAN OLA, UOCKFOKT. LAVAOOA, and BR AZOS,and to all point! on tbe BlimiMippi rival betwooo New Orioana and t. Lonta, Ked Hirer frirhtt raaaippad at New Orleaoa without eharse of osmmiMiooa WKF.KLY LINK TO Tb. TOiNAW AND A will at dftr. NoTcmhrr 18 at S A. M. SAYAITOAH. OA. U tor Savaniutii on Satu. 'lb. PAN 1'UKR will aail from fUT&nnAb m RaLimtu November 19. THKUUGH BILLS OF L A MNQ rWan to all th.prin. oipal towns ia Owntfa. Alabama, Florida, MiaamippL Louisiana, Arkaaaaa, and Tmnen. In oonnaotion with tb. Ueatral Railroad of Oaonrta, Atlantio and Gulf Rail, road, and Florida ataman, at aa low rata, a by oompUnfl Unea. BKMI MONTHLY LIN ft TO WILMINGTON. W. a Tb. P1UN EKH will aail for WtlminRton on Satnrday. November 26. at 6 A M. Ratorninc, will toav. Wilminc ten Saturday, December 3. Connect with tha (Jape Fear Rlrer Steamboat Com. pany, tb. Wilmington and Weldon and North XJaroUn Railroads, and tb. W ilmington and Manohoater Railroad to all interior poiota. Freights tor Columbia, S. O., and Aognrta, Ga., takan Via W ilminxton, at as low rates aa by any other root. Inanraao. effected whan reqaeeted by shippers. Bills of lading signed at Qnera street wharf oa .r betora day m Milling. WJXJJAM L. JAMRS, General A rent. Ill Mo, UN Soath THIRD StMM FOR LIVERPOOL AND ODEENS. .TOWN Inman Line of Royal Mall Steamers are appointed to sail as follows: L Cty of London, Saturday, Nov. 19, at S P. VL City of BrooklyD, Saturday, Nov. SO. at 8 A. M. City of Limerick, via Hullax, Tuesday, Nov. 24, at 11 A.M. j City of Bnusels. Saturday, Dec. 8, at 8 A. M. J and each succeeding Saturday and alternate Tues day, from pier No. 4B North river. RXTES OF PASSAGE. Payable In gold. Payable In currency. First Cabin ITS Steerage 3 To Louden 80 1 To tondon 85 To Paris 90 To Paris 83 To Halifax 80" To Halifax io Passengers also forwarded to Havre, Hamburg. Bremen, etc., at reduced rates. Tickets can be bought here at moderate rates by persons wishing to send for tneir friends. For further information apply at the company's office. JOHN G. DALE, Agent, No. 15 Broadway, N. Y. I Or to O'DONNELL & FAULK, Agents, 45 No. 408 CHESNDT Street. Philadelphia, tfff PHILADELPHIA, HICriMO ND najMiiliriM NORFOLK 8TRAHHHIP LINK. THROUGH FREIGHT AIR LINE TO THAI SOUTH INCREASED FACILITIES AND REDUCED BATES FOR 1870. u B team era laav. .very WKDNKSDAYand SATURDAY, at 12 o'clock noon, from FIRST WHARF abova MAR! KKT Street. . RETURNING, tear. RICHMOND MONDAYS and THURSDAYS, and NORFOLK TUESDAYS and SA. TURDAY8. N. Billa of Lading1 atoned after Is o'olook on aatUac dHROUGH RATES to all points In North and South Carolina, via Seaboard Air Lin. Railroad, eonneoting at Portsmouth, and to Lynobbanr, Va.. Tennessee, and tha West, via Virginia and Tennessee Air Una and Riohmond and Danyill. Railroad. . Freisbt HANDLED BUTONOK. and taksn at LOWER RAWS THAN ANY OTHER LLnK. No chargs for oommissien, Arayasa, or any expanse ol ranefer. . , b team ships in rare at low set ratee. Freisht roeeired daily. UU Bm 0 w iLlJ AM POL? DK A OO., No. 13 a WHARVES and Pier 1 N. WHARVES. W. P. PORTER, Agent at Richmond and City Point, x. r. , OROWKLL A CO.. Aa-ant. at Norfolk. NEW EXPRESS LINE TO ALEX AN, drla, Georgetown, and Washington, iD. C. via Chesapeake and Delaware l '1111141. with AnnnMt.tlnna at. AlAT.nHria fwim th. most direct route for Lynchburg, Bristol, KnoxvUle,4 jmhbuvuio, xttiivu, avuu wia ouutuweHb . Steamers leave regularly every Satarday at noon Tom the first wharf above Market street. Freight received dally. WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO., No. 14 North and Sonth WHARVES. HYDE A TYLER, Agents at Georgetown; M. ELDH1DGE A CO., Agents at Alexandria. 6 1 A FOR NEW YORK, VIA DELAWARE and llnrltan Canal. SWIFTSURE TRANSPORTATION UOMPANY. DESPATCH AND SWIFTSURE LINES. Leaving dally at 18 M. aud BP, H, The Steam propellers of this company will com mence loading on the 8th of March. Through in twenty-four hours. Goods forwarded to any point free of commission. Freights taken on accommodating terms, Apply to WILLIAM M. BAIRD A CO., Agents, 4 No. 138 Sonth DELAWARE Avenue. FOR NEW YORK, via Delaware and Rarltan Canal. EXPRESS STEAMBOAT COMPANY. The Steam Propellers of the line will commence lueuiKK iim diu inn i (i ii leaving uuiiv na usual. THROUGH IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS. Goods forwarded by all the lines going out of Na York, North, East, or West, free of commission. Freights received at low rates. WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO.. Agents, No. 12 8. DELAWARE Avenue, JAMES HAND, Agent, No. 119 WALL Street, New York. 1 4 DELAWARE AND CHESAPEAKE 8TEAAl TOWBOAT COMPANY , iBarges towed between Philadelphia. Baltimore, xiavre-ne-urace, Delaware city, and in termediate points. WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO., Agents. Captain JOHN LA UGH LIN, Superintendent. onioa. Kg 18 Sonth Wl arras VMladelphlav 411, OORDAQE, ETO. ' wv SB or- w w -aaar -aw js g 11 OF It MANUFAUTUUEHr AND SHIP CIIANULEIIS, No. 89 North WATER Street and No. 88 North WHARVES, Philadelphia. ROPE AT LOWEST BOSTON AND NEW YOIUt! PRICKS. 1 1 CORDAGE. Kanllla, Sisal and Tarred Gord> At Lowest New York Prioes aud Freight KD WIN IA. F1TXBR V CO j Factory, TXSTH St. and GXRHANTOWK Asanas. Bun. No. 83 M. WATER Si, and 18 DXLAWAH Avanna, PHUJLD ELPHIAJ 41112m SAXON GREER NEVER FADES. 6 1 em A LEXANDBR O. OATTBLL A Oft A. PRODUCE COMMISSION MKkUUANlU Nc. 84 NOUTU WHARVES AMD feu. i.1 KGLTIi w aTSK STXT. PHILADELPHIA. AXIXaXfiXa Q. Ci.n Mi. SUIAB CaTTBUJ
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers