THE DAILE EVENING TELEGRAPH f HlLADfiLPlllA, WEDNESDAY,' NOVEMBER 16, 1870
1V
TDK firONTA nko us okheiia tion con-
TROVKHHY.
Trem th4 Saturday IitcUto.
Can living substance ever be evolved oat of
non-living substance? It is an old a very
old question, to which the philosophers of
successive centuries have given different an
swers, and it is not yet certain when the tims
will come tnat the final verdict of sci-wce
shall be absolute and conclusive. It will be
In the reoollection of many of onr readers
that the distinguished President of the last
meeting of the British Association put his
foot down (as the Yankee phrase is) solidly,
and almost savagely, upon one of the rival
hypotheses, and pronounced that the maxim
Omne vivvm ex two was victorious all along
the line. Strangely enough this authoritative
assertion on the part of one of the moat euai
nentof our modern Bchoolof science has served
only to revive the controversy whioh he en
deavored to stamp out, and the pages of our
scientific contemporary, Nature, bear witness
to the keenness with which the inane is still
contested. So warmly indeed has the battle
raged that we are compelled to deplore the
convertuon into controversial heat, and the
onseqnent dissipation, of a vast amount of
nergy which, under more favorable influ
ences, might have manifested itself in the
form of sound and lasting scientiflo work.
This affords ono more illustration of what
is almost a truism, that it pays better to an
swer opponents than to try to stamp them
out. But passing by, for the present at any
rate, the manner in which the warfare has
been waged, we propose to consider what the
result of the evidenoe is up to the present
time on this question, which has engaged the
attention of mankind from the earliest dawn
of science, which in successive ages has re
ceived conflicting answers in aooordance with
the knowledge and temper of the time, whioh
is still, as some think, almost as unsettled as
ever, and which, for aught we know, may re
main unsettled to the end of time.
The most prominent champions who have
recently entered the lists in this great quarrel
are Professor iluxley, who maintains that all
living things without exception are the pro
ducts of previously living matter, and Dr.
Bastian, who maintains that his own experi
ments and those of others who have preceded
him in the same field establish the possibility,
if not the probability, that living organisms
are sometimes evolved out of non-living
materials.
Before discussing the points of difference
between the two schools thus represented, it
will be well to note the extent to whioli they
are agreed. Professor Iluxley and Dr. Bas
tian both hold that there is no difficulty in
conceiving tho development of protoplasm
step by step into higher organisms, and the
only issue is whether it is or is not possible that
protoplasm itself, or forms of life whioh are
little more than undefined living substance,
can under any conditions be evolved from
non-living matter without the presence of
pre-existiDg life. Again, Professor Huxley
concedes so much to his opponent ast a admit
that if he were permitted to look back "ba
yond the abyss of geologically recorded time
to the still more remote period when the
earth was passing through the physical
and chemical conditions" of its in
fancy, he should expect, not as a matter
of belief, but as an "act of philosophical
faith," to see ''the evolution of living pro
toplasm from non-living matter;" but ho
seems to rely (apart from direct experiment)
on the analogy of the known mode of repro
duction cf all the higher forms of animal and
vegetable life as a strong a priori argument
that in the lowest forms also the rule Omne
vivvm ex vivo may be presumed to hold good.
Dr. Bastian, on the other hand, of coarse
admits that, bo long as we keep out of the
regions which the microscope with all its
modern improvements has revealed, there is
no known origin of life without a previously
living parent; but he considers the analogy
ol wnat, even according to irrofessor II ux
ley, must once have happened on the earth
to be a more cogent argument (on the princi
ple of continuity) in favor of the present ex
istence of the same mode of evolution of life
than the parallel sought to be drawn from the
rule which palpably governs the genesis of
the higher orders of organized beings. If we
are called upon to prononnoe judgment upon
these a priori reasonings from analogy, we
xuust say tnat tney are equally worthless.
iToiessor iiuuey s taitn mat tnere was once
an age of abiogenesis (as he terms the origin
of life frow non-living matter), whioh has
now finally passed away, has too much
resemblance to the theological theory about
the age of miracles to be very attractive to a
scientific mind; while Dr. Bastian's reliance
upon the law of continuity seems to us to be
strained too far to have any appreciable value.
To our minds the question is a pure question
of fact, depending on the results of scientific
investigation. We see no a priori considera
tions which would weigh a feather fn the
fccale against any well-established scientific
experiments, and we approach the examina.
tion of the evidenoe without the faintest
prejudice for or against the possibility of the
occasional evolution of life from non-living
inuuer.
Now what are the f acts ? This is the only
question worth discussing. From 1608 to
1870 a series of experimental investigations
stands reoorded, in the course of which re
cults arrived at by one inquirer have been
overthrown by his successor, to be sot on
their legs again by a still later experimental,
ist. Which way the beam is at present in.
clined is the inquiry to which we shall briefly
address ourselves. The task is happily not
ao difficult as it would have been a few
months since. In the address with whioh he
fascinated the assembled savans of the Brit
ish Association, Professor Iluxley has given
an admirable summary (seen of oourse from
his own point or view) of the work whioh
was done by successive biologists from the
year l(iC8 to the year 18G2. At this epoch he
closes his narrative, for reasons
which he has sinoe partially ex
plained, and which we shall presently con
sider, liui seekers alter truth need not
be dismayed, for whatever they may have lost
by the silence of Professor Iluxley has been
e applied by the very ample account which
Dr. Bastian has given in the pages of Nature
i me wors: accompusnea since me year
leoz, whicn closes tne l releasors charming
juutory. Meed we say tnat tne balance of evi.
dence in 1802 inclined more strongly than at
any other period to the side of biogenesis, or
that the subsequent experiments, whatever
their weight may be, point exclusively in the
; w.i
opposite direction r iusi as it needed a
Hume and Smollett to complete the history
of England, so we must combine the writings
of Huxley and Bastian to get the whole story
or tne protracted controversy as to tne origin
01 we.
In the early dawn of scientific thought.
when authority counted for more thau ex
periment, and a priori fancies took the pUoa
which belongs of right to inductive investi
gations, a kind of philosophical faith was the
only representative of scientiflo opinion.
With or without reason, however, th world
iiad satisfied itself thut lii true faith was
that tor Jb of JiviEg creatures were gaily ajid
hourly evolved out ef non-living matter.
Whenever life appeared tne origin oi wmo-;,
was not palpable to the eye, it was explained
at once as a ease of abiogenesis. Having
snail means of observation, and making little
use of what they had, it is not surprising that
these early theorists attributed to spontaneous
generation the appearanoe of many living
creatures whioh a little care would have
traced to pre-existing germs. The maggot
developed in putrid meat was allowed no pa
rent except the carcass on whioh it fed, and
other blunders, equally gross, were made (as
was natural) by inquirers who did everything
exoept inquire.
About two centuries ago, when the spirit
of induction had laid a firm hold of the minds
of men, even biological science felt the revo
lution, ltedi seems to have been the first to
test the accepted doctrine of spontaneous
generation. By the simplest process in the
world he proved tnat putrid meat did not
generate maggots. He kept the blowflies
away, and the inaggoM did not appear. He
collected the blowflies' eggs, and hatched his
maggots without the presence of the flesh
which had so long been their reputed parent.
Similar results followed in other like ensos,
and having shown that gentles and other
creatures, whose origin he investigated, cer
tainly were not the products of spontaneous
generation, lledi conceived the theory that
spontaneous generation was a fiction from
beginning to end, and that the exclusive
method of nature was expressed by what has
since become the familiar maxim Omne tivum
ex vivo. As a working hypothesis to
be tested by future experiment this
was legitimate enough. As
a scientific conclusion it would have been a
very audacious generalization. Until the
commencement of what may be called the
mioroscopio age there were no means of car
rying the investigation further. By this
time, however, the maxim Omne vtoum ex
vivo had got associated with ideas now almost
exploded about distinctive vital forces, and
had become as firm an article of faith as the
opposite doctrine had been before lledi dis
credited itr. A new era was commenced, and
it is to the revelations of the microscope
during the last century, . and especially in
quite recent times, that both parties to the
controversy appeal. The programme of all
these experiments has been the same. First
destroy and exclude every trace of life then
see if uncUr any influences life can be
evolved. At each successive stage the strin
gency of the methods employed has steadily
increased. In all of them, however, heat has
been the destructive agent employed. Need
ham took a solution of hay, boiled it
to destroy all life within, and
corked and sealed his flasks to exclude
all access of life from without. Never
theless his solutions bred animalcules, and he
ascribed the fact to spontaneous generation.
Spallanzani repeated the experiment with
severer precautions. He boilod his solutions
longer, and hermetically sealed his flasks in
stead of cooking them. No animalcules ap
peared, and bo far the inference seemed ir
resistible, that the source of life in NeaJ
ham's experiments was something which
might be destroyed by heat and excluded by
a him of glass. If bo, what more likely thau
a germ? Schwann followod on the same
side. He calcined air and allowed it to ap
proach his boiled solutions, and no life ap
peared. He admitted ordinary air, and life
abounded.
Thus it seemed to be proved almost to de
monstration that the presence of nuburned
air contributed largely to the production of
life, and no explanation of this was so natu
ral as the hypothesis that the air is ladea with
myriads of floating germs of life. The nega
tive conclusion that this acoess of germs was
the only mode by which life could be pro
duced, was from its nature less easy to prove.
So far as Schwann's experiments went, it
seamed likely, but they supplied too slender
and, as it aftei wards proved, too unsound a
basis for bo large a generalization. Pasteur,
himself a strong opponent of spontaneous
generation, repeated Schwann's experiments,
and tnough he too at first obtained only nega
tive results, he found that when the solution
contained certain alkaline fluids life
appeared in spite of the boil
ing and the calcining. This showed that
to generalize from Schwann s results would
have been at least premature, but further ex
periments satisfied Pasteur that if the heat
applied was raised from 0. 100 to 0. 110, the
power of evolving life disappeared even from
the alkaline solution. No visible germs, un
less specially protected, have ever been shown
to require bo high a temperature to destroy
them in solution, and the necessity of assum
ing this degree of vital resistance appreciably
weakened the germ hypothesis. Still up to
this point it did seem to be established that
the power of vital evolution could not survive
a fluid temperature of G. 110; and the further
inference that connected this temperature
with tne presumed limit of vital resistance in
germs was at least as likely as any other ex
planation. We say this without being un
mindful of Dr. Bastian a suggestion that heat
may be conceived as preventing vital evolu
tion by afiecting the molecular arrangement
of matter as well as by the annihilation of
germs. Pasteur s experiments on this sub
ject were announced in 18G2, tho data at
which Professor Huxley closes his history
For our remaining facts we have to draw upin
Dr Bastian's continuation of the story. Pro
fessor Wyman, of Cambridge, U. S., Profes
Bor Mantegazza, of Turin, and Professor Urn
toni, of Pavia, have all tried similar expari
ments, in which temperatures of from O. 120
to O. 142 were employed, and. notwithsUnd
ing this, they have found living organi-mis in
tneir solutions, nnauy, Dr. Bastian, in an
elaborate paper published in Nature, very
shortly before Professor Huxley's address was
delivered, minutely describes and pictures
the living organisms whioh he obtained from
hermetically-sealed flasks, sotue of which had
been subjected by Professor Fraukland to a
temperature of C 150 for several hours
What makes the experiments the more start
ling is that the fluids employed iu several of
them were not iuf asions of orgamo matter,
but mere solutions oi crystals of salts, con
taining of course the necessary elements of
orgamo substances.
In one of these, figured at p. 200 of Nature
for July 7, 1870, the solution was composed
of tartrate of ammonia and phosphate of
Bod a. The air was exhausted, and the flask
hermetically sealed and kept for four hours
at a temperature varying from C. 14J to O
154. Professor Franklaud's name suffioieutly
attests the care with which tha processes
were performed. When cooled, the fl iii wai
clear, but after many days floMiileut misses
appeared. The flask was "broken by Dr. Bas
tian in the presence of Dr. Sharpey; one of
the flocculent masses was taken up, inonutsd,
and plaoed under the niu-rosoope. What Dr,
Bantian and Dr. Sharpey stw is drawn in
Nature, at the page we have mentioned.
There is a mass rf sporfs with aliments
issuing from them, aud a large fully-ddva-loped
fungus.
An eiferiineDt so Marling as this and it
is only one of many, tbougu pviu wi,;
tha moe icsaark&Lltf ajjwt change Ui whole
ipect of the controversy, unless it can
so mi low or other be explained away, toge
ther ith the analogous results of Wymao,
Mat fegazea, and Cantoai. If these are sound
ei timents, free from any error that can be
B'aed, they are not met by the faot that
l'chieur and others, though working under
less stringent conditions, and with sub
stanoes presumably more favorable to the
production of life, nevertheless failed again
and again to diaoover a trace of living mat
ter. Professor Huxley thought it enough,
in his address, to dispose of all the modern
experimenters whose results differed from
Pasteur's, by saying that there might be some
error. Undoubtedly there may be error in
the experiments of any man, especially upon
such a subject, and the moral which unpre
judiced minds would draw is not that all the
evidence on one side is to be disregarded,
but that it will be well to suspend one's
judgment until other investigators have re
peated the process with analogous or discord
ant results, as the ease may be.
But Professor Iluxley has in -a reoently
published letter given his interpretation of
these extraordinary experiments, and the
question is now reduced to the narrowest and
simplest issue in the world. Dr. Bastian be
lieves that he saw organisms wmcn grew in
the solutions after all life had been destroyed
by the heat to which they had been
subjected. Professor Huxley believes that
what was seen in the miorosoope
consisted merely of impurities in
the original solutions which had sustained
the heat applied to them and retained the
forms which Dr. Bastian has figured. Cer
tainly in the absence of experiment to justify
it this seems an hypothesis of portentous dif
ficulty. Has it ever been shown that it is
possible for such things as are drawn in the
figure we have referred to, to say nothing of
the other experiments, to escape disintegra
tion under a temperature of C. 150 ? The
experiment has been tried. Professor Frank-
land has repeated his process upon a flask iu
which was a fluid containing spores and a
fungus as' nearly like those in the im
pugned experiment as Dr. Bastian could
procure. When examined in the microscope,
Dr. Bastian, as might have been expected,
found them utterly disintegrated. Unless
Professor Huxley can reverse this last experi
ment, his explanation of the former series of
results must be wrong, though it by no means
follows that Dr. Bastian is right, it is quite
conceivable that closer investigation may ex
plain these results without either admitting
tne doctrine of spontaneous generatioa. or
the equally astonishing theory of Professor
Huxley as to the power of resisting heat pos
sessed by delicate fungi and their spores. At
present we cannot guess whether such an ex
planation will be discovered, or, if so, what
it will be. We wait for thj repetition by in
dependent inquirers of Dr. Bastian's experi
ments, and suspend our judgment; and
here we would leave the sub-
fect had not Professor Iluxley used
one more argument the motive of
which is more apparent than its point. He
tells us that, in an unpublished experiment
privately exhibited to himself, Dr. Bastian
bad allowed a fragment of sphagnum leaf to
get into the solution, and that when it ap
peared in the field of the microscope it was
Borne time before he could be brought to re
cognise it. Even if this ciroumstance had
been less irrelevant than it seems to us
as
affecting Dr. Bastian's conclusions, it
would still leave the results of Wyman, Man
tegazza, and Cantoni unimpeached and un
answered. But even as to Dr. Bastian, what
does the sphagnum story prove? Simply that
dead foreign matter, capable of standing a
temperature of C. 150, might fairly be looked
for in any of the specimens examined, and
moreover that sphagnum was tough enough
to surviue the ordeal. But how does that
touch the question, unless Professor Huxley
is prepared to day and to prove that such
things as Dr. Baitian and Dr. Sharpey saw
were matter of this description The
point relied on throughout the investi
gation was, not the exclusion of foreign mat
ter, but the destruction of vitality; and the
force of the experiments would be in no way
weakened if Dr. Bastian had never seen
sphagnum in his life. Like many greater
men, Dr. Bastian no doubt made a blunder
when he failed io recognise a common enough
object. But Professor Huxley committed a
greater blunder in the use he made of his
adversary's slip a blunder, we may add, so
little in his manner as to encourage the hope
that it may remain unique. Of all men in
the world Professor nuxley is surely the last
who would wish to substitute authority for
experiments, or desire to crush an opponent
whom he fails, we think, to answer.
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tinibhed : lot doxwu leei.
11 10 6t K J. DOBBINS, Ledger BulldlBg.
FOR SALE IIANDSOM E COUNTRY S EAT.
known ilh tha Faro or Mott Place, situate on
viiuk Komi, ahnve countT line.
11 10 6t R. J. dobbins, Ledger Hollaing.
TO RENT.
FOR RENT ARCH STREET, BELOW
SEVENTEENTH A Ten-roomed Residence
iu good order. Stationary wash-stands aud the
modern eonveDitnwa. nlv Isoa
KlOUAKDhON A JANNEV,
11 15 81 No. 806 H. FOUUTll Street.
rVJ ltENT THE STORE NO. 783 CUESNUT
Street. Apply on the premises between 10 and IS
O'clock A. M.
8 ITU
OARPETINOS.
CARPETINGS.
McCAUUM, CREASE & SLOAN
Ho. 509 CUXSNTJT Street
French Moquottos,
French Axmlnstera,
Crossloy's 0-4 Velvets
Engl rah Brussels,
Crossloy's Tapestries,
Hall and Stair Car pet In 3.
OF EVEUY DESCRIPTION.
lowest nticua.
McCALLUM, CREASE & SLOAN,
No. SO C'XIEBIIirr Street,
8 81 wfm3m rp
Opposite Independence Hall.
723 cabpetings. 723
PEADODY & WESTON.
Baccessors to
S. XX. GO DSII ALU t CO.,
No. 723 CHESMUT Street,
ARE OFFERING THEIR FALL IMPORTATIONS
OF
KMffllafa Ilody llrussels,
Crosalew's Tapestry Jlrnssielii,
3-11 ?- In Trains,
Venetian Stairs, Oil Cloths,
91ats,Bas;s, Itlattlngr, lite. lite.
At Moderate Prices
We are offering a large line of CROS8LEY'8 ENtV
LleH TAPEHTKY BRUSSELS, AT LOW FRICE3,
at the OLD STAND.
PEADODY A WESTON,
No. 723 CHESNTJT STREET,
10 smw3mrp PHILADELPHIA.
CARPETINGS.
Axmlnster,
Velvets,
Brussels,
Tapestries,
Three-ply Ingrains,
Oil Cloths, Cto.
LEED0M, SHAW & STEWART,
No, 635 MARKET STREST,
1 30 fmw2mrp
PHILADELPHIA.
FIRE AND BURCLAR PROOF 8AFE
MARVIN'S SAFES.
She Best Quality!
The Lowest Prices!
The Largest Assortment!
Fire-pro of.
Burglar-oroof.
MARVIN'S CHROME IRON
SPHERICAL
Burg-lav Safe
Will resist all BURGLAR'S IMPLEMENTS for any
length of tune. Please send for catalogue.
MARVIN & CO.,
Wo. 721 CHESMUT Street,
(MASONIC HALL,)
PHILADELPHIA.
106 Bank St., Cleveland, Ohio.
SCO Broadway, N. Y,
A number of Second-hand Safes,
of different
makes and sizes, lorsaie visit x uuw.
bafes, Machinery, etc., moved and.hoisted promptly
and carelully, at reasonable rates. 10 1 fm6m
EDUCATIONAL.
TI ALLOWELL
SELECT HIGH 8CUOOL FOR
ard Boys, which has been re
XI Young Men
moved from No. 110 N. Tenth street, will be opened
on September 13 In the new and more commodious
buildings Nos. 118 and 114 N. NINTH Street. Nelthf-r
effort nor expense has been t pared in fitting up the
rooms, te make this a first-class school of the highest
grade.
A Preparatory Department Is connected with the
school. Parents and students are Invited to cail
and examine the rooms and consult the Principals
from 9 A. AL to 8 P. M. after August is.
GEORGE EASTBURN, A. B.,
JOHN G. MOORE, M. &,
SITtf Principals.
HY. LAI!Ii:KIiA(;il'H
ACADEMY, ASSEMBLY BUILDINGS,
No. 108 South TENTH Street.
A Primary, Elementary, and Finishing School for
boys and young men. Persons interested In educa
tion are invited to call and witness the method of
teaching and discipline practised. Circulars at Mr.
Warburton's, No. 430 cbesuut street, or at the
Academy. Open for visitors from 4 A. M. to 4
P. AL 8 80
E
D G E H I L L
SCHOOL
MERCHANTVILLE, N. J.,
Four Miles from Philadelphia.
Next session begins MONDAY, October 3.
For circulars apply to
1 81 ly Rev. T. W. CATTELL,
CHEGAKAY INSTITUTE, Nos. 1537 AND
16SS SPRUCE Street, Philadelphia, will nopn on
TUB SDA Y, September 10. French is th. Uturoaa of th.
lainilr. and la iv"-'"'f spoken in the institute.
U whn bu U D'HKiiVILLY. Principal.
CENT.' FOHNISHINQ QOQD8.
pATBNT B1IO UL.D KK-BK AM
SHIRT MANUFACTORY,
AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING STORE.
PERFECTLY FITTING SHIRT3 AND DRAWERS
made from measurement at very short notice.
All other articles of GENTLEMEN'S DRESS
GOODS In full variety.
WINCHESTER A OO.,
11 No. 70S CUESN UT Street.
a.
1, r. s aston. MltanoK.
T?Aj'lUN Sc JHcITIAmTOIV.
JSBIPPING AUD COMMISSION MKRBAKTH.
No. t COKNTIK8 SLIP. New York,
No. 18 SOUTH WHARVES, Philadelphia,
No. o W. PRATT STREET, Baltimore.
We are prepared to ahlp every description 01
Freight to Philadelphia, New York, Wilmington, an
hiu;l Ulfetllal. pOlIlU WlUi pruUlplutNM ad Iui.cUi
Cap itl Boats and Sttaiu-tug furnished at the aUurteai
acilce. r
8HIPPINO.
4(ff LORILLARD STEAMSHIP CO MP AN!
FOR IXKW YORK,
SAILING EVERY TUESDATyTIITJESDAT, AND
RATES TEN CENTS PKR loi POUNDS, FOUR
UENTa PER C1BIC BXK3T, ONE CENT PER
GALLON. SniPIS' OPTION.
INSURANCE BY THIS LINE ONE-EIGHTH OF
ONE PER CENT.
Extra rates oa small packages Iron, metals, etc
No ceceipt or bill of lading signed for less than
fifty cents.
Good a forwarded to all points free of commissions.
Throngh bills of lading given to Wilmington, N. C,
ny the steamers of this line leaving New York trl
wcckly.A.For further particulars apply to
juhn F. our.
PIER 19 NORTH WHARVES.
N. B. The regular shippers by this line will be
charged the above rates all winter.
Winter rates commence December IB. , g
THE REGULAR STEAMSHIPS ON THE PHI
LAPELPHIA AND CHARLESTON STEAM
SHIP LINE are ALONE authorized to Issue throngs
bills of lading to Interior points Sonth and West 14
connection with South Carolina Railroad (Tompanv.
ALFRED U TYLErT
Vloe-Preildent So. C Kit. Co.
PHILADELPHIA AND 80UTH1IRH
MAIL KTKA.U8U1P OOMPANVB Dihini
LAK SKMI-MONTHLY llnb to mkw OB.
LEANS, I . .
Tb YA.OO will nil for New Orlsanf , rU Havana.
Or Thnrla, Pomber 1, at 8 A. M.
Th J L MAT A wHiMllfrom NnwOrlMni, ria Havana,
on . Wovember .
THROUGH bllJJS OF LADING at aa low ratee m by
any other route riven to Mobile, (;Wton, INDIAN
OLA, UOCKFOKT. LAVAOOA, and BR AZOS,and to all
point! on tbe BlimiMippi rival betwooo New Orioana and
t. Lonta, Ked Hirer frirhtt raaaippad at New Orleaoa
without eharse of osmmiMiooa
WKF.KLY LINK TO
Tb. TOiNAW AND A will at
dftr. NoTcmhrr 18 at S A. M.
SAYAITOAH. OA.
U tor Savaniutii on Satu.
'lb. PAN 1'UKR will aail from fUT&nnAb m RaLimtu
November 19.
THKUUGH BILLS OF L A MNQ rWan to all th.prin.
oipal towns ia Owntfa. Alabama, Florida, MiaamippL
Louisiana, Arkaaaaa, and Tmnen. In oonnaotion with
tb. Ueatral Railroad of Oaonrta, Atlantio and Gulf Rail,
road, and Florida ataman, at aa low rata, a by oompUnfl
Unea.
BKMI MONTHLY LIN ft TO WILMINGTON. W. a
Tb. P1UN EKH will aail for WtlminRton on Satnrday.
November 26. at 6 A M. Ratorninc, will toav. Wilminc
ten Saturday, December 3.
Connect with tha (Jape Fear Rlrer Steamboat Com.
pany, tb. Wilmington and Weldon and North XJaroUn
Railroads, and tb. W ilmington and Manohoater Railroad
to all interior poiota.
Freights tor Columbia, S. O., and Aognrta, Ga., takan
Via W ilminxton, at as low rates aa by any other root.
Inanraao. effected whan reqaeeted by shippers. Bills
of lading signed at Qnera street wharf oa .r betora day
m Milling.
WJXJJAM L. JAMRS, General A rent.
Ill
Mo, UN Soath THIRD
StMM
FOR
LIVERPOOL AND ODEENS.
.TOWN Inman Line of
Royal Mall
Steamers are appointed to sail as follows:
L Cty of London, Saturday, Nov. 19, at S P. VL
City of BrooklyD, Saturday, Nov. SO. at 8 A. M.
City of Limerick, via Hullax, Tuesday, Nov. 24,
at 11 A.M. j
City of Bnusels. Saturday, Dec. 8, at 8 A. M. J
and each succeeding Saturday and alternate Tues
day, from pier No. 4B North river.
RXTES OF PASSAGE.
Payable In gold. Payable In currency.
First Cabin ITS Steerage 3
To Louden 80 1 To tondon 85
To Paris 90 To Paris 83
To Halifax 80" To Halifax io
Passengers also forwarded to Havre, Hamburg.
Bremen, etc., at reduced rates.
Tickets can be bought here at moderate rates by
persons wishing to send for tneir friends.
For further information apply at the company's
office.
JOHN G. DALE, Agent, No. 15 Broadway, N. Y. I
Or to O'DONNELL & FAULK, Agents,
45 No. 408 CHESNDT Street. Philadelphia,
tfff PHILADELPHIA, HICriMO ND
najMiiliriM NORFOLK 8TRAHHHIP LINK.
THROUGH FREIGHT AIR LINE TO THAI SOUTH
INCREASED FACILITIES AND REDUCED BATES
FOR 1870. u
B team era laav. .very WKDNKSDAYand SATURDAY,
at 12 o'clock noon, from FIRST WHARF abova MAR!
KKT Street. .
RETURNING, tear. RICHMOND MONDAYS and
THURSDAYS, and NORFOLK TUESDAYS and SA.
TURDAY8.
N. Billa of Lading1 atoned after Is o'olook on aatUac
dHROUGH RATES to all points In North and South
Carolina, via Seaboard Air Lin. Railroad, eonneoting at
Portsmouth, and to Lynobbanr, Va.. Tennessee, and tha
West, via Virginia and Tennessee Air Una and Riohmond
and Danyill. Railroad. .
Freisbt HANDLED BUTONOK. and taksn at LOWER
RAWS THAN ANY OTHER LLnK.
No chargs for oommissien, Arayasa, or any expanse ol
ranefer. . ,
b team ships in rare at low set ratee.
Freisht roeeired daily.
UU Bm 0 w iLlJ AM POL? DK A OO.,
No. 13 a WHARVES and Pier 1 N. WHARVES.
W. P. PORTER, Agent at Richmond and City Point,
x. r.
, OROWKLL A CO.. Aa-ant. at Norfolk.
NEW EXPRESS LINE TO ALEX AN,
drla, Georgetown, and Washington,
iD. C. via Chesapeake and Delaware
l '1111141. with AnnnMt.tlnna at. AlAT.nHria fwim th.
most direct route for Lynchburg, Bristol, KnoxvUle,4
jmhbuvuio, xttiivu, avuu wia ouutuweHb .
Steamers leave regularly every Satarday at noon
Tom the first wharf above Market street.
Freight received dally.
WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO.,
No. 14 North and Sonth WHARVES.
HYDE A TYLER, Agents at Georgetown; M.
ELDH1DGE A CO., Agents at Alexandria. 6 1
A
FOR NEW YORK, VIA DELAWARE
and llnrltan Canal.
SWIFTSURE TRANSPORTATION
UOMPANY.
DESPATCH AND SWIFTSURE LINES.
Leaving dally at 18 M. aud BP, H,
The Steam propellers of this company will com
mence loading on the 8th of March.
Through in twenty-four hours.
Goods forwarded to any point free of commission.
Freights taken on accommodating terms,
Apply to
WILLIAM M. BAIRD A CO., Agents,
4 No. 138 Sonth DELAWARE Avenue.
FOR NEW YORK,
via Delaware and Rarltan Canal.
EXPRESS STEAMBOAT COMPANY.
The Steam Propellers of the line will commence
lueuiKK iim diu inn i (i ii leaving uuiiv na usual.
THROUGH IN TWENTY-FOUR HOURS.
Goods forwarded by all the lines going out of Na
York, North, East, or West, free of commission.
Freights received at low rates.
WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO.. Agents,
No. 12 8. DELAWARE Avenue,
JAMES HAND, Agent,
No. 119 WALL Street, New York. 1 4
DELAWARE AND CHESAPEAKE
8TEAAl TOWBOAT COMPANY ,
iBarges towed between Philadelphia.
Baltimore, xiavre-ne-urace, Delaware city, and in
termediate points.
WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO., Agents.
Captain JOHN LA UGH LIN, Superintendent.
onioa. Kg 18 Sonth Wl arras VMladelphlav 411,
OORDAQE, ETO. '
wv SB or- w w -aaar -aw js g
11 OF It MANUFAUTUUEHr
AND
SHIP CIIANULEIIS,
No. 89 North WATER Street and
No. 88 North WHARVES, Philadelphia.
ROPE AT LOWEST BOSTON AND NEW YOIUt!
PRICKS. 1 1
CORDAGE.
Kanllla, Sisal and Tarred Gord>
At Lowest New York Prioes aud Freight
KD WIN IA. F1TXBR V CO j
Factory, TXSTH St. and GXRHANTOWK Asanas.
Bun. No. 83 M. WATER Si, and 18 DXLAWAH
Avanna,
PHUJLD ELPHIAJ
41112m
SAXON GREER
NEVER FADES.
6 1 em
A LEXANDBR O. OATTBLL A Oft
A. PRODUCE COMMISSION MKkUUANlU
Nc. 84 NOUTU WHARVES
AMD
feu. i.1 KGLTIi w aTSK STXT.
PHILADELPHIA.
AXIXaXfiXa Q. Ci.n Mi. SUIAB CaTTBUJ