TEE DAILY EVENING TELEGRAPH PHILADELPHIA, MONDAY, JULY 18, 1870. 5 THE KINGS OF WAR. "William I, of JPrnssia. Wapolcon III, of France. Their Eventful Careers. German Unity and French Arrogance Hi so of tho Present Conflict. Btc.t Etc., Etc.. Etc., Etc. WILLIAM I, KIXG OF PRUSSIA. A Sketch of Ills Hlarmy Mfe-IIU Carper u Noldler, Urgent and Kln Kelgnlna; by "Divine Klglit" and Fighting for Merman rntlr. Upon William I, King of Prussia and execu tive bead of the North German Confederation, rest the eyes of the world, as one of the two central figures in the great struggle for supre macy Just inaugurated in Europe. We there fore present the following Eketch of his life, which is of interest at present, not only in a personal way, but as showing the gradual pro gress of German unity during the period of his reign. Die Furl? 1,1 fe. The son of Frederick William III and of the Frinccss Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, he was born on the 23d of March, 1797, at a time when the continent was in the turmoil of the first French Revolution. Being a younger son, he was educated as a soldier, and, having witnessed when a child the humiliation of his country, his family, and bis father by the first Napoleon, he commenced his military career, while a mere youth, by participating in the campaigns of 1813 and 1815 against France. Thus from his earliest years he has been pitted against tho nation now facing him on the banks of the Rhine, and especially against the family which again controls tho destinies f France. After the Napoleonic wars had been terminated by the exile of their instigator to St. Helena, Prince William did not figure very prominently nntil 1840, in which year he was appointed Gov ernor of Pomerania. The Revolution of ISIS Rendu III in Into Exile. This post he retained until the outbreak of the Revolution of 1843, when, having completely alienated the Liberal party by his undisguised contempt for democracy and everything per taining to it, he was forced to take refuge in a foreign land. lie passed some months in Eng land; and, having In May of the same year been elected a member of the Constituent As sembly, soon after ventured to return to Berlin, assuming his seat in the Assembly on the 8th of June. Ill (!nmpalgn In Baden. In Juno of the following year he was made Commander-in-Chief of the Prussian army ope rating against the revolutionary force in Baden, and signalized himself by a merciless and tri umphant campaign. In 1854, he was appointed Military Governor of Rhenish Prussia, the very position now held by Prince Charles Anthony, the f-. her of Prince Leopold ot Hohenzollern, but for whose existence the present struggle would probably not have commenced. During his residence at Maycnce in this capacity, it is eaid that bis arbitrary bearing and course did much towards Increasing the disaffection of the people of that city towards Prussian rule. The Crimean war, which transpired about this time, found Prussia on a neutral platform, much to Prince William's regret and opposition, longing, as he did, to lead an army against France at that time. He Becomes Pent In 1S5S. In 1858 the mind of his elder bro ther, King Frederick William IV, gave way, and he was elevated to the nominal position of Regent, and actual po sition of ruler of the kingdom, with an immedi ate prospect of the speedy succession to the crown itself, as the royal lunatic was without issue. The first thing he did as Regent was to cut loose from the aristocratic party with which he bad theretofore affiliated, and by the adoption of a measurably liberal policy laid the basis of his future career. lie Crown Himself Kins by Divine Right" In IMil. Frederick William died on the 2d of January, 1SG1, and the Regent succeeded to the throne as William I. His coronation took place at Koenigsburg, on October 18 following, amid much pomp.' King William placed the crown upon his own head with his own hands, and, despite the liberal professions so recently made, he on this occasion emphatically asserted the divine right of kings, declaring that he held his ''power, not from the people or the Constitution, but "from God aloje." Ilia Abaolute Pollry-A Ntru ale with the Prus sian Diet. The Liberal party, of course, were disap pointed, and a desperate struggle between the crown and the chambers was inaugurated at the very outset of his reign. The King insisted im peratively npon a reform in the army, which, he was satisfied by the recent Italian war, was unequal to maintaining the position of Prussia as one of the great powers of Europe. Tho trouble with the House of Deputies was precipi tated by the haste which he manifested in carry- ling forward his scheme before the budget bad Vi autAl j T If 1. 1 W 1 I. oeen aeuuueiy ucusu upon, m iuu.rcu, ioui, iuu House bad by resolution insisted upon a more specific budget, whereupon it was dissolved. The resignation of the Cabinet ensued, followed, Jin 1862, by the election of an overwhelming opposition majority to the House of Deputies. lie calls Uiauiarcu to tils iieip. The new ministry proved no stronger than their predecessors, and the eyes of the King iwere turned towards Bismarck, then Ambassa dor at Paris, as the man who could face the popular clamor at such a crisis. He was not mistaken in the character of the man. The House of Peers sustained the policy of the King, jut the Deputies persistently refused to vote Lhe increased military budget demanded, and Baron von der Heydt, the Prime Minister, re fusing to spend the money against this vote, -esigced. I In September following Bismarck was called from Paris to take his place. He made a show Vf conciliation and withdrew the obnoxious mdget, "because," as he alleged, ,lthe Govern neut considered it their duty not to allow the jbstacles towards a settlement to increase in olume." The Policy of "Iron and Bleed" Announced. Then be announced his policy. "It was," aid Bismarck, echoing the sentiments of the svlng, "owing to the great obstinacy of lndlvi luals that it was difficult to govern witn. tne constitution in Prussia. Bavaria, Wartembnrg, and Baden might indulge in liberalism; but they are not therefore called npon to play the part of Prussia. Prussia must hold her power together for the favorable opportunity which has already been sometimes neglected; the frontiers of Prussia were not favorable to a good State constitution. The great questions of the day were not to be decided by speeches and majorities this bad been the error of 1848 and 1849 but by iron and blood I" The House of Deputies having, on October 7, declared all expenditures not sanc tioned by it unconstitutional, that body was dis solved on the 13th, and the theory, apparently sustained by tho peculiar constitution of Prus sia, that the last budget voted would remain in force until harmony was restored between the two branches of the Legislature and a new budget voted by the Deputies and fully con curred in by the Upper House. So the King and his new Premier proceeded to "reform" the army without legal sanction and in defiance of popular opinion. Meanwhile troubles with Austria wero nrising, because of the assumption by the King an I Bismarck of the right of Prussia to strengthen her position in Germany by forming a closer union with States within the Confederation, and Prussia avenged herself for the opposition of Austria by recognizing the kingdom of Italy. In 18C3, the enmity of the Liberal party was still further aroused by an alliance with Russia for the suppression of tho insurrection in Poland. Another Liberal victory at the polls encouraged tho opposition in the Deputies to bring a fresh accusation against the King of violating the Constitution by governing without a budget. The address containing this imputa tion the King refused to receive in person, Bismarck supporting him with the declaration that '.'constitutional conflicts may be decided in other counti ies by a change of ministry, but such is not the custom in Prussia. With us," he continued, with characteristic arrogance, "if two political bodies which cannot go to law are unable to agree, circumstances decide which of the two is the strongest !" The War Against Denmark. But a war upon Denmark diverted the atten tion of the people from their imperilled liberties for the time, and reconciled them in a measure to the arbitrary policy of the King. The death of Frederick VII of Denmark, November 15, 18G3, led to the revival of German claims upon tne duchies of Schleswig-IIolstcin. By order of the German Diet, a Federal army entered Hol slcin on December 23. Prussia, however, joined hands with Austria and interfered early in 1864, without regarding the action of the Diet, and in opposition to its wishes. A hotly-contested campaign ensued, the duchies wero wrested ' from Denmark, and King Christian IX, the sue- 1 cessor of Frederick VII, was compelled to sign, by his representative, at Vienna, on October 30, 1804, a treaty in which he renounced all his claims to the sovereignty of Schleswig-IIolstein and Lauenburg. The War Aanlnst A nutria Disruption of the Uermanlc Conlederation. This accomplished, it was only necessary to precipitate a quarrel with Austria to obtain an opportunity for seeking to place Prussia at the head of the German States. King William, It must be confessed, entered into the wild and desperate schemes of Bismarck with much re luctance at the first. But he was gradually per suaded to insist upon the annexation of the duchies wrested from Denmark, with or with out the consent of Austria, and the unscrupulous Bismarck, prompted solely by the grand idea of German unity, with Prussia at the head of it, succeeded in effectually estranging him from the Emperor of Austria. The situation was ren dered more critical by tho short-sighted policy of tho latter country. A conference of the great Dowers was held at Paris, but it failed to avert the im pending struggle. Austria then appealed to tho other States represented in the Diet to assist her in maintaining her rights, to which Prussia re sponded by announcing that favorable action would be the signal for war. Tho warning was unheeded, and on the 15th of June, 1866, orders were sent by telegraph for the Prussian columns to move. The King s last scruples were re moved, and he entered zealously into all the schemes of his Prime Minister, reassured by the intense enthusiasm with which this decisive action was received by the people. Tho vio lated constitution and the unauthorized budgets were lost sight of in the grand uprising which followed the King's appeal to his people, an uprising equalled only, by the one which the recent course of France on the Hohenzollern candidacy has provoked. The campaign which followed lasted but five weeks. War against Austria was formally de clared on June 17, Italy joining in the aggres sion by a declaration of war on the 20th. On the 24th was fought the battle of Custoza, and on the 30th the King, accompanied by Bismarck, left Berlin for the Beat of war. In company they fearlessly sought the front in every battle, and were present on the 3d of July,when Austria was fairly humbled in tho dust on the fatal field of Sadowa. So utterly prostrated was Austria that she made a mere show of resistance there after, and on the 23d of August was signed the treaty of Prague, terminating hostilities between her and Prussia, the treaty of peace with Italy being signed at Vienna on October 4. Formation of the North German Confederation. The result of the grand system of intrigue conducted by Bismarck, and followed up so suc cessfully on the field of battle, was the fo 'illa tion of the North German Confederation, prac tically as it now exists. The claims of Austria upon Schleswlg-Holstein were yielded up to Prussia, which annexed also the Kingdom of Hanover, the Electorate of Hesse-Cassel, the Ducby of Nassau, the Free City of Frankfort, and portions of Bavaria and Hesse-Darmstadt. Austria renounced all connection with the Ger manic Confederation, and a new confederation was formed, under the leadership of Prussia, consisting of all the (States north of the river Main, including the kingdom of Saxony and twenty other duchies, principalities, and free cities, Prussia, however, comprising more than four-fifths of the population of the confedera tion. In the negotiations which followed the war and brought about this consolidation Bis marck was the master spirit, combining bold' nef s and energy with foresight and prudence, dieplaying moderation towards such of his adversaries only as be had not decided to crush A Policy of Peace. From that time np to the complications re sulting from Prince Leopold's candidacy for the throne of Spain, the ostensible policy of the King and his Government has been one of peace. A long and tedious negotiation was necessary to arrange the boundaries of Prussia and the new Confederation of North Germany, and great care and forethought were demanded in tbeiatk of consolidating the power the former bad gained. The dream ef a united Germany was nearer realization than ever before, but its achievement has been greatly retarded by the repressive policy adopted by the King's Govern ment. The agreement made by Prussia by tho treaty of London, May 11, 1807, to dismantle and neutralize the stronghold of Laxumbourg, which bad been fevered from Germany, threatened a conflict with France, but this was averted by tho statecraft of Bismarck and an os tensible fulfilment of the treat y obligations. The Jealonsy of France. Yet the growing power of Prussia has con tinued a bete ?iotr to Napoleon, and since the 1 umiliation of Austria in I860, which placed her rival in the position of leadership in Germany to which she had so long aspired, the Emperor of tho French has been impatiently awaiting the signal for tho conflict which tho victory of Sadowa rendered a mere question of time. The Iasiio Joined with Fiance. The Luxembourg it-ibrogllo in 1867 found neither nation prepared for tho war. The start ling announcement, on the 5th of the present month, that General Prim had tendered the crown of Spain to Prince Leopold, a distant member of the royal house of Prussia, preci pitated the struggle for which neither of th9 antagonkts are as fully prepared as they would like to be. Yet, each fearing that tho other would gain greater accessions of strongth by further delay, tuo abandonment by Prince Leo pold of his candidature was insufficient to allay the passions so long slumbering and at last fully aroused; and when a reasonable pretext for war on the part of France was removed, Napoleon has insisted on its re moval being followed by such pledges and guarantees on the part of Prussia as it was utterly impossible for her to give; while Prussia, maintaining a dignified stand of reserve, im- pressed with the belief that a conflict was inevi table in the end, has calmly rcfueeJ to accede to the demands of France, and responded to Napo leon's declaration of war by a spontaneous and enthusiastic upilsirg and a jubilant shcut of "On to the Rhine!" The arbitrary policy and absolute tendencies of King; William are as com pletely ignored by the whole people of North Germany now as they were In Jum, 1S66, when the cry of "On to Vienna!" was echoed from one end of the kingdom to the other. A striking exhibition of the unanimity of feeling in Prus sia was shown by tho grand escort of 100,000 people which, with shouts and cheers and notional songs, accompanied tho Kii'g from the station to the pal.i se, oa his arrival in Berlin on the night of the 15th. King William's Personal Appearance nnd unaracfer. King William, now in his seventy-fourth year, is a stalwart, deep-chested man, with a square, rugged face, a heavy ja, a bristling grey mous tache, and a cold, glittering eye the very beau- ideal of a veteran warrior who deems tho sword the safest arbiter of every point iu dispute. His military education and hereditary hatred of the Bonaparte family have combined with the asso ciations and circumstances of b's atormy career to render liim almost an undisguised foe of liberal tendencies of all sorts, and a devout and unaffected worshipper at tho shrine of royalty. Believing that he wields the sceptre by divine right, he does rot scruple to wield it as ho wills, and it is the accident of hij position aiono as the leader of the party of German unity that has kept bim firmly seated on the throne for tho past nine years. If his ambitiou had led him in a different direction, he would doubtless ere this have b en swept away. But the idea ot German unity, which has so firmly possessed bis soul, is as deeply rooted in tho hearts of his people, and, so long as the aspirations of King and subjects thus coincides, ho will bo abloto rally Germany at his back whenever ho is as sailed from without. In times ot peace, he'is unpopular with the great mass ol his people, be cause of his arbitrary tendencies and uttor con tempt for all tho formalities of law and consti tutional guarantees which run counter to hla will or whimb; in times of war he becomes tho embodiment of a national idea, and tho people rise to his support as cne man. Left to.a'mself, be might do either better or worse than ho has done; for his policy, as well as for his succcea during the past eight ytars, he is imnifiasurftbly indebted to the wily Bismarck who stands be hind his throne, and is accused, not entirely without reason, of moulding his will and dictat ing bis course with as much facility as if he were a mere automaton. Kln William's Family. On the 11th of June, 1829, tho King married the Princess Augusta, daughter of Charles Frederick, tho Grand Duke of Weimar, by whom he has had two ct.drcu, Fredcrich Wil liam, the Crown Prince bcrn Oetobor 18, 1831, and married January 25, 1858, to Victoria Ade laide, Princess Royal of Great Britain and eldest child of Qneen Victoria; and tho Princess Louise Mary, born December 3, 18.58, and mar ried September 20, 1856, to Fredcrich William, the Grand Duke of Baden. Tho Crovn Prince has already five children, the eldest, Prince Frederick William, born Jrnuary 27, 1850, and the youngest, a daughter, born a few weeks ago. NArOLEON II J, EMPEKOR OF EilENCII. THE Farts that are Krauer than Fiction The Doubtful "Kephew ot Ills l ucle," and UN Kouiauilc Career-Forty Years of Exile nnd WaDderlnsMpainodlc Attempts at 3Iounc Idk she Throue- Prince PreNldeut. Oln iior, and Kmpetor at l.rmt The Nupolvonlr Idea of Democracy and liiiperlallniii. With the career of the French Emperor, who has at last appealed to arms to put some bounds to what he considers the graspiug policy of tho Prussian King, the people of this coantry aro more familiar than with that cf his anUgonist. A brief outline of tho leading events of his romantic life, however, will not bo without interest. Ills Questionable Partntnjre and Fn.rly I .Iff. Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Is the third son of Queen Horteune, the daughter of the Empress Josephine by Ler firji mariiage and husband of Louis Bonaparte, younger brother of the first Napoleon, and at one time King of Holland. Presumably, also, he is fie son of t!.3 ex-King of Holland; but grave doub.s of his claim to this distinction have been frequeutly expressed. Queen Hortenso, like ail the females of the Bcauharnals family, bad the reputation of being not over scrupulous in tho favors suo extended to the gay noblemen and soldiers by whom she was surrounded, and the scandal of more than half a r"ntury has credited the paternal parentage ot her third son to a certain Count Flahault, wlt!i whom she was very inti mate, and by whom (die had already had a son, the lata Due de Motny. This scandal has been strengthened by a singular resemblance betivsea Connt Flahault and the present Emptroi- of tho French. He was born, however, in the midst of un questionable surrounding, having first seen the light in the Palace of the Tuilcries, on tho 20tU of April, 1808. This renders bim about eleven years younger than tho hard-featured, btcra eyed monarch who is glaring at him from across the Rhine. The first Napoleon had been ona of bis sponsors at baptism, and received him into high favor fro m the day of his birth. After the return from Elba, he was taken by bis nncle to the Champ de Mars, and there, at the age of seven, presented to the deputies of tho people and the army. When Napoleon embraced bim for the last time at Malmalson, previous to his departure for St. Helena, both were much affected, the child wishing to follow his nncle, at.d being pacified With great difficulty by his mother. An Exile Among the Alps. Going into exile with the rest of the Bonaparte family, Queen Hortcnse and her son, after living for a time at Augsburg, took up their abode in Switzerland, where Louis was admitted to citi zenship, permitted to servo in the Swiss army, and studied gunnery at the Military Academy on the shojes of Lake Thun. The elevation of Louis Fhilippe to the throne by the Revolution of July, 1830, cauecd him to apply, first for per mission to return to France, and then to 6erve as a private soldier in the French army, both of which requests were refused. A Wnndrrer on the Continent and In Fofttnnd. In 1831 he and his elder brother settled In .Tuscany, and took part in the insurrection at Rome. His brother died on the 17th ot March, and be escaped to England. In a short time he retired to the castle of Ahrencnberg, In Thur gau, Switzerland, devoting his leisure in 1833-35 to literary labors, and publishing successively "Political Reveries," "Political and Military Considerations on Switzerland," and a "Manual on Artillery." In the first-named work ho de clared his belief that France could be regene rated only by one of Napoleon's descendants, as they alone could reconcile republican principles with the military aspirations of the nation, lie Becomes the Heir of the First Napoleon. Before Louis Philippe was firmly established on the throne, the Due de Reichstadt, the imbe cile son of the first Napoleon, was on the point of becoming the leader of a disaffected party in France; but bis death and that of his eldest cousin transferred the heirship of the exile of St. Helena to Louis, whose hope9 of ultimately ascending the throne, when once arouecd, never abated. The Attempt upon Htrasbarg. In the early part of 1835 his designs became evident, and, after maturing his plans, be left Ahrencnberg in June, 1836, for Baden-Baden. In August he paid a secret visit to Strasburg, which he regarded as the most vulnerable point for his attempt, and after securing promised co operation from fifteen of the officers of the gar rison, proceeded to Switzerland, while his adhe rents were perfecting the plot. The project, however, was a miserable failure, and Louis was taken prisoner, detained at Strasburg from October 30 till November 9, and then conducted to Paris. His life was spared on condition of bis going to the United Stales. This he did, under protest, but soon returned to Europe to find his mother on her deathbed in Switzerland. Driven from Switzerland, he makes an At tempt upon Houloarne. In 1838 tho French Government became alarmed at his presence in Switzerland, and de manded that he should be driven from that country. The demand was backed up by the appearance of an army on the borders, wher upon Louis fled to England, taking up his resi dence in London. In 1S39 he published there bis celebrated work "DesIdcesNapoleoniennes." This was followed by another attempt to secure the crown. On the Cth of August, 1840, he landed near Boulogne, at the head of a party of fifty-five adherents, including Count Montholon nnd General Voison. But one man in the gar rison responded to his summons to join his standard, and after some manoeuvring about i bo town, ho was captured while trylug to escape to his steamer. In October he was put upon his trial before about 160 of the Peers of France, many of whom were indebted to his uncle for their ranks and titles. A Prisoner at llnm. JThe skilful defense made by M. Berryer was iif vain, and Louis was sentenced to perpetual imprisonment 1j a fortress in France, his coul' panions being awarded various terms of im prisonment. He was immured in the Citadel of Ham, where he remained in confinement six years. On the 25th of May, 1840, he made his escape from the castle, in the disguise of a workman, crossed the frontier into Belgium, and for the third time sought refuge in England, where he continued to reside until the revolu tion of 1848 and the downfall of Louis Philippe. Fleeted Prince President of the French Republic. He was at once elected a representative in the National Assembly and soon after Prince Presi dent of the French Rcpnblic by an overwhelm ing vote. At this period he had a difficult game to play. While embracing every opportunity to revive the most agreeable and glorious recollec tions of his uncle's rule, it was necessary for him to make the most earnest protestations of devotion to republican principles and the most zealous disavowals of all ambitious de signs. The Coup d'Etat and the Empire. But this deception lasted scarcely taree years, and on December 2, 1851, having imprisoned every statesman in Paris from whom he would bo likely to encounter opposition, dissolved tho Assembly, and seized the most distinguished generals who were suspected of disaffection, ho proclaimed himself Dictator. Ho then offered himself to tho people as a candidate for tho office of President for the term of ten years, and, tolerating no opponent, was, of course, triumphantly elected. A constitution confer ring upon him absolute sovereign power was proclaimed, nnd under it he ruled for one year. Then bo appealed to tho people again, and in response the Empire was restored, with himself npon the throne, by such a majority as made the vote practically unanimous. The goal at last was leached, and the Second Empire was proclaimed on December 2, 1852, tho anniver sary of the coup d'etat, and Charles Louis Napo leon Bonaparte ascended the throne as "Napo leon III, imperor of the French, by the grace of God and the will of the People." The re cognition of his imperial station was gradually made by the leading powers of Europe, Great Britain taking the lead, and fur nearly eighteen j ears be has reigned without interruption from within or without. It is impossible to do moro than glance at the events of bis reign in this connection. In 1854 ho embarked in the war against Russia, which was waged in alliance with England, Sardinia, and Turkey, and terminated successfully by the fail of ScUstopol in 1856. On England fell the hardest part of the fighting, while France reaped the greater share of the glory and profit resulting from it. On the 29th of January, 1853, he had married Eugenie Marie de Guzman, Countess de Teba, a scion of an old noble family of Spain. In com pany with ber be paid a visit to England in April, 1855, being received with general favor by both the court and the people, and made a Knight of the Garter by tho Queen. On March 16, 1856, the Empress gave birth to a boy, known as the Prince Imperial, and bearing the special cognomens of Napoleon Eugene Louis Jean Joseph. The birth of this "blessed baby" was the occasion of great rejoicings throughout France. Early in 1858 an attempt was made npon the Emperor's life by one Orslnl,who had concocted bis plans In England In connection with Dr. Bernard, a Frenchman residing la London. Lord Palmerston, therefore, attempted to amend the English criminal code so that It would ap ply effectively to such conspiracies, and his do feat in Parliament led to a temporary suspension of the cordial relations between the two coun tries. But these were soon restored, although Dr. Bernard was acquitted by an English jury. In 1859-00, the Emperor espoused the cause of Victor Emanuel against Austria, and ia per son led an army to his assistance, defeating the enemy on several decisive fields, and terminat ing tho war by the victory of Solferlno, Juno 24, 1800. By the peace of Villa Franca, July 11, Austria ceded Lombnrdy to Victor Emanual, whose territory was further increased' by tho annexation of the duchies, Napoleon being re compensed by the cession of Savoy and some neutral Swiss territory to France. In 1801, he became a party with England and Spain In the outrageous assault npon the Mexi can republic. When his allies discovered that he had ulterior objects in view, and was intent upon something more than the mere vindication of the rights of foreigners, they abandoned him; but Napoleon caused his troops to remain, and persisted in an effort at setting up the Archduke Maximilian of Austria as Emperor. The wholo project was a wretched failure, not less for France than for Maximilian, and great dissatis faction was expressed at home because of tno Emperor's interference. Finally he abandoned Mexico, leaving the unfortunate Archduke to bis fate, in answer to the repeated protests of the Government of the United States, the last detachment of the French troops evacuating tho country early In 1867. Once after his ascent of the throne the Empe ror returned to his literary labors, publishing in 1805 the firBt volume of an elaborate work en titled "Histolre de Jules Cesar." The literary and historical merits of this work were unques tioned, as its imperial author enjoyed unusual facilities in its preparation. It was printed at tho Imperial Printing Office, and the preface bore the date of March 20, 1862. English and French editions of it were soon brought out both in this country and England. Ills General Policy, from the outset of his reign until within a year past, has been one of absolutism. Freedom of speech and of the press were unknown, the Senate was a mere instrument of his will, and the elections ef delegates to tho Corps Lcglsla tif were so manipulated as to render that body almost equally subservient. But tho vote polled by the opposition in May, 1S69, showed such an alarming increase that Napoleon at once became alarmed, and proclaimed, in the Sen a tus Consultum of September, certain reforms in answer to the demands of the people. Still further warned by the boldness of the Liberal party in the Corps Legislatif, he finally pro fessed to apandon the system of personal government and an irresponsible mi nistry, which had been inaugurated by the coup d'etat of 1851, and on the 2d of January of the present year, M. Emlle Ollivier, the leader of the more moderate Liberals, was called to the head of the ministry. But this concession did not serve to satisfy tho people, and in the disturbances which followed, the arrest and imprisonment of Rochefort, tho edi tor of La Marseillaise, in January last, a formidable uprising In Paris was only averted by the presence of a veteran army of 100,000 men. Whon Rochefort was safely disposed Of for six months, another appeal to the people was made, and the pleliscitum of May, which received about 7,350,000 affirmative to about 1,550,000 negative votes, nominally ratified the so-called reforms in the Constitution which had been inaugurated by the Emperor at various times, Simultaneous wtU this came an alleged, conspiracy against his life, and numerous arrests, especially of men connected with tho workingmen's organlzatkms, were made. The Trouble" with Prussia. Before all the' implicated parties could be brought to trial, and while the question of a possible encounter with Prussia was being broached in the Corps Legislatif, during the debate on the army contingent, the candidacy of Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern for the throne of Spain fully aroused the great majority of the French people, not less than the Em peror himself. Napoleon demanded of the King of Prussia the withdrawal of Prince Leopold. This demand was acceded to, Prince Leopold withdrawing unconditionally as soon as the peace of Europe was threatened. Napoleon then demanded that William I, as King of Prussia, as well as the head of the House of Hohenzollern, should renounce forever all pre tensions to the throne of Spain on the part of any member of the Hohenzollern family. To this demand King William in a dignified man ner responded that he had had nothing to do with the candidature of Prince Leopold, and on the 14th finally declined to hold any further communication with the French Ambassador on the subject. It was evident from the start that the candida ture of the Prince of Hohenzollern was a mero pretext; tbtit Napoleon, remembering how ho was outwitted in 1807 on tho Luxembourg ques tion, jealous of the growing power of Prussia, and longing for an occasion to humble King William, and at tho same time push tho boun daries of France to the Rhine, was determined upon going to war. So, at 2 o'clock on the afternoon of the 15tb, the Corps Legislatif for mally declared war against Prussia, and the preparations for the impending struggle which were already in progress were at once pushed forward with all possible celerity, the French people responding to the cry of "On to the Rhine !" with quite as much unanimity and en thusiasm as those of Prussia. Cll f ITKM8. COAT3 OF LIOUT WOOLLEK F ABB ICS, made up tkeleton, of A Ipaca, Drop d'Ete, Linen, etc. VESTS, of Black and Fancy China and Woollens, made up tlultton, of Drap d'Ete, Linen, Marseille, etc. Pants of Ivjht weiyht, Black and Fancy CasoU mereti, of Drap d'Ete, Linen, Duck, Drill, etc. Everything in tub way or bi'MMKK Clothing soy AT GCAHANTEKD LOWER PRICES THAN ELSEWHERE. HALF-WAY ) JiKKNETT A CO., BETWEEN Y TOWIH 11 ALL, PIFTH AND SIXTH STS. J No. 619 MARKET ST. Mr. William W. Cassidv, the Jeweller at No. 83 Soutb Second street, has one of the largest and most attractive stocks of all kinds of Jewelry au'l Silver ware in the city. He has also ou hand a Hue assort ment of nne American Western Watches. Those who purchase at this store at the present tiuie are certain to get the worth of their money. The Philadelphia Ufuolbterv of Messrs. Al bertoon Co., No. 1438 Cheanut Btreet, employs skil ful workmen at every brauch of the busluess. how prices and promptness. Sea Woss Fahine, from pure Irish Moss, for Blano Mange, PuddiDgs, Ciibtards, Creams, eta, etc. The cheapest, healthiest, and most delicious food la the world. A8 MANY OF THE COMPLAINTS OF CHILDREN OTlgU nate from the irritation and the derangements caused by worms, a remedy that will effectually ria the system of these pests Is well calculated to be of great benefit, and to be frequently required In every amlly. Dr. D. Jayne's Tonio Vermifuge is such a preparation, not only certain to destroy worm, but most excellent for the purposes of a General Tonio, strengthening the stomach and digestion, and dissi pating any febrile tendency in the system. In Dys pepsia, young and old will find It equally effective, and, altogether, n6 remedy of more general applica tion conld be kept In the household. Sold every where. Small size, 87 cents; double size, 60 cent per bottle. Temterancb Men Admit rre Utility. No at tempt has ever been made, or ever will be made, to disguise the character of Plantation Bitters. It contains alcohol, and no Bitters that do not contain alcohol are worth a rush. Water will neither pre serve tho virtues of tonic vegetables nor render them active In the system. This la a chemical fact which no person competent to deliver an opinion on the subject will deny. Water tonics turn sour on the stomach, if they are not sour to begin with (which is frequently tho case), and produce and promote Indigestion, Instead of curing It. Let It, therefore, be distinctly understood that Plantation Bitters Is an alcohol restorative. But mark this : It Is strictly a medicine, not a beverage. It is to be) taken in limited quantities and at stated times, like other remedies and antidotes, and therefore Its use Is in accordance with temperance law, as well as with that "higher law" which renders It Incumbent upon every being gifted with reason to resort to the best possible means of accomplishing a salu tary end. One of the most delightful places of summer re sort to be found anywhere tn the country Is at North Wales, on vhe line of tho North Pennsylvania Rail road. The North Wales Hotel, which has been lately remodelled and furnished in elegant style, Is now receiving boarders for the season. The proprietor (Abel LukenB) Is well known to very many persona as Just the man for the place. Nevermore can the coarse, gritty tooth powders and tooth-destroying chemical fluids find a place on the toilets of sensible people. The fragrant and preservative Sozqdont has superseded them all. "Spalding's Glue" mends Furniture, Toys, Crockery, all ornamental work. Sinoeb's Family Bkwino Machines, Ten dolUra oaah. Balance In monthly Instalments. O. V. Davis, No. 810 Oheennt street. New Style Picture. The German Ohromoe made A. K. P. Trask, No. 40 N. Eighth etreet. They mast b seen to be admired. DIED. Bullock. In Gcrmantown, on the lTtn Instant, Mahoaret C, wife of Charles Bullock. t'untral services at her late residence, narvey street, near Wayne street, Germantown, on Tues day, the 19th InBtant, at 8 o'clock A. M. Interment at Wilmington, Del. Fitleb Suddenly, on the 17th instant, Mart Wokdekly, Infant daughter of U. 1L and K B. Fil ler, aged 2 months and 10 days. '1 he funeral will take place from the residence of her parents, Frankford avenue and Harrison street, Frankford, on Tuesday afternoon at 3 o'clock. To proceed to Laurel UU1. Royer. On the 16th instant, Josephine D., wife of Martin Royer, and daughter of Elizabeth and the late John Brown, aged 83 years. The relatives and friends of the family are Invited to attend the funeral, from the residence of her hus tiaud, No. 34T N. Tenth street, on Tuesday after noon, tne mil iuHiaut, at 3 o'clock. Wedeeind. on the 17th instant, after a lingering illness, GtSTAVE Wedeeind, in the 70th year of hid ape. The relatives and male friends of the family are respenlfullj invited to attend the funeral, from his late residence, No. 808 N. Broad street, on Wednes day morning at 9 o'clock. CLOTHING. JONES' O N E-PR I C E CLOTHING HOUSE, no. 604 MARKET Street. OUR GARMENTS ARB WELL MADE. OUR CUTTERS ARB MEN OP TALENT! BUT ONE PRICK IS ASKED. SATISFACTION GUARANTEED EVERY PUR. CHASER. iimwsptf CEO. W. NIEMANN. TO RENT. 11 TO LET THE STORE PROPERTY NO. m Oheannt street, twentr fire feet front, one boa died and fortrflTe feet deep to Bennett etreet. Bak bnlldinif fire etoriee faith. Foeseeeion Mar L, 1870. Ad dreea THOMAS & FLETOHKB, UlUtf Delanoo, W. J. j fjs TO RENT THREE-STORY DWELL L"!i IKG. with back buildings, situated in OONURKSS Street, Mo. 131, between front and Second, with all the modern Improvements. Appljto AARON HOTLKV, 815 No. 239 B. BKVKNTH Street. M TO REST A FURNISHED COTTAGE AT Chelten Hills; also, one at Cape May. Half price. It J. DOBBINS, Ledger Building. T 16 3f fTk TO LET LAR3E DOUBLE HOUSE, NO. tfjija 8908 Spruce Street; lot 100x175 feet. Apply at fvuTm South THIRD Street. 714 8t ART EXHIBITION. C. F. HASELTINE'S GALLERIES, No. 1125 CHESNUT STREET. LOOKING-GLASSHS, PICTURE FRAMES, ENGRAVINGS, AUTOTYPES, SWISS PANORAMAS, CUEOMOS, PHOTOGRAPHS, ARTISTS' MATERIALS, 11 10rp ETCKTC. THE FINE ARTS. L O O K I N C-G LASSES, EYery Noielty In style, at very low prices. OIL PAINTINGS, ENGRAVINGS. OHROMOS, ETO. ETO. A large selection. PIOTURB FRAHEti. prominent Department, revieed vary low prices. RUbTIO FRAMES, EASELS. PORCELAINS. ROGERS' GROUPS, Sole Agency. GALLERY OE PAINTINGS, free to the pablio. JAMES 8. EAELE & BOSS, No. 816 OHBw2JUT BTREET, PHILADELPHIA MATS AND OAP8. HWARBURTON'8 IMPROVED VENTC Utd and ean-nttinc Drue Hate (oatented). ia the in proved raahione of toe eeaeaa. Oiikaisil'l' Stxee Mil door to tha Poet OibM
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers