THE DAILY EVENING TELEGRAPH PHILADELPHIA, WEDffjflSDA g, JULY C. 1870. SHOOTING STARS. We have seen that Chlailni, in bis "Re flections on the Origin of Divers Masses of Native Iron, and Notably of that Found by Pallas in Siberia," published in ITiH, con sidered shooting stars to Vo exactly the came as meteors, fireballs, or bolulos, only pausing at great distances from the surface on the earth. That distance he held to be the only cause of the small apparent dimen sions they offer to our view. But observa tion has revealed a circumstance which prevents onr adopting those notions re specting their real nature. At certain epochs there occurs a con siderable increase in the number of shoot iDg stars seen within a given time. The frequency of their appearance even becomes so great as to give it all the character of a veritable shower of starn. If Hhooting stars and bolides were really identical, the latter, together with the showers of aerolites which often accompany them, ought espe cially to show themselves at the same time as the grand displays of shooting stars. Now, nothing of the kind takes place. The two sets of phenomena appear to have no connection whatever with each other. Shoot ing stars seem to be of a naturo peculiar to theMselves; and it is only by studying them directly that we can hope to obtain informa tion respecting the cause of this curious phe nomenon. No doubt, as soon as it is granted that me teors are solid bodies existing in spaco, which the earth falls in with while revolving in her orbit, it is very natural to admit that some thing analogous is the cause of shooting stars, and to regard them also as betraying the pre sence of certain bodies in the portion of space traversed by tho earth. Neverthe less, the capital circumstance just pointed out, and from which it results that meteors and shooting stars constitute two distinct orders of phenomena, has raised and left doubts respecting the real nature of shooting stars. Some philosophers have per sisted in assigning to them a purely atmos pheric origin, and have even endeavored to find in them a clue to the meteorological phenomena of which our atmosphere is the seat.jjjl Recent discoveries, however, have removed all doubt upon the subject; the at mospheric theory of shooting stars must henceforth be abandoned. We will suc cinctly follow Mr. Delaunay in his statement of the clear nnd precise notions respecting this matter which we now possess. The first thing to be done, in the study of shooting stars, is to ascertain their dis tance from us. The observations roquired for that purpose are very s'.mple. Two observers stationed at ditterent spots suf ficiently diatant from each other, will not behold tho same shooting star to be tracing the same course across the firmament. The straight lines drawn from the two places of observation to the shooting star will cross at that point (nauioly, the shooting star), and then diverge until they reach two different points on the celestial vault. Other circum stances being the same, the two points of tha celestial sphere on which the shoot ing star is projected at any given in stant, for each one of the two observers, will be the more distant from each other the nearer the shooting star is to the earth. Hence it will be easily understood that, by certain calculations which there is no need to detail here, the height of a shooting star above the earth's sunface may be ascertained from data,furnished by its simultaneous obser vation at two different spots. It is the same process as the method employed by astrono mers to determine the parallax of a heavenly body, and consequently its distance from the earth. The first observations in accordance with this method date from 171)8. They were made by Brandes and Benzenberg, then students in tho University of Gottingen. Until then, there existed no observations of shooting stars: except that Bridone, in his "Tour through Sicily," states that he saw them exactly the same, from the summit of Mount St. Bernard, in Switzerland, and of Mount Etna in Sicily, as on tho sea shore. The conclusion was, that a very considerable altitude may be assigned to shooting stars. By comparing the different results obtained between 1798 and ISO.'), Alexander Ilerachel (the grandson of William) found the average height of a shooting star above the earth to be, at the commencement of it appearance, one hundred and thir teen kilometres, and at the end eighty-seven. Mr. Newton, of New Have a United States, arrived at the respective num bers of one hundred and eighteen and eighty one kilometres; Father Secchi, of Home, found them to be one hundred and twenty, and eighty kilometres respectively. The agreement between these different results is as satisfactory as can be wished. We may fairly take Secchi's figures as repre senting in round numbers the average height of ft shooting star above the earth, at the beginning and at the end of its appear ance. Those figures, reduced to English miles, also in round numbers, are seventy five and fifty respectively. Seventy-five miles above the . earth's surface being not an extreme but an average height, it must be allowed that the first uppearanco of shooting stars occurs at a very considerable altitude. The velocity with which shooting stars move is more difficult to deteruiiue than their distance from us. It is certain that their speed is great, compared with tho velocities which we have occasion to observe on the surface of the earth; but the numerical value of that speed still remains so in determinate that it is absolutely im possible to make it the base of any con clusions. It cannot be employed for de termining the orbit described in spaco by tne moving body to whose presence the phe nomenon is due. Nevertheless, the deter mination of that orbit is very important, and it will be easily understood that observer have turned their attention in that direction. When it is proposed to determine tho orbit of a new star, planet, or comet, the first thing is to observe it as accurately as possi ble, in three different positions. The d iU furnished by these three observa ions sutli ja to deduce from them the orbit of the sUr ; and the more distant from each other the three positions are in which the moving body has been observed, the more correct is the result. A like mode of pro ceeding is evidently impracticable for de termining the orbit described by a shoot ing star. The short duration of its visability does not allow it to be observed iu threo dis tinct positions with the requisite precision; which precision ought to be all the greater, because the three successive positions cia only extend over a very small arc of the tra jectory of the moving body. It is only by combining the knowledge of the position of the shooting Btar, at a given instunt, with the amount and direction of its velocity nt that instant, that we can hope to succeed iu determining the orbit which it describes. The great difficulty of the question lies in dis covering the rate and the direction of lLo velocity. It has jj. Li. a Stated thut it la almost impossible. to make this iWich-needod discovery by direct observations. Astronomers have suo ceeded in overcoming the diffioulty by con sidering the phenomenon of shooting atari as a whole, instead of persisting in the observation and study of these luminous bodies one by one. The most striking feature of the curious phenomenon wo are examining, is the occur rence of extraordinary displays of shooting stars. Brandes relates that, on the Gtb of December, 1T!S, while travelling to Breme in a public conveyance, he counted four hundred and eighty through one of the diligence windows; from which he reckons that at least two thonsand must have ap peared in the heavens daring the course of the night. In the night from the 11th to the 12 th of November, 1799 tho above dates are impor tant to note Humboldt and Bonpland wit nessed, at Cnmana, in South, America, a per fect shower of Bb.oot.ing stars. The phenome non, already remarked in tho evening, acquired great intensity in the middlo of the night, and continued to increase until 4 iu the morning, when it gradually diminished nntil daylight. Bonpland says that thero was not a portion of the sky equal in extent to three times the moon's diameter, which was not every instant full of shooting stars. The inhabitants of Cnmana were frightened at this nnusual sight. Tho oldest amongst them remembered that the great earthquakes of 17(i( had been preceded by a similar pheno menon. These extraordinary facts were in some measure forgotten, when a fresh shower of shooting stars was observed in America on the lath of November, 18:1;?. Trofessor Olmsted, of New Haven, published a very important memoir on the subject. Calcu lating from the data sent to him, ho estimated the number of shooting stars, which wore seen at certain spots during the nights of the 1 2th and lUth of November, at more than two hundred thousand. The numerous accounts recorded of this event, and tho publicity given to it by the journals, recalled th gene ral attention in this direction, and everybody began to watcli the case more carefully than hitherto. Regular observations of shooting stars were organized, and little by little there resulted from them a clearer idea of the general course and march of tho phenomenon. In Olmsted's opinion, the grand November display was periodical, and ought to recur every year at the same epoch. It was ascer tained, in fact, that every year, ubout tho 12th and 13th of November, thero was a very marked increase in the number of shooting stars appearing in the sky; but that was far from reproducing the extraordinary spectalo beheld in America in 18;!:?. In 18157, the astronomer Olbers wrote: 'Terhaps we shall have to wait till 1807 before we wit ness a repetition of the magnificent phe nomenon presented to our view in 179') and 18.'5:i:" a bold prediction which -vo saw completely realized a year sooner, nr.mely, in 1805. The remembrance, by the inhabitants of Cumana, in 1799, of the grand shower of shooting stars beheld in 17M, doubtless contributed not a little to Olbers' belief in the periodical return of a like exhibition every thirty-three or thiity fonr 5 ears. But even in its reduced proportions in the years following 18;;i, the November phe nomenon was not tho less interesting to study. And soonafterwards M. Quetolet announced to tho Academie of Brussels that the night of the 10th of August rivalled, in respect to the number of its shoot ing stars, that of the 13th of Novem ber. The facts fully confirmed his assertion; and the more closely thoy wcro observed, the more importance they gave to these periodi cal meteoric displays. The, first singular circumstance remarked was, the variation of the intensity of the phenomenon at different epochs of tho same year. An annual variation was soon indubi- tuble. Afterwrds, by watching what ti.ke3 place, not during the course of au entire year, but every night, it was found that, even in this Ehort interval of time, thare is a manifest variation in the frequency of shoot ing stars. This gives us a diurnal variation, taking a day to mean tweaty- four hours. iloreover, although tue.se so-called stars are seen to shoot from every quarter of the Leavens, close examina tion shows that the different quarters do not furnish equal quantities of shooting stars. There is also, in this ressoct, a variation, which is called the azimuthal varinticu. For instance, a great many more shooting stars start from the east than from the west; while, on the other hand, about as many come from the north as irom the south. The existence of these variations, annual, dim Dal, and azimuthel, was for a loag time the stumbling-block of the astro nomical, or cosmical, theory of shooting stars; namely, the theory which attributes the phenomenon to the earth's successively encountering, while travelling through space, a multitude of small bodies dispersed in it. These variations were the ground on which some philosophers refused to acknowledge snooting stars to be anything eise than at mospheric meteors, entirely originated and developed in the atmosphere whuh surrounds tho earth. Thus, Humboldt, in his "Cosmos," says: "It is difficult to guess what iniluence a more advanced hour of tho night can ex ercise on these phenomena. If it were es tablished thet, under different meridians, shooting stars began to bo visible at a fixed hour, we should be obliged to admit (if we wish to maintain tho astronomical theory) the supposition improbable in itself that certain hours of the night, or rather of the morning, are more favorably to the ii Hamma tion of shooting stars, and that, during the preceding hours, some of taom romain iu visible." In fact, if the phenomenon of shooting stars be occasioned by tho earth's meeting a multitude of small bodies dispers.vl in space, what can bo more natural than to admit that theso encounters taka ptaoo as much at one date as at another as much at one hour of tho night as at any other hour of the night; in short, that tho phenomenon will occur without any periodical vanutiou? M. Delaunay, howovor, clearly bhows that in consequence of the earth's motions of translation and roHMon, uniformity iu the appearance of shooting stars cannot exist. On the contrary, he demonstrates that, with the astronomical theory of shooting stars, the annual, diurnal, aud azimuthal, variations must neeessarily occur at every locality, under the very circumstanoes which ara observed to show themselves ; so that these remarkable peculiarities, whioU were loEg considered vsry seri ous objections to the astronomical theory, are really, on the other hand, proofs of its truth. We learn from this how mis- l trustful we ought to be of the first iuipres- I 1 1 Hioiis wnicu siriKo ovt uiibm, nowever pro bable they may appear, until they have boeu submitted to scrupulous and searching ex animation. The reasoning by which M. Delaunay wcil s cut Lit i.-iwiiu-iliua u UQ ajil 1 too full cf illustrative details to find room here. The Inquiring reader, who does not care to take anything for granted, is referred to the original "Notioe," which la so lucid and logical as to be easily understood by any clear-headed person fa miliar with French, who will peruse it slowly and with steady attention. We, therefore, simply repent the statement that the three variations annual, dinrnal, and azimuthal observed in the appearance of shooting stars, instead of contradicting the astronomical or cosmical theory of that phenomenon, and furnishing, as was believed, capital objections to its adop tion, are, on the contrary, completely in harmony with it. According to that, then, there is reason to think that shooting stars are due to the earth's suc cessively encountering a vast number of small bodies which circulate in celestial space, which reach from all quarters with velocities absolutely equal among themselves, or at least very nearly equal. Moreover (it has been concluded from the characters presented by the diurnal variation), the velocity in space of shooting stars must be greater than that of the earth in her orbit, and but slightly different from the velocity which would cause a comet travelling front tho depths of space to make a near approach to the earth. Another observed fact: At the times when the phenomenon of shooting stars occurs in its greatest intensity, namely, about the 12th and 13th of November, and the 9th and 10th of August, the shooting stars, instead of coming indifferently from all the regions of space, come almost all from determinate di rections. One set, those of November, started from the constellation of the Lion; the others, those of August, from the con stellation Ferseus. This circumstance led to the separation of the shooting stars into two distinct classes. One class consisted of the regular streams which the earth periodi cally encounters every year, at epochs of the same date; those are periodical shooting stars. The others, on the contrary, wander dering singly in space, in all possible direc tions, fall in with the earth indiffer ently on all sides; they are called, after Olbers, "sporadic" shooting stars. The shooting stars of the periodical November flood have received tho special name of LeonideB, from the constellation Lion, whence they seem to issue; those of the August Hood, in like manner, have received the name of Ferseides. A further step in the inquiry was this: M. Schiaparelli, having found tho orbit described by the swarm of the Ferseides, afterwards discovered a' remarkable and wholly unex pected agreement between it and the orbit of a large comet observed in 18(12, which orbit is a very elongated ellipse. This identity of the two orbits might have been the result of pure chance, in which case it would have been of little importance. But a second fact of the same kind soon showed that the idea of an ac cidental coincidence must be given up. The orbit of tho Leonides was found to coincide with that of a comet discovered in the begin ning of 1800. The hint being thus unmis takably given, by two remarkable instances, of the coincidence of the orbits of a swarm of shooting stars and of a known comet, other analogous facts were searched for. It was speedily seen that the shooting stars of December 10 describe in space the same ellipse as the famous comet of Beila, and, moreover that the shooting stars of April 10 move in the orbit of the first comet of 1861. These results have thrown great light npon the question of shooting stars. A comet which follows in space the same route as a swarm of shooting stars must be regarded as forming an integral part of that swarm. It is no other than a local concentration of the matter of the swarm a concentration sufficiently intense to render its mass visible, even at great distances from the earth. It follows that shooting stars are of the same nature as comets. They consist of small masses of cometary matter which circulate in space, unperceived by ns in con sequence of their diminutive size, and only become visible when tney penetrate the earth's atmosphere. Like comets, or at least like the lees dense portion of those heavenly bodies, they are in the state of gas. All observers are aware that the fixed stars are visible, without any sensible diminution of their brightness, through the tails of comets. Shooting stars present the same degree of transparency, as was Elainly stated by M. Coulvier-Gravier long efore Schiaparelli's discovery of the iden tity of comets and shooting stars. "Eight times," he wrote in 18C9, "but eight times only have we seen the nucleus of a fixed star of the first magnitude through a shooting star, also of the first magnitude. If this fact is confirmed, as I believe, it will result that the matter which gives birth to a shooting me teor is transparent. We are now, therefore, enabled to form a clear idea of the nature and cause of the phe nomenon of the shooting stars, which may be stated in the following terms: Masses of nebulous matter, scattered throughout the stellar spaces, and presenting a high degree of diffusion, are brought within the limits of oar planetary system by the paramount influence of the sun. At the same time, whether by the same action of the sun or of the large planets near which they pass, they undergo a progres sive chance of form, in consequence of which they are drawn out and length ened into parabolic or elliptic streams or bands. By reason of their extreme dif- fuseness, the matter of which they are com posed is far from occupying the totality of the space throughout which their diverse portions are scattered. Instead of that, it is divided into a multitude of partial masses, a sort of Hakes of excessive light r.ess, lying more or less apart from one an other, and having nothing in common but the simultaneouuness of their movements in directions and with velocities which scarcely differ from each other. When the earth, in her travels through space, meets with one of these streams or bands, a great number of the vapory Hakes composing it penetrate our atmosphere. The great velocity with which this penetra tion takes place gives rise to a sudden and considerable compression of the masses of air lying in the path of these ethereal projectiles; whence a great development of heat, and perhaps lntlammation of the mat ter of the projectiles themselves, if that matter be of a nature to combine with one of the elements of our atmospheric air. Hence also those rapid luminous trains be held in the fky, which cease when the tcmpe rature produced is sufficiently lowered, either by the slackening ot these little gaseous masses arrested in their course by the earth's atmosphere or by the cessation of their combustion in the midst of that same atmos i.here. If, in any portion of the primitive nebu lous mass and of the stream into which it is transformed, there exist a greater con cent ration of matter, so that, bv the mutual attraction of its molecules, that matter mibts dispersion into isolated flakes, this LtLulwUii liucLui iso to Cull it) will pura-n the same path in space as the other material portions in the midst of vhich it was origi nally situated. And if it can be perceived in space at great distances from oar earth, it will constitute for ns a comet forming part of the xneteorio stream originating from the rest of the matter of the primitive mass. We have seen that observation has already allowed us to ascertain the occurence of several such instanoes. A meteorio stream which crosses the earth's orbit at one point of its circuit, and whose different portions take several years to pass this point ot meeting, ought to be traversed by the earth every year at the same epoch. Hence the periodical flashes of shooting stars which annually occur with variable intensity, aocording to the varying closeness to each other of the ne bulous flakes in the different portions of the stream -which the earth successively encounters. As to the shooting stars called sporadic," they may be the result, either of nebulous flakes arriving singly from the depths of space, or rather of the portions of meteorio streams which have been closely approached by dinerent planets, bat still without being absorbed into their atmos pheres, and which have consequently been dispersed in all directions by the powerful attractions which they have momentarily ex perienced from these planetary masses. The resistance which the air opposes to the movement of the little wandering masses which appear to ns in the shape of shooting stars, usually produces no more than a rapid decrease of their velocity; but excep tions to the absolute regularity of that re sistance may occasionally occur, causing those changes of direction by virtue of which shooting stars sometimes appear to dart in a serpentine, or even an abruptly altered, path. As to the action ot atmospherio cur rents or winds, to which the eccentric motions of a few shooting stars have been attributed, it is evidently incapable of pro ducing any sensible effect, in consequence of the exceedingly great difference between the feeble speed of those atmospherio cur rents and the enormous velocity of the little nebulous masses which traverse them. All the Year Ilound. FINANCIAL. GOLD AND Coupons of United States, Union Pacific Railroad Co., Central Pacific Railroad Co., Bought at Cost Rates. DE HAVEN & BB0., No. 40 South THIRD Street. B. E. JAMISON & CO.. SUCCESSORS TO I. IT. KIilIiLY &z CO, BANKERS AND DEALERS IU Gold, Silver and Government Bondi At Closest Market Hates, N. W. Cor. THIRD and CHESNUT Bta. Special attention given to COMMISSION ORDKH8 In Mew York and Philadelphia stock Boards, etc. etc. aw S I Xj "V" E2 H FOB SALE. C. T. YERKES, Jr., t CO., BANKERS AND BROKERS, No. SO South THIRD Street. Hi PHILADELPHIA. No. 48 BOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA. . GlENDINNING, DAVIS & AMORT, No. 17 WALL STREET, NEW YORKJ BANKERS AND BROKERS. Receive deposits subject to check, allow interest on standing and temporary balances, and execute orders promptly for the purchase and sale of STOCKS, BONDS and GOLD, In either city. Direct telegraph communication from Philadelphia house to New York. i E LLIOTT I U If l BANKERS No. 109 SOUTH THIRD STREET, DEALERS IN ALL GOVERNMENT SECURl TIES, GOLD BILLS, ETC DRAW BILLS 07 EXCHANGE AND ISSUE COMMERCIAL LETTERS Of CREDIT ON THE UNION BANK OTf LONDON. 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Pamphlets supplied and full information given by Sterling & Wildman, FINANCIAL AGENTS, No. 110 SOUTH THIRD STREET, 4 19 tf PHILADELPHIA. Government Bonds and other Securities taken In xchange for the above at beat market rates. Wilmington and Reading RAILROAD Seven Per Cent. Bonds. FREE OF TAXES. We are oflerlng $200,000 of the Second Mortgage Ilonds ot tills Company AT 821 AND ACCRUED INTEREST. Foa the convenience of Investors these Bonds are Issued in denominations of f lOOOs, $5008, and 100s. The money is required for the purchase of addl tlonal Rolling Stock and the full equipment of the Road. The receipts of the Company on the one-half of the Road now being operated from Coatesvllle to WU mlngton are about TEN THOUSAND DOLLARS per month, which will be more than DOUBLED with the opening of the other half, over which the large Coa Trade of the Road must come. Only SIX MILES are now required to complete the Road to Blrdsboro, which will be finished by the middle of the month. WM. FAINTER & CO., BANKERS, No. 36 South THIRD Street, DC PHILADELPHIA. JyCooke&Cp PHILADELPHIA, NEW YORK, AND WASHINGTON, BANKERS AHD Dealers in Government Securities. Special attention given to the Purchase and Sale of Bonds and Stocks on Commission, at the Board of Broken In this and other cities. INTEREST ALLOWED ON DEPOSITS. COLLECTIONS MADE ON ALL POINTS. GOLD AND SILVER BOUGHT AND SOLD. RELIABLE RAILROAD BONDS FOR INVEST KENT. Pamphlets and full Information given at onr office, No. 1 14 8. TIIIItr Street, PHILADELPHIA. IT 1 8m O O XJ J? O IV s. THE COUPONS OF THE Second XVXortgage Bonds OF Wilmington and Reading R.R. Co., Due July 1, Will be paid on presentation at the Banking House of WM. PAINTER & CO., No. 36 SOUTH THIRD STREET, PHILADELPHIA. WM. S. HILLES, Treasurer. T2tf D. C. WHARTON SMITH & CO., . BANKERS AND BROKERS, No. 121 BOUTH THIRD STREET. aooMaorf to Smith, B adolph A Oa. By.it branch of tho k turn mi will & prompt tttwUoa M heretofore. Quotation of Stocks, Boymmvua, tad Gold toil sUnlljr received from New Yo;k brpritau were, from obi friend e. Kdmud D IU dslph AO S HATS AND OAP8. WW WARBURTON'S IMPROVED VENTI RS. lated end eeey-fluing Dree tiata (pntid. in e the ire proved faction, el thtwMoa. OUKSWUX C treat Mit duv to l i'eet 0U rvft FINANCIAL. A DESIRABLE Safe Home Investment TUB Sunbury and Lewistowir Railroad Company Offer $1,200,000 Ilonds, bearing 7 Per Cent. Interest In Uold, fll dOt tf A mM Vkw ere First and Only Mortgage.5 The Bonds are issued in i ftlOOOs, $500s nnd $200s. TheConpon8 are payable in the city of I x unaaeipiiia on tne first days of April andj vciooer. Free of State and United State: Xaxes. The price at present is 90 and Accrued Interest Currency. This Road, with its connection with Tennsylvania Railroad at Lewistown, the Anthracite Coal Fields C7 MUTES the Western and Southwestern markets. With this advantage it will control that trade. The Lumber Trade, and the immense and valuable deposit of ores in this section, together with the thickly peopled district through which it runs, will secure it a very large and profitable trade. WM. PAINTER & CO., Dealers in Government Securities, No. 36 South THIRD Street, tP PHILADELPHIA. Free from U. S. Taxes. Eight Per Cent. Per Annum in Gold. A PERFECTLY SAFE INVESTMENT,! First Mortgage Bonds OF THE ISSUE OF $1,4500,000, BY TOT ST. JOSEPH AND DENVE CITY RAILROAD CO., Issued in denominations of $1000 and $500, Coupon or Registered, payable in 30 years. ' with Interest payable 15th August and loth February, in New York, London, or Frank fort, free of tax. Secured by a mortgage only on a completed and highly prosperous road, at the rate of $13,50379 per mile. Earnings in excess of its interest liabilities. This line being the Middle Route, is pronounced the ' Shortest and most Natural O ne fox Freight and Fassenger Trafflo Across the Continent. St. Louis and Fort Kearney Spanned by a Bail way, and connect ing with the Union Pacific at Fort Kearney. Capital Stock of the Company.... $10, 000,000f Land Grant, pronounced value of 8,000,000 First Mortgage Bonds 1,500,000 $19,500,000 The remaining portion of this Loan now for sale at 07 J and accrued interest in cur rency. Can be had at the Company's Agon cies in New York, TANNER & CO., Bank ers, No. 49 WALL Street, or W. P. CON VERSE & CO., No. 51 PINE Street, Pamphlets, Maps, and all information cay be obtained at either of the above-name4 agencies. The attention of Capitalists and Investors is particularly invited to these Securities. We are satisfied they are all that could bo desired, and unhesitatingly recommend them. TANNER a CO., FISCAL AGENTS, No. 49 WALL STREET, NEW YORK. W. P. CONVERSE & CO.. COMMERCIAL AGENTS, No. 54 PINE STREET, 6 9 tfrp NJW YOKK. p O R SALE Williamsport City 6 Per Cent Bonis, FKS8 O? ALL TAXES. 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