V M ON DAT, MARCH 21, 1870. DL1XTION Or I'll ESI DENTS. BY HAIU.ES PIlANL'M ADAMS JR. The following paper on "The Election of Presidents" was read at the general meeting of the Social Science Annotation, at New York, October 27, W, by Charles Francis Adams, Jr., and is published in the journal of the RBsocia'ion: A paper on the "Protection of the Ba'lot' -was read before the American Social Soienca Association, at its meeting in Albany, on the 19th of February, 18G.i, and was aubRe quently printed In tne journal of the society. In it the following query was suggested: "What good reason can be given why (in our Presidential elections) we should vote for one man, or thirty men, who, in turn, are to be pledged to vote for another man, desig nated to them beforehand, instead of voting directly for the object of our choice ? Can any good reason be suggested why the people of this country should not directly vote for their Presidents as they ever have for their Governors ?" This question did not have long to wait for a conclusive answer. When advanced, it was accompanied with the remark that the subject stood rather "in need of suggestion and dis cussion than of patent legislative panaceas or individual dogmatism." In this spirit it was responded toby the press. Among others a very able criticism shortly afterwards ap peared in the editorial columns of the Chicago Tribune, which, while emphatically condemn ing the present mode of choosing the Electoral Colleges, pointed out very clearly how greater dangers might not improbably be found to exist in the election of President by direct popular vote than by the method now in use. This reply to the question, if sustained by reason and fact, is conclusive, and shows that no relief is to be found in the direction indi cated. In a previous paper on this subject it was very broadly stated that the present system of choosing the Electoral Colleges, on a general ticket in each State, acts as nothing more nor less than a premium on fraud, making the violation of the ballot by one party in one locality an alleged "political necessity" for a counterbalancing violation of it by another party in another locality. Particular sections of the country those in which an eleotion is close and hotly contested are, by the prac tical working of this system, regularly pointed out at every election as the decisive points, so that the least astute politician knows beforehand just where votes will be wanted and just where they will be useless. He con, therefore, work intelligently, and, indeed, almost exactly, adapting his means to his end. For instance, in the last Presidential election, unless fraud were counteracted by fraud, it was ap parent to every one that the manufacture of a few thousand votes in New York city would decide the thirty-three electoral votes of the State. This would exactly counteract, in the grand result, any possible majority, the other way, of the legal votes cost in Illinois, Massa chusetts, and Vermont, where the election was practically uncontested. New York city was, therefore, designated beforehand as a decisive point; a place where every fraudu lent vote would carry great fictitious weight. The result of the election showed that the same state of affairs existed elsewhere. Votes in Kansas were of no value in face of a ma jority of 17,030; 1G4 ballots, fraudulent or legal, settled the result in Oregon, and negatived that in the State first named. It was argued in the pre- for any purity in elections while the elections actually revealed such enormous disparities of influence; as long as the system at onee supplied such a great incentive to fraud, and designated so precisely the localities in which it could be committed. The case of the elec tion of 1844 was cited. There can be no doubt that Mr. Polk received a majority of the legal votes cast in that eleotion; there is strong reason for believing, however, that Mr. Clay was the legally eleoted President. The result, then, turned on the vote of New York, whose Electoral College numbered thirty-six members. The party which sup ported Mr. Polk carried the day; but a subse quent investigation by the Judiciary Commit tee of the U. S. Senate abundantly proved the perpetration of extensive frauds in that State, which, not impossibly, decided the contest. (Sen. Docs., 28th Cong., 2d Sess., Eep. No. 173.) It is useless and wicked to argue that, in this as in other coses, fraud was probably off set by fraud, and that the result practically reflected the will of the legal majority. Al lowing this to be true in fact, it settles the question as to that system which establishes, for any portion of its citizens, cheating as the only alternative to defeat. It certainly is not conducive to publio morality that fraud should be recognized as a regular element in politics; indeed, it would be far better to resort to force at once. The suggestion, however, is not true in fact. As is well known, the perpetration of frauds on a large scale is possible only under certain circumstances. They oan be eft ected in great cities, where the inhabitants are necessarily unknown to each other; or in rude and law less communities. Our annals are, unfortu nately, replete with precedents coming under either head. Similar outrages, however, are not, nor can they be, perpetrated, on any large scale, by a party which only controls well-regulated and moderately populated sec tions of country. It only remains to solve the problem of Low this fraud can be reduced within the nar rowest limits. The present system puts the largest possible premium upon it; for, under it, one fraudulent vote, in a given locality, always may, and often does, outweigh a hundred legal votes across an imaginary line which divides States. To remedy this, it was proposed to abolish the system of Elec toral Colleges altogether. It was suggested that, if the President was elected by direct popular vote, as the Oovernors of the States now are, and always have been, the effect of illegal voting would, at least, be reduced to natural limits. A few or a great many frau dulent votes in one State oould, at most, only counterbalance an exactly equal number of honest votes elsewhere; and not, as at pre sent, by choosing the whole Electoral College of one large State, offset, with absolute dis regard of numbers, vast popular majorities In three otner ana smaner btates. The pre dominance given to fraud is certainly unne cessary, in so for as it is artificial. It cannot, however, be denied, as argued in the columns of the Chicago Tribune, that such a system would be cumbrous and liable to great dangers whenever elections were cioseiy contested, .even tne citizens oi jnow York, accustomed as they are to not dissimilar spectacles within their own borders, might object to seeing vast opposing majorities rolling up from the wilds of Texas. The early history of Kansas, and the later histo ries of some Southern States, have demon strated to us the possible voting capacity of certain descriptions of sparsely settled country. It must be conceded that it would not be safe to permit any closely con tested eleotion as the election of 1844, for instance, which whs deeided by a popular majority of only 30,000 out of a total vote of 2,G0O,000 to depend on the manufactured returns of lawless communities. Two points in the discussion may therefore be considered b settled: the present system ntonds con demned, and demands instant reform; and, secondly, the system of general, direct eleo tion would prove no satisfactory substitute for it. What other solution of the problem can be suggested f While few deny the importance of this question, no one seems resolved to insist on its consideration and settlement. The les sons of the post are thus forgotten before they are thoroughly learned. One year has sow passed since the election of 1808 took place. During that time associations of in dividuals, courts of law, and committees of Congress have been busily engaged in investi gating the violations of the ballot then alleged to have taken place. The perpetra tion of frauds in that election frauds unpre cedented, systematic, appalling frauds of which the recognized leaders of both parties, the judges of courts of law, and the inspect ors of elections must have have been cogni zant, and in which they were sometimes proved to have participated all these have ceased to be subjects of mere partisan clamor, and are established as matters of record. Courts have passed upon them, and have declared certified results vitiated by fraud. Committees have investigated them, and pre sented the fruits of their labors in the form of ponderous reports. In what has it all resulted? Any one who chooses may now satisfy himself that in Philadelphia four imported ruffians threw sixty votes in one day, as part of a regular systom of "repeat ing." It is matter of record that one single judge, between October 8 and October 23; 1808, ordered to be issued a doily average of over 718 certificates of citizenship. Honest and experienced magistrates, who have for years been engaged in executing the naturali zation laws, have testified that not more than a single set of papers could be properly passed in five minutes; whence it follows that, allowing the energetic magistrate in ques tion to have worked night and day, without one moment of intermission, between the 8th and 23d of October, he could not have properly accom plished more than one-half part of what he did accomplish in fact. Before another judge, engaged in the performance of a simi lar farce, the same man appeared as a wit ness under oath, twenty-five times, under dif ferent names, in a single evening. It is not disputed that in one case thirty-five persons were registered, and twenty-three actually voted, from the house of a member of the general committee of a party, in which only one voter actually residua; in another case, thirty persons were registered, and twenty two voted, from the house of a State Sena tor, in which only three voters resided; in yet two other cases, forty-five persons were registered, and thirty-six voted, from the houses of two aldermen, whence four vetes only could legally have come; from yet another house, one hundred and fifty-two names were registered, representing, if legal, a population of seven hundred souls under a single roof. Under these circumstances, it not unnaturally fol lowed that the actual vote polled in the city where these events took place was 108 per cent, of its legal voters, as indicated by the census roturns. Finally, right or wrong, the country has settled down into a conviction, which, in truth, is not nnsustained by evi dence, that many thousand illegal votes were cast at the lost Presidential eleotion within the limits of a single State. All this, be it remembered, was done, simply because our system made each illegal ballot bear not upon one or upon three electoral votes, but upon those of a whole college. In each particular locality where these frauds were perpetrated, the election was wholly uncontested; had the influence of these manufactured voters been confined within narrow limits, no inducement to fraud would have existed, because fraud would have been unavailing. The system made the opportunity, and it did not pass unimproved. We cannot go on indefinitely in this way. We escaped a contested election during the war of the Rebellion only, as it were, by ( a miracle. The last election was accompanied with loud threats of violence and resistance in case a shadow of doubt rested on its valid ity, and yet, with that optimism whieh is so marked a characteristic of the American people, the nation goes on its course, apparently neither learning from the past nor fearing for the future. This good fortune cannot lost forever. Every one now appreciates, and cannot but dread, the terrific and ever-increasing strain which each succeeding Presidential eleotion imposes on our Government. This periodical revolution, for such it amounts to now, is at once the safety-valve and the weakest point in our sys tem. Its regular recurrence does, indeed, re lieve us of all apprehension of any other or more violent change of rulers; but, on the other hand, the prize at stake is becoming so enormous, and political morality so loose, that it is greatly to be feared lest the declared result of the ballot will not much longer command the publio respect. Too much attention, too much discussion, cannot be given to this subject. If the problem were satisfactorily solved; if the ballot oould be guarded, and the possible effect of fraud re duoed to a minimum; if the country could be assured that by no possibility could any man ever be cheated into the Execu tive chair, then, indeed, would the Presiden tial eleotion be robbed of its dangers, and it would remain as the feature in our system which contributed most to its strength. Any other form of revolution would then beoome as improbable as it would be unnecessary. How this can be effected is the question now under discussion. How can the influenoe of the fraudulent ballot be restricted within the narrowest possible limits? If the existing system accomplishes a Vosult the reverse of that desired; if the end in view would not be attained by abandoning the indirectness of the present system and resorting to an election by tne direct plurali ty vote then there is but a single other alternative, and we are brought directly to the electoral system conducted by districts. This method of arriving at the result cannot be better described than in tne article from the Chicago Tribune already referred to: "The whole people of each 8tate will vote directly tnr President and Vice-President, aud whoever re ceives the majority of the popular vote of the State will have tne two electoral votes wuiuu uow uurrea- pond to Its two Senators; ana tne peopieoi nuu Congressional dlHtrict, as such, will vote directly for President and Vice-President, and a saudldate re ceiving a majority of the votes of the district ; will have the electoral vote which correspond to the district representative In Congress. This Is . simply a change from a State electoral ticket to a district electoral ticket Like the plan of an elec tion by a general direct vote, It would not lessen me innueuce of tne great party conventions over the nominations. The people would still vote mainly ,lu two great phalanxes, representing the progressive and conservative alternatives on the leading questions of publio policy. It would lessen very greatly the prvsont possibility that the result uiigui not agree witu lue popular vote. all, H wonld confine the effect of fraudulent voting Id ant one district to three electoral votes, rr. tne I two rant by the State at large, and the one emu by the district in which tho fraud arose. Tne 87,Otn fraudulent Votes cant In the sltj of He York at the lam election could only affect about eight electoral votes in ail, Instead of thirty-three, and practically would not have been rcBortml to to secure these, as they were safe to the Demooratlo party without fraud. It is only in district where but one party has power that any conslderible rVgree of fraudulent voting can be done. A strong opposition will always prevent it. In such districts there wonld be no contest, aad no temptation to fraud. If their majority did not counteract other majorities belonging to outsWe district. Hence, under the plan last proposed, not only would the inducement to fraud almost wholly disappear, but the violent rancor and heat or politics in those districts wnicu are all one way would disappear also." Herein, it is believed, will be found a satis factory solution of the difficulty. It will confine the effects of fraud within the nar rowest possible limits, and, practically, ren der it unavailing. Neither is it a novelty in our system, as it was practised in many of the States during the earlier Presidential elec tions, and was continued in Maryland down t the year 1833. It recognizes also the com promises of the Constitution, and, by securing to the smaller States their two senatorial votes, obviates the danger of their opposing the reform. How can the proposed change be effected ? The clause of the Constitution which confers the regulation of the subject on the Legisla tures of the several States effectually stands in the way of all Congressional action of a final nature. It is futile to hope for any re form from the action of individual States, for it would be Quixotio for any one or more States of the Union to divide their own in fluence in Presidential elections so long as neighboring States insist on preserving theira intact. The only remedy, therefore, lies in a uniform adoption of the system for all the States alike, through the slow process of amending the Federal Constitution. This instrument has been manipulated in so many respects of late, that there is now a strong and rapidly growing disposition to leave it alone for the present. This is an additional obstacle which must be overcome. As usual, in all cases which touch merely on the general good in which no material interest is concerned it is most dif ficult to bring party organizations to bear upon the work. Were this not so, the exist ing method of choosing the Electoral Colleges would long ago have been swept away, for neither this discussion nor the measure of reform suggested has anything in it of no velty. Hamilton early directed his attention to it. President Jackson, in six consecutive messages, discussed the subject, and recom mended the election of Presidents by direct popular vote. Mr. Benton kept the matter almost continually before the Senate during his thirty years of service in that body. Preaident Johnson, Senators Wade, Sumner, and Buckalew, and various members of the House have all with equal emphasis condemned the existing sys tem. During the year just post an amend ment looking to its reform was introduced into the Senate by Mr. Morton, passed that body, and then went to its long rest. Now, However, the matter is pressed upon tue pub lic attention from new considerations, it is no longer, as in the days of Jackson, a mere question of theory, but one of practical and vital importance. The present system has now been reduced in tne signt of all men to a machinery for the encouragement and devel opment of the most dangerous of all forms of political fraud. Those who have investigated the subject have arrived at the some practical measure of re form. It has been quoted from the columns of the Chicago Tribune; it con be found re duced to the form of a constitutional amend ment in the report of Mr.. Lawrence, of Ohio, to the last House of Representatives. 1 This has, then, been a commonplace of life less discussion almost from time immemorial. What can be done to make it a subject for action? to forward its adoption? Poli ticians, caucuses, and conventions cannot be relied on in this matter. This measure seeks to remove, not to create, a fountain of cor ruption. It carries with it no political in terest, no claim on patronage, no spoils of victory. It is simply a measure suggested by common sense and common honesty for the common good. It is in the interest of all, and not of a faction. The student of social science seeks ever to prevent crime, not by repression, but by removing the hidden inducement to crime. He will seek to protect the ballot by remov ing, in so for as he con, all inducement to commit frauds through the ballot. He will not pass laws to punish fraudulent voting if he can prevent fraudulent voting by rendering it useless. If there is, then, any publio field in which the labors of this asso ciation can be made useful, if there is any political funotion it can fulfil, it is in putting its shoulder to the wheel in aid of a work of reform like this, as necessary as it is thank less. Somebody must do it. A machinery in the State, apart from all party organizations, aloof from all politics, is greatly needed to keep publio attention continually awake to such subjects as this, or the kindred measure of Civil Service reform. To this work the Social Science Association proposes more especially to devote itself, and, to the end that it may efficiently do so, it asks the sup port and encouragement of all who, wishing well to their country, do not themselves render it that individual service which they feel is its due. I would now respectfully Buggest that this association do memorialize Congress on the subject I have had the honor of discussing. Chaeles Fbancis Adams, Jn. After the reading of this paper was finished, it was moved by Mr. James M. Uarnarcl as follows: Resolved, That the officers of this associa tion be, and hereby are, instructed to prepare a memorial to the Congress of the United States, in relation to the immediate passage by it, and the submission to the Legislatures of the several States, with a view to its adop tion into the Federal Constitution, of the amendment to that instrument recommended at the close of Report No. 31, House Docu ments, 3d Session, 40th Congress. Which motion, having been duly seconded, was put to the vote of tho association, and passed in the affirmative, nem. con. In pursuance of the above vote, the follow ing memorial was subsequently prepared and presented: memorial '. Addrensed to Ote Comjre of th United States by th Amtrican A mcciat ivn fur the Advcuwieut uf social Science, in relation to thtehuict of tilectuiH of iVeei- oent and Vice-1'renideut f tin United Mate. The American Social Science Association would respectfully represent to your honorable bodies.- That by Section 1 of Article II of the Constitution of the United States It is provided that the choice of electors of the President and Vice-President of the United States, shall be made in such manner as the Legislatures of the several States may d rect; That, as a consequence of said provision, It has become, and must remain, what Is known as a "poli tical necessity" that each of the several States should, with a view to the preservation of its whole relative political weight to other States, choose such electors as a unit, and without any regard to the divisions of oplulon existing among Its citizens ; That, owing to the settlement of new regions and the rapid growth of large cities In the United States, new and very tempting opportunities are offered for the perpetration ol fraud in elections, lusuuoes of hlrh have been notorious and are established as of record, throne h tue Investigations of committees of your honorable bodies. Your petitioners wonld further represent that the choice of the electoral colleges as a unit, by popular vote In the several States, holds forth peculiar temp- taiitin, aim anorus especial facilities for tne success ful perpetration of such frauds, from the fact that they may, when perpetrated in largo cities or In sparsely settled end lawless dletrkts, be made to uecme me vote of whole Slates, represented even by thirty or more electoral votes; That this anomaly In our system obviously In creases the danger or an election of the Federal Executive by fraud, and holds forth alarming Induce, mcnts to violations of the purity of the ballot in all Presidential elections : Therefore. onr honorable bodies are respectfully petitioned to pass, and cause to be submitted to the Legislatures ol the several States for adoption, an amendment to the Federal Constitution, providing for the choice of Electors of the President and Vice President in the manner hereinafter set fori h ; to the end that frauds perpetrated In any particular locali ties shall only affect Individual electoral votes, Instesd of votes of whole colleges; that thereby the Inducement to frauds through the ballot In Presidential elections, on a large scale, may be withheld, as the accumulation of large fraudulent majorities In any given locality cannot then affect the general results produced by the votes of other localities in the Bame State; and to the further end that a premium may no longer exist, as now, upon fraudulent voting at eacn Presidential election, which renders the apprehen sion of fraud to be committed by one party, In one locality, both an Inducement and an excuse for the Eerpetration of similar and counterbalancing frauds y the opposite party In other localities, Your petitioners, wonld. therefore, respectfully commend to the attention of your honorable bodies, as calculated to remedy the evils and remove the dangers arising from the present constitutional pro viHionson this subject, the following amendment to the Constitution, prepared by one of the committees of the House of Representatives of the Fortieth Congress (Henort No. 81. House Doc. 40th Congress. Od session) : ARTICLE . The electors of President and Vlco-rrcsldent shall be chosen as fallows: "Two electors of President and Vice-President shall be chosen at large from each State by the quniincn voters tncrein. "A number of electors In each State, equal to the whole number of representatives to which such State may be entitled In Congress, shall be chosen In single districts of contiguous and compact terri tory, each containing, as nearly as practicable, an equal amount of population. me times, places, and manner or cnoosmg sucn electors shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof, but Congress may at any time, by law, revoke or alter such regulations. "Congress shall prescribe the mode of determin ing the validity of the choice or electors, and or con testing the right to the office of President and Vice President." BLANK BCOKS. Important to Book-keepers. JUST PUBLISHED, TUB "CATCII-WORD" LEDGER INDEX. (COPYRIGHT SECURED). Book-keepers and all others having to use an Index will And this a very valuable book. By using the "Catch-word" Index, It will not only save time and eyesight, but the finding of a name quickly Is a mathematical certainty. You are invited to call and examine it. FCBLI8HXD BT JAS. B. SMITH & CO., Wholesale and Retail Blank Book Manufacturers and Stationers, No. 27 South 8EVENTH 8t.. iSBSthstuBm PHILADELPHIA. WANTS. S iflBOQBBBSSlBBB 10 TO TOK WORKING CLA88.--W.ar. tow J pared to famish all olaHM with constant omplor ment at home, tb. whole of th. time or for the spare momenta, business new, light, and profitable. Persons of either sex easily earn from too. to $6 per evening, and a proportional ram by devoting their whole time to th. business. Boys and gir s earn nearly as mach as men. That all who see this notice may send their address, and test the business, we make this unparalleled offer ; To suoh a are not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for the trouble of writing, l ull particulars, a valuable sam- ?le, which will do to oommeno. work on, and a copy of 'he Feoplc'e Literary Comfanion one of the largest and best family newspapers published all sent free by mail. Reader, if tod want permanent, profitable work, addres B. O. ALLEN A CO., Angusta, Maine. 114 8m WINES. LITIZ CURRANT WINE. ALBERT 0. ROBERTS, Sealer in every Description of Fine Groceries, U75 Corner ELEVENTH and VINE Street . CENT.'S FURNISHING QOODS. pAXEKT SHODIiDEB-SBAM 8EIRT MANUFACTORY, AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING STORK. PERFECTLY FITTING SHIRTS AND DRAWEES made from measurement at very short notice. All other articles of GENTLEMEN'S DRESS GOODS la foil variety. WINCHESTER tc CO., Ill No. 706 CHE8NUT Street CROOERIES AND PROVISIONS. M I O II AE It MEAGHER & O O. No. 823 South SIXTEENTH Street, Wholesale and Retail Dealers In PROVISIONS, OY81V.RS AND TERRAPINS. Stabler's Extra Canned CORN. " ' " PKAB. - - PK ACHES, Maryland Canned TOMATOES. Extra Canned ASPARAGUS. 139 COAL. FBnCTVAI. X. BXXL. hxwsoh tnvajnx PKltCIVALi 12. HELL. Ac CO., DXALBBS IX Lehigh and Schuylkill Coal, DEPOT: No. 1836 North NINTH Street, 1 It West Side, below Master. Branch Office, No. 407 RICHMOND Street. piRE LEHIGH AND SCUUTLKILL FAMILY, FACTORY, AND BITUMINOUS GOALS, Large .took always on band. i Sout heast corner THIRTEENTH and WILLOWBtreets UJMrn W. V. 4 O. D, HAINK8. MEDIOAL. TVEW DI8COVERY. ELIXIR J. F. BER- 1 NAtm TONIHTHENIOUE. ANTI-DYSPEPTIO. 'J he several observat ions made by the beet physioians of the raculte de Paris have proved that the sicknesses arising from impoverishment of the blood ornerveus ex. bsUMtion, viz. : Amenia. Chlorosis, Sjunpatuisme, PhtuiHie, Diabetes, Albuniineria, Soorbut, eto, etc., are radically cured with the ELIXIR J. K. BERNARD. Uenerul Depot A. UKKHAitu. no. oi un.ua.tt (5 treat. 8 d Hour. Va aale by all respectable drugistaB 1 tuthaS IRE WORK. GALVANIZED and Painted WTRB GUARDS, ! tore front, and windows, for factory and warehou windows, for churches and cellar windows, IRON and WIRE RAILINGS, for balconies, offlcel cemetery and garden fences. Liberal allowance made to Contractors, Bulldea and Carpenters. All orders filled with, promptaei and work guaranteed. f ROBERT WOOD & CO., f tnthsm No. UBS KTDOB Avenna Phlla ' ONE DOLLAR GOODS FOR 95 CENTS, . U Uf toil DIXON'S. Ho, SUB. EIGHTH bin. WATCHES, JEWELRY, ETO. VtWlS LADOMUS A Cor DIAMOND DEALERS Si JEWELERS. WiTCMltS,ITriLRt SBILTKB WARK. WATCHES and JEWELS! BE? AIRED, Ladies and Gents' Watchei AMERICAN AND IMPORTED, Of th. most oelebrated makers. FINE VEST CHAINS AND LEONTINE! la 14 and 18 karat. DIAMOND and other Jewelry of th. latest design. Engagement and Wedding Rings. In 18-karat and coin. Bolid Silver-War for Bridal Present, Tab). Cutlery. Plated War. eta. Ulfmwt GENUINE OROIDE GOLD AND SILVER WATCHES, $15, $0, $95. C5v W. are now selling oar Watohes at retell for jt-Viv Wholesale prloes, 12 and upwards, all in banting tvv cases. Gentlemen', and ladies' sines, warranted guoti timers as th. he.t, eosting ten tunes as avnoh. OHAU8ANI JkWavLKV? Send for circular. Uoods sent O. O. D. Customers can examine before paying, by paling express charges each way. JAMES GERARD & CO., No. 85 NASSAU STREET (UP STAIRS), 28mwf NEW YORK. RICH JEWELRY, JOHN IIRENNAN DIAMOND DEALER AND JEWELLER, NO. 13 SOUTH EIGHTH BTUEET, 8 mwl Srnro PHILADELPHIA. ESTABLISHED 1828. WATCHES, JEWELRY, CLOCKS, SILVERWARE, and FANCY GOODS. CK W. RUSSELL, ma n n. sixth street, Philadelphia. II. M U H R & SON. wn lu kadtm av-iir-wr. utdpu-t MCA Importers and Wholesale Dealer. In WATCHES. ' v mvj u a a u u a-i ar u a it . I'j a JH.WKLRY, bPKCTACLKS, etc. etc. Watchmakers and Dealers will ttnd our stock complete, at prices as low as any in tne unilea states. Price list sent on applioation. 8 Sim WILLIAM B. WARNS A CO Wholesale Dealers in T ' t . Vll III AJMX WAT. IA. UIV I 1 corner 8KVKNTH and OHK.SNITT Stress 81 Second floor, end late of No. 86 8. TlilRD St. FURNITURE. RICHMOND & CO., FIRST-CLASS FURNITURE WAREROOMS, No. 45 SOUTH SECOND STREET, KAST SIDE, ABOVE OHESNUT, II tf PHILADELPHIA. JOHN I FOREPAIIVII & SOX, Fnrnitnre Warerooms, No. 40 goutla SECOIVl Street, H aalm West Side. Philadelphia. CLOTHS, OASSIMERES, ETO. JAMES & HUBER, Successors to JAMES & t.tck, No. 11 North SECOND Street, Sign of the Golden Lamb, Are now closing out their entire stock of "W inter Cr o o d s, Consisting of CLOTHS, CAS8IMERE3, TEST INGS, etc, of the best makes and finest texture, which they are selling far below Importers' prices, preparatory to the reception of their SPRING STOCK OP GOODS. 8 88 raws HOSIERY, ETO. rrow OFETC AT IIOFMANN'S HOSIERY STORE, No. 9 NORTH EIGHTH STREET, gents' white wool shirts, gents' white wool drawers, gents' scarlet wool shirts, gents' scarlet wool drawers, gents' merino shirts and drawers, ladies' merino vests, ladies' merino drawers, ladies' cashmere vests, children's merino underwear, gents' cotton shirts and drawers, ladies' cotton vests and drawers. Also, a very large assortment of 4 T wsly COTTON WOOL, AND MERINO HOSIER'S, i ENGINES. MACHINERY, ETO. . PENN STEAM ENGINE AND S BOILER WORK8.-NEAFIE LKVT irpuiriTrniT. inn t 1 1 171 u iti 1 'i'i-iSt KNG IN KKK8. MACHINISTS. BOLL Kit. for many year, been in enooeeeful operation, and been ex clusively engaged in building and repairing Marin, and Kiver Engines, high and low press are. Iron boilers. Water Tanks, Propellers, .to. .to., respectfully offer their Mr. vices to the publio as being fully prepared to oontraot for anginas of all sues. Marine. River, and Htationary ; hariny sets of patterns of different sices, are prepared to execute orders with quick despatch. Every description of pattern, making made at the shortest notice. High and Low prea sure 1 in. Tubular and Cylinder Boilers of th. beet Penn. fplrania Charcoal Iron. Forging of all sizes and kinds, ron and Bras. Casting of all description. Koli Turning Berew Cutting, and ail other work oomieoted with th above basin ess. Drawings and specifications for all work don. at th. establishment free of charge, and work guaranteed. The subscribers have ample wharf dock-room for repair) of boata, where they oan lie in perfect safety, and are pro tided with shears, blooka, talis, .to. etc, for raising hears or light weiahU. JACOB O. NWAFLH. JOHN P. LKVir, I U BEACH and PALMER Street. SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY, FIFTH AND WASHINGTON Streets, rniLADiLrmA. MERRICK A SONS, ENGINEERS AND MACHINISTS, manufacture High and Low Pressure Steam Engines for Land, River, and Marine Service. Rollers, Gasometers, Tanks, Iron Boats, eta Castings of all kinds, either Iron or Brass. Iron Frame Roofs for Gas Works, Workshops, and Railroad Stations, etc Retorts and Gas Machinery of the latest and most improved construction. Every description of Plantation Machinery, also Sugar, Saw, and Grist Mills, Vacuum Pans, Oil Steam Trains, Defecators, Filters, Pamplng En gines, etc Sole Agents for N. Billenx's Sugar Boiling Appa. ratua, Nesmyth's Fatent btcam Hammer, and Aspia wall A Woolsey's Patent Centrifugal Sugar Drain, lng Machines. 801 QIRARD TUDEX WORKS. JOHN H. MURPHY & BROS. JHRBUfacturer. mf Wrought Iroa PI.., U paiLADULFHiA, FA. WORKS. ffWSKTYTIUitl sub. fll.BKKV StrMIt OFFICE, ft. 44 Rank PIPTU Mr. . SHIPPING. LORILLARDS STEAMSHIP una for NKW Y O II It ar. bow receiving freight at 5 crata prr 100 pitnnde, I rents per loot, or 1-J cr-nt prr aalloa, ablp'sj pilea. P.xtra rate, on roall psckages iron, metal, ete. No receipt or bill of lading signed for lew than W orate. Th. Lin. would osll attention of merchant geaeraUr to the fact that hereafter the regular shipper, by this lino will be charged only 10 cent, per 100 lbs., or 4 cent per loot, aurtng the winter Masons. For farther particulars apply to JOHN V. OHI SS8S PIER 19, NORTH WHARVES. FOR LIVERPOOL AND ""-rJJ f'viuKKBTOWN. Inmaa Lin. of Mail Will fJP rtteamere . r. .nnnintul ... i 1 - tna, via Halifax, Tuesday, March S3. 10 A. M. mil 01 nrawflia ctaiurnay, jnarcn 1, f, ftl. City of Brooklyn, Baturdsy, April 4, J A. M. City of New York, via Halifax, Tuesday, April 8,8 A. hf. City of Antwerp, Saturday, April H, at II A. M. And each succeeding Saturday and alternate Tuesday, from Pier 46, Nort h H iver. KATKS OF FARRAtm BT TTTR MAtt, KTEAMXB BAIUNO KVKttT SATTTMDaT. Payable in Uold. Psyahl. In Currency. FTRbT CABIN 100 I 8TKKRAUK To I.ondoo. ii To London 40 To Pari 116 I To Pari . " 4, rassaoa bt ths Tuianax steamx;, via Bar.tr ax. FIRST CniM. STKRRAOB. Payabl. in Oold. Payabl. in Currency. Liverpool. (90 Liverpool .7. i39 Halifax...... 20 Halifax S St. John, W. P., 4, Bt- John's, N. P., Z. by Branch Steamer.... " by Brsnob Steamer... .( Faseengers also forward e4 to Havre, Hamburg, Bremen, to., at reduced rate. Ticket can he bonght here at moderate rates by person, wishing to send for their friends. lor f urther particulars apply attb. Company Office. JOHN O. DALK. Agent-. Or to . 0VOiVVW7l' 46 Ho, 4U3 CHKSN UT Street, Fhiladelphla. SZfifk. . PHILADELPHIA. RICHMOND, ilfrA.ESNPKIrOI'K 8TRAMBHIP LINK. vXllJa THROUGH FRKIGH'P Am IJfljil?. RfJTtSyJ"11 SOUTH AND WFST. V lAORJi.Alja.iJ FACULTIES AND REDUCED RATES tB1?o?cl'oVLT ,T!n' WFDNK.SD AT sod SATURDAY, KFT BtrnSt. 'rom MK8T WHARF above MAR- ThErsmav1!0, 'S? RICHMOND MONDAYS and. TUrEaYB. nd MOaifOLK. TUKBDAYS and SA No Bill, of Lading rfgned after 13 o'olock on alUna THROUGH RATKS to all point In Worth aww Carolina, via 8e.bo.rd Al. X Prumouth and to Lynchburg, V... T.nni-ee'Snd'tK Ed IMiM.Kn.,iTd1,,,,,e-M U "1 Kioh-ond Fro eht HANULFD BUTONOB!, and taken at LOffRR RATKS THAN ANY OTHER LINKT lAWEH trans? er" comn,i,"ion lrayaga, or any expense of Bteamsblps Insure at lowest rates. Freight received daily. Stat. Room accommodations for passenger. . .o r WILLIAM P. clYlK a CO., Ho. H8. WHARVKS and Pier I N. WMARVKS W. P. PORTHK. Agent at Richmond I and O.f, Pemu T. P. PRO WELL A CO.. Agent at WortoUk. S l? ONLY DIRECT LINE to FRANCE WTHR GKNKRAL TRANS ATLANTIO BRHB1' v atu, u&xoajiu Al The splendid new vessels on this favorite rout, forth Continent will sail from Pisr Ho. 60. North rivr, ,Tery Saturday. ,a . ... PRICEjOF passage In gold (Including wine), TO I1KK8T OR HAVBF. Fto'001' fo4pARI8n(1 CUlB U flnclndlng railway tickets, furnished on board First Cabin $145 I Beoond Cabin ....181 These steamers do not carry steerage passengers Medical attendance free of charge. American travellers going to or returning from th. eon tin. mt of Kurtpe, by taking the steamers of this lb avoid nnneoesaAi-y risks from transit by English railways anil crossing th. ohannel. besides saving time, troubli, and ex pense. GHORGK M AUK KNZIE. Agent. , No. 68 BROADWAY. Aew York. For passage In Philadelphia, apply at Adaim RxDreaa Company, to H. L. 1EAF. 176 Ho, 820 OHKSNUl Street. NORTH GERMAN LiOYD. CT 17 A a A T rrfimr n.nu w. . . Fr BREMEN, VIA BOUTUAllrTON: ermri .1 ua. nivcw oiKaftlKKS OF THK MORTBt . .vKuiwiy uetween new xora, He men, and Southampton, carrying th. United State. Eng. lish. and Continental mails. i " FROM BMKMKN EVERY fnTTTRDAY FROM BOUT HAM PTON EVERY TUESDAY FROM NEW YORK EVERY SATURDAY iXce q liwaje from New York to Bremen, Itidon, Matrix Fint Cabin, $120 ; Second Cabin, $73 ; Btearut), 830. Gold. Th ' i .; weo"Jd ,t.bih-' 'J35 BtrgB, ?40,Gold, h ""'"i .i . ntfuouu uauiji, 9 a; Bteerags, ! vT v. v. T ' " j1"0 rnKU, iaj JjUUUUQ ttXtX null, for An experienced surgeon is at tached to eack vessel. All letters must pass through the Post OdUe. No Bills of Ladin but those of the Company wil re signed. Bill of Lading will positively not be delivered bnlore goods ar. cleared at the Custom Uoiae. bpeoie taken to Havre, Southampton, and Bremen or th. lowest rates. For freight or passage apply to ,,. OFLRICH8 A CO., "t Ho. 68 BROAD Street, N. Y. aw FOR ClIAKLESTOX, 23 SOUTH CAROLINA, JJT THK SOUTH. Rlt!TT?WlrRT fXat AND FLnttina PORTS " us Dteamuup PROMETHEUS, will leav. Pier 17, below Sprue, street, On THURSDAY, Maroh 17, at 4 P. M. Comfortable accommodations for Passengers. Through Passage Ticket and Bills of Lading Issued la connection wit h th. South Carolina Eailroad to all point. South and Southwest, and with steamers to Florida ports. Insurance by tbi- Line ONE-HALF PER CENT. Goods forw.rd free of commission. Bills of Ladin lurnished end signed at th. offlc. For freight or psasage. apply to It A. SOUDER A CO., 8 85 . Dock BtreotW-rf. FROM CHARLESTON TO ISJ FLORIDA. VIA SAVANNAH TBI- WEEKLY LINIC. The foHnvrinr steamers will leave CiinrioBUin for Florida, via Savannrfh, three times a week, after arrival of the New York steamships and th. Nort astern Railroad train : PILOT BOY (Inland Route .very BUHDAY MORN INO at 8 o'olock. DICTATOR, .v.ry TUESDAY EVENING at 8 o'olock. CITY POINT, every FRIDAY EVENING at 8 o'clock? Through ticket to be bad f all Charleston and Bavaa oah Steamship Lin. Agencies in New York. J. D. AIKEN A CO., Ageute at Charleston. L. J. GUILii AKTIN A CO., II Agents at Savannah. FOR' NEW YORK, via Delegare and Raritan Canal. KXPRKrS BTEAMBOAT OOMPANV The Bream ProDellersof the Line will onmmin. t.. st ing on the Mth Inst., tearing Daily as usual. THROUGH IN T WENT k -FOUR HOTTR8. Good forwarded by all the line, going out of New York North, Eaat, or West, free of ooiu mission. Freight, received at low rate W1LLIA M P. CLYDE A CO., Agent. No. Ill South DELAWARE Avenue. JAMES HAND, Atent, No. 11 WALL btreet, New York. 8 H i - FOR NEW YORK, via Delawnre and Rnritan Canal, SW1FTBURE TR a-NSPORTATIOH COMPANY. DESPATCH AND 6WIFTBURE LINES Leavinc daily at 12 M. and 6 P. M. The Steam Pi ot.ellers of this ooiupany will oommencs loading on the 8t of March. Through in tvunty foar hour. Goods forvrardftd to any point free of commission. Freights take on accommodating tarms. Apply to WILI I1M M bxird 4 co Agent. 4 No. liia South DELAWARE Avena. . CT ft' NEW EXPRE88 LINE TO L1; ' fttTT lxandria, Georgetown, and Washington, TJ. xfcj.e.a C, via Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, with), oouuectioni at Alexandria from th. moet direct rout, for Lynchburg, Bristol, Kuoxvill, Naahviti. Dai too. ud tea Southwest, Steamers leav. regularly every Saturday at Dooa froas the first wharf above Market street. Freight,. dailVlUJAM p fjYDIt CO, No. 14 North and Booth wharva. HYDB 4k TYLER, Agents, at Georgetown) M. Wl I)R)IGK, A CO.. A genu at Alexandria. 41 1 "1. UK B1- PUUM AH AND BRA- j m uii w u i a a fvn n rs u x n.jy.i . . MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY. VLnu ulttjp Mail KtAun.iv tlin iui Ih.. JLHi (1 ' J li 1 mi i ii . M KKHIM AUK, OapUtln Wier. , SOUTH AMKKIOA, Captain R. L. Tinklepangh. NOK'ili AMERICA, Captain U. B. Sloouiu. These splendid steamers sail on schedule time, and call at St. Thomas, Para, Peraambuoo, Batua, and Rio d Janeiro, going and returning. For angiuteinenia of freight or paaaare apply to WM. K. UARKINON, Agent. No, S BOWLING URKKN. New York. aj. TJ. 8. MAIL TO nAVANA. rfpyStfS ATLANTIC MAIL ST T. AM SHIP CO.. aaiilug regulr!y EVERY THURSDAY awJji-V- at 8 o'olock P. M., precisely, from Pier No. 4 North Kiver. MOKO CASTLK, Captain R. Adam. COLUMBIA, Captain E. Van Hie. KAGLK, Captain M. R. Greena, For freight or pa sag apply to k- 0 VVHKKLER. J.. President, 14 Bo. t BOWLING UREKN.N.W York. si.ii 1 rr '-'i
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers