V
M ON DAT, MARCH 21, 1870.
DL1XTION Or I'll ESI DENTS.
BY HAIU.ES PIlANL'M ADAMS JR.
The following paper on "The Election of
Presidents" was read at the general meeting
of the Social Science Annotation, at New
York, October 27, W, by Charles Francis
Adams, Jr., and is published in the journal
of the RBsocia'ion:
A paper on the "Protection of the Ba'lot'
-was read before the American Social Soienca
Association, at its meeting in Albany, on the
19th of February, 18G.i, and was aubRe
quently printed In tne journal of the society.
In it the following query was suggested:
"What good reason can be given why (in
our Presidential elections) we should vote for
one man, or thirty men, who, in turn, are to
be pledged to vote for another man, desig
nated to them beforehand, instead of voting
directly for the object of our choice ?
Can any good reason be suggested why the
people of this country should not directly
vote for their Presidents as they ever have for
their Governors ?"
This question did not have long to wait for
a conclusive answer. When advanced, it was
accompanied with the remark that the subject
stood rather "in need of suggestion and dis
cussion than of patent legislative panaceas or
individual dogmatism." In this spirit it was
responded toby the press. Among others a
very able criticism shortly afterwards ap
peared in the editorial columns of the Chicago
Tribune, which, while emphatically condemn
ing the present mode of choosing the Electoral
Colleges, pointed out very clearly how greater
dangers might not improbably be found to
exist in the election of President by direct
popular vote than by the method now in use.
This reply to the question, if sustained by
reason and fact, is conclusive, and shows that
no relief is to be found in the direction indi
cated. In a previous paper on this subject it was
very broadly stated that the present system
of choosing the Electoral Colleges, on a general
ticket in each State, acts as nothing more
nor less than a premium on fraud, making
the violation of the ballot by one party in one
locality an alleged "political necessity" for a
counterbalancing violation of it by another
party in another locality. Particular sections
of the country those in which an eleotion is
close and hotly contested are, by the prac
tical working of this system, regularly
pointed out at every election as the decisive
points, so that the least astute politician
knows beforehand just where votes will be
wanted and just where they will be useless.
He con, therefore, work intelligently, and,
indeed, almost exactly, adapting his
means to his end. For instance, in
the last Presidential election, unless
fraud were counteracted by fraud, it was ap
parent to every one that the manufacture of
a few thousand votes in New York city would
decide the thirty-three electoral votes of the
State. This would exactly counteract, in the
grand result, any possible majority, the other
way, of the legal votes cost in Illinois, Massa
chusetts, and Vermont, where the election
was practically uncontested. New York city
was, therefore, designated beforehand as a
decisive point; a place where every fraudu
lent vote would carry great fictitious weight.
The result of the election showed that the
same state of affairs existed elsewhere. Votes
in Kansas were of no value in face of a ma
jority of 17,030; 1G4 ballots, fraudulent
or legal, settled the result in Oregon,
and negatived that in the State first
named. It was argued in the pre-
for any purity in elections while the elections
actually revealed such enormous disparities
of influence; as long as the system at onee
supplied such a great incentive to fraud, and
designated so precisely the localities in which
it could be committed. The case of the elec
tion of 1844 was cited. There can be no
doubt that Mr. Polk received a majority of
the legal votes cast in that eleotion; there is
strong reason for believing, however, that
Mr. Clay was the legally eleoted President.
The result, then, turned on the vote of New
York, whose Electoral College numbered
thirty-six members. The party which sup
ported Mr. Polk carried the day; but a subse
quent investigation by the Judiciary Commit
tee of the U. S. Senate abundantly proved
the perpetration of extensive frauds in that
State, which, not impossibly, decided the
contest. (Sen. Docs., 28th Cong., 2d Sess.,
Eep. No. 173.)
It is useless and wicked to argue that, in
this as in other coses, fraud was probably off
set by fraud, and that the result practically
reflected the will of the legal majority. Al
lowing this to be true in fact, it settles the
question as to that system which establishes,
for any portion of its citizens, cheating as
the only alternative to defeat. It certainly is
not conducive to publio morality that fraud
should be recognized as a regular element in
politics; indeed, it would be far better
to resort to force at once. The suggestion,
however, is not true in fact.
As is well known, the perpetration of frauds
on a large scale is possible only under certain
circumstances. They oan be eft ected in great
cities, where the inhabitants are necessarily
unknown to each other; or in rude and law
less communities. Our annals are, unfortu
nately, replete with precedents coming under
either head. Similar outrages, however, are
not, nor can they be, perpetrated, on any
large scale, by a party which only controls
well-regulated and moderately populated sec
tions of country.
It only remains to solve the problem of
Low this fraud can be reduced within the nar
rowest limits. The present system puts the
largest possible premium upon it; for, under
it, one fraudulent vote, in a given locality,
always may, and often does, outweigh a
hundred legal votes across an imaginary
line which divides States. To remedy this,
it was proposed to abolish the system of Elec
toral Colleges altogether. It was suggested
that, if the President was elected by direct
popular vote, as the Oovernors of the States
now are, and always have been, the effect of
illegal voting would, at least, be reduced to
natural limits. A few or a great many frau
dulent votes in one State oould, at most, only
counterbalance an exactly equal number of
honest votes elsewhere; and not, as at pre
sent, by choosing the whole Electoral College
of one large State, offset, with absolute dis
regard of numbers, vast popular majorities
In three otner ana smaner btates. The pre
dominance given to fraud is certainly unne
cessary, in so for as it is artificial.
It cannot, however, be denied, as argued in
the columns of the Chicago Tribune, that
such a system would be cumbrous and liable
to great dangers whenever elections were
cioseiy contested, .even tne citizens oi jnow
York, accustomed as they are to not dissimilar
spectacles within their own borders, might
object to seeing vast opposing majorities
rolling up from the wilds of Texas. The
early history of Kansas, and the later histo
ries of some Southern States, have demon
strated to us the possible voting capacity
of certain descriptions of sparsely settled
country. It must be conceded that it would
not be safe to permit any closely con
tested eleotion as the election of 1844,
for instance, which whs deeided by a popular
majority of only 30,000 out of a total vote
of 2,G0O,000 to depend on the manufactured
returns of lawless communities. Two points
in the discussion may therefore be considered
b settled: the present system ntonds con
demned, and demands instant reform; and,
secondly, the system of general, direct eleo
tion would prove no satisfactory substitute
for it. What other solution of the problem
can be suggested f
While few deny the importance of this
question, no one seems resolved to insist on
its consideration and settlement. The les
sons of the post are thus forgotten before
they are thoroughly learned. One year has
sow passed since the election of 1808 took
place. During that time associations of in
dividuals, courts of law, and committees of
Congress have been busily engaged in investi
gating the violations of the ballot then
alleged to have taken place. The perpetra
tion of frauds in that election frauds unpre
cedented, systematic, appalling frauds of
which the recognized leaders of both parties,
the judges of courts of law, and the inspect
ors of elections must have have been cogni
zant, and in which they were sometimes
proved to have participated all these have
ceased to be subjects of mere partisan clamor,
and are established as matters of record.
Courts have passed upon them, and have
declared certified results vitiated by fraud.
Committees have investigated them, and pre
sented the fruits of their labors in the form
of ponderous reports. In what has it all
resulted? Any one who chooses may
now satisfy himself that in Philadelphia four
imported ruffians threw sixty votes in one
day, as part of a regular systom of "repeat
ing." It is matter of record that one single
judge, between October 8 and October 23;
1808, ordered to be issued a doily average of
over 718 certificates of citizenship. Honest
and experienced magistrates, who have for
years been engaged in executing the naturali
zation laws, have testified that not more than
a single set of papers could be properly passed
in five minutes; whence it follows that,
allowing the energetic magistrate in ques
tion to have worked night and day,
without one moment of intermission,
between the 8th and 23d of October,
he could not have properly accom
plished more than one-half part of what he
did accomplish in fact. Before another
judge, engaged in the performance of a simi
lar farce, the same man appeared as a wit
ness under oath, twenty-five times, under dif
ferent names, in a single evening. It is not
disputed that in one case thirty-five persons
were registered, and twenty-three actually
voted, from the house of a member of the
general committee of a party, in which only
one voter actually residua; in another case,
thirty persons were registered, and twenty
two voted, from the house of a State Sena
tor, in which only three voters resided; in
yet two other cases, forty-five persons were
registered, and thirty-six voted, from the
houses of two aldermen, whence four vetes
only could legally have come; from yet
another house, one hundred and fifty-two
names were registered, representing, if
legal, a population of seven hundred
souls under a single roof. Under
these circumstances, it not unnaturally fol
lowed that the actual vote polled in the city
where these events took place was 108 per
cent, of its legal voters, as indicated by the
census roturns. Finally, right or wrong, the
country has settled down into a conviction,
which, in truth, is not nnsustained by evi
dence, that many thousand illegal votes were
cast at the lost Presidential eleotion within
the limits of a single State. All this, be it
remembered, was done, simply because our
system made each illegal ballot bear not upon
one or upon three electoral votes, but upon
those of a whole college. In each particular
locality where these frauds were perpetrated,
the election was wholly uncontested; had the
influence of these manufactured voters been
confined within narrow limits, no inducement
to fraud would have existed, because fraud
would have been unavailing. The system
made the opportunity, and it did not pass
unimproved.
We cannot go on indefinitely in this way.
We escaped a contested election during the
war of the Rebellion only, as it were, by ( a
miracle. The last election was accompanied
with loud threats of violence and resistance
in case a shadow of doubt rested on its valid
ity, and yet, with that optimism whieh is so
marked a characteristic of the American
people, the nation goes on its
course, apparently neither learning from
the past nor fearing for the future. This
good fortune cannot lost forever. Every one
now appreciates, and cannot but dread, the
terrific and ever-increasing strain which each
succeeding Presidential eleotion imposes on
our Government. This periodical revolution,
for such it amounts to now, is at once the
safety-valve and the weakest point in our sys
tem. Its regular recurrence does, indeed, re
lieve us of all apprehension of any other or
more violent change of rulers; but, on the
other hand, the prize at stake is becoming so
enormous, and political morality so loose,
that it is greatly to be feared lest the declared
result of the ballot will not much longer
command the publio respect. Too much
attention, too much discussion, cannot be
given to this subject. If the problem were
satisfactorily solved; if the ballot oould be
guarded, and the possible effect of fraud re
duoed to a minimum; if the country could be
assured that by no possibility could
any man ever be cheated into the Execu
tive chair, then, indeed, would the Presiden
tial eleotion be robbed of its dangers, and it
would remain as the feature in our system
which contributed most to its strength. Any
other form of revolution would then beoome
as improbable as it would be unnecessary.
How this can be effected is the question now
under discussion. How can the influenoe of
the fraudulent ballot be restricted within the
narrowest possible limits?
If the existing system accomplishes a Vosult
the reverse of that desired; if the end in view
would not be attained by abandoning the
indirectness of the present system and
resorting to an election by tne direct plurali
ty vote then there is but a single other
alternative, and we are brought directly to
the electoral system conducted by districts.
This method of arriving at the result cannot
be better described than in tne article from
the Chicago Tribune already referred to:
"The whole people of each 8tate will vote directly
tnr President and Vice-President, aud whoever re
ceives the majority of the popular vote of the State
will have tne two electoral votes wuiuu uow uurrea-
pond to Its two Senators; ana tne peopieoi nuu
Congressional dlHtrict, as such, will vote directly for
President and Vice-President, and a saudldate re
ceiving a majority of the votes of the district
; will have the electoral vote which correspond to
the district representative In Congress. This Is
. simply a change from a State electoral ticket to a
district electoral ticket Like the plan of an elec
tion by a general direct vote, It would not lessen
me innueuce of tne great party conventions over
the nominations. The people would still vote
mainly ,lu two great phalanxes, representing the
progressive and conservative alternatives on the
leading questions of publio policy. It would lessen
very greatly the prvsont possibility that the result
uiigui not agree witu lue popular vote.
all, H wonld confine the effect of fraudulent voting
Id ant one district to three electoral votes, rr. tne I
two rant by the State at large, and the one emu by
the district in which tho fraud arose. Tne 87,Otn
fraudulent Votes cant In the sltj of He York at the
lam election could only affect about eight electoral
votes in ail, Instead of thirty-three, and practically
would not have been rcBortml to to secure these, as
they were safe to the Demooratlo party without
fraud. It is only in district where but one
party has power that any conslderible rVgree of
fraudulent voting can be done. A strong opposition
will always prevent it. In such districts there
wonld be no contest, aad no temptation to fraud. If
their majority did not counteract other majorities
belonging to outsWe district. Hence, under the
plan last proposed, not only would the inducement
to fraud almost wholly disappear, but the violent
rancor and heat or politics in those districts wnicu
are all one way would disappear also."
Herein, it is believed, will be found a satis
factory solution of the difficulty. It will
confine the effects of fraud within the nar
rowest possible limits, and, practically, ren
der it unavailing. Neither is it a novelty in our
system, as it was practised in many of the
States during the earlier Presidential elec
tions, and was continued in Maryland down
t the year 1833. It recognizes also the com
promises of the Constitution, and, by securing
to the smaller States their two senatorial
votes, obviates the danger of their opposing
the reform.
How can the proposed change be effected ?
The clause of the Constitution which confers
the regulation of the subject on the Legisla
tures of the several States effectually stands
in the way of all Congressional action of a
final nature. It is futile to hope for any re
form from the action of individual States, for
it would be Quixotio for any one or more
States of the Union to divide their own in
fluence in Presidential elections so long as
neighboring States insist on preserving theira
intact. The only remedy, therefore, lies in
a uniform adoption of the system for all the
States alike, through the slow process of
amending the Federal Constitution. This
instrument has been manipulated in so many
respects of late, that there is now a strong
and rapidly growing disposition to
leave it alone for the present. This
is an additional obstacle which must be
overcome. As usual, in all cases which touch
merely on the general good in which no
material interest is concerned it is most dif
ficult to bring party organizations to bear
upon the work. Were this not so, the exist
ing method of choosing the Electoral Colleges
would long ago have been swept away, for
neither this discussion nor the measure of
reform suggested has anything in it of no
velty. Hamilton early directed his attention
to it. President Jackson, in six consecutive
messages, discussed the subject, and recom
mended the election of Presidents by direct
popular vote. Mr. Benton kept the matter
almost continually before the Senate
during his thirty years of service
in that body. Preaident Johnson,
Senators Wade, Sumner, and Buckalew, and
various members of the House have all with
equal emphasis condemned the existing sys
tem. During the year just post an amend
ment looking to its reform was introduced
into the Senate by Mr. Morton, passed that
body, and then went to its long rest. Now,
However, the matter is pressed upon tue pub
lic attention from new considerations, it is
no longer, as in the days of Jackson, a mere
question of theory, but one of practical and
vital importance. The present system has
now been reduced in tne signt of all men to a
machinery for the encouragement and devel
opment of the most dangerous of all
forms of political fraud. Those who
have investigated the subject have
arrived at the some practical measure of re
form. It has been quoted from the columns
of the Chicago Tribune; it con be found re
duced to the form of a constitutional amend
ment in the report of Mr.. Lawrence, of Ohio,
to the last House of Representatives. 1
This has, then, been a commonplace of life
less discussion almost from time immemorial.
What can be done to make it a subject for
action? to forward its adoption? Poli
ticians, caucuses, and conventions cannot be
relied on in this matter. This measure seeks
to remove, not to create, a fountain of cor
ruption. It carries with it no political in
terest, no claim on patronage, no spoils of
victory. It is simply a measure suggested
by common sense and common honesty for
the common good. It is in the interest of
all, and not of a faction.
The student of social science seeks ever to
prevent crime, not by repression, but by
removing the hidden inducement to crime.
He will seek to protect the ballot by remov
ing, in so for as he con, all inducement to
commit frauds through the ballot. He will
not pass laws to punish fraudulent voting
if he can prevent fraudulent voting by
rendering it useless. If there is, then, any
publio field in which the labors of this asso
ciation can be made useful, if there is any
political funotion it can fulfil, it is in putting
its shoulder to the wheel in aid of a work of
reform like this, as necessary as it is thank
less. Somebody must do it. A machinery
in the State, apart from all party organizations,
aloof from all politics, is greatly needed to
keep publio attention continually awake to
such subjects as this, or the kindred measure
of Civil Service reform. To this work the
Social Science Association proposes more
especially to devote itself, and, to the end
that it may efficiently do so, it asks the sup
port and encouragement of all who, wishing
well to their country, do not themselves
render it that individual service which they
feel is its due.
I would now respectfully Buggest that this
association do memorialize Congress on the
subject I have had the honor of discussing.
Chaeles Fbancis Adams, Jn.
After the reading of this paper was finished,
it was moved by Mr. James M. Uarnarcl as
follows:
Resolved, That the officers of this associa
tion be, and hereby are, instructed to prepare
a memorial to the Congress of the United
States, in relation to the immediate passage
by it, and the submission to the Legislatures
of the several States, with a view to its adop
tion into the Federal Constitution, of the
amendment to that instrument recommended
at the close of Report No. 31, House Docu
ments, 3d Session, 40th Congress.
Which motion, having been duly seconded,
was put to the vote of tho association, and
passed in the affirmative, nem. con.
In pursuance of the above vote, the follow
ing memorial was subsequently prepared and
presented:
memorial '.
Addrensed to Ote Comjre of th United States by th
Amtrican A mcciat ivn fur the Advcuwieut uf social
Science, in relation to thtehuict of tilectuiH of iVeei-
oent and Vice-1'renideut f tin United Mate.
The American Social Science Association would
respectfully represent to your honorable bodies.-
That by Section 1 of Article II of the Constitution
of the United States It is provided that the choice of
electors of the President and Vice-President of the
United States, shall be made in such manner as the
Legislatures of the several States may d rect;
That, as a consequence of said provision, It has
become, and must remain, what Is known as a "poli
tical necessity" that each of the several States
should, with a view to the preservation of its whole
relative political weight to other States, choose such
electors as a unit, and without any regard to the
divisions of oplulon existing among Its citizens ;
That, owing to the settlement of new regions and
the rapid growth of large cities In the United States,
new and very tempting opportunities are offered for
the perpetration ol fraud in elections, lusuuoes of
hlrh have been notorious and are established as of
record, throne h tue Investigations of committees of
your honorable bodies.
Your petitioners wonld further represent that the
choice of the electoral colleges as a unit, by popular
vote In the several States, holds forth peculiar temp-
taiitin, aim anorus especial facilities for tne success
ful perpetration of such frauds, from the fact that
they may, when perpetrated in largo cities or In
sparsely settled end lawless dletrkts, be made to
uecme me vote of whole Slates, represented even
by thirty or more electoral votes;
That this anomaly In our system obviously In
creases the danger or an election of the Federal
Executive by fraud, and holds forth alarming Induce,
mcnts to violations of the purity of the ballot in all
Presidential elections :
Therefore. onr honorable bodies are respectfully
petitioned to pass, and cause to be submitted to the
Legislatures ol the several States for adoption, an
amendment to the Federal Constitution, providing
for the choice of Electors of the President and Vice
President in the manner hereinafter set fori h ; to the
end that frauds perpetrated In any particular locali
ties shall only affect Individual electoral votes,
Instesd of votes of whole colleges; that thereby
the Inducement to frauds through the ballot In
Presidential elections, on a large scale, may
be withheld, as the accumulation of large
fraudulent majorities In any given locality
cannot then affect the general results produced
by the votes of other localities in the Bame State;
and to the further end that a premium may no
longer exist, as now, upon fraudulent voting at eacn
Presidential election, which renders the apprehen
sion of fraud to be committed by one party, In one
locality, both an Inducement and an excuse for the
Eerpetration of similar and counterbalancing frauds
y the opposite party In other localities,
Your petitioners, wonld. therefore, respectfully
commend to the attention of your honorable bodies,
as calculated to remedy the evils and remove the
dangers arising from the present constitutional pro
viHionson this subject, the following amendment to
the Constitution, prepared by one of the committees
of the House of Representatives of the Fortieth
Congress (Henort No. 81. House Doc. 40th Congress.
Od session) :
ARTICLE .
The electors of President and Vlco-rrcsldent
shall be chosen as fallows:
"Two electors of President and Vice-President
shall be chosen at large from each State by the
quniincn voters tncrein.
"A number of electors In each State, equal to the
whole number of representatives to which such
State may be entitled In Congress, shall be chosen
In single districts of contiguous and compact terri
tory, each containing, as nearly as practicable, an
equal amount of population.
me times, places, and manner or cnoosmg sucn
electors shall be prescribed in each State by the
Legislature thereof, but Congress may at any time,
by law, revoke or alter such regulations.
"Congress shall prescribe the mode of determin
ing the validity of the choice or electors, and or con
testing the right to the office of President and Vice
President." BLANK BCOKS.
Important to Book-keepers.
JUST PUBLISHED,
TUB
"CATCII-WORD"
LEDGER INDEX.
(COPYRIGHT SECURED).
Book-keepers and all others having to use an Index
will And this a very valuable book.
By using the "Catch-word" Index, It will not only
save time and eyesight, but the finding of a name
quickly Is a mathematical certainty.
You are invited to call and examine it.
FCBLI8HXD BT
JAS. B. SMITH & CO.,
Wholesale and Retail Blank Book Manufacturers
and Stationers,
No. 27 South 8EVENTH 8t..
iSBSthstuBm
PHILADELPHIA.
WANTS.
S iflBOQBBBSSlBBB 10
TO TOK WORKING CLA88.--W.ar. tow J
pared to famish all olaHM with constant omplor
ment at home, tb. whole of th. time or for the spare
momenta, business new, light, and profitable. Persons
of either sex easily earn from too. to $6 per evening, and a
proportional ram by devoting their whole time to th.
business. Boys and gir s earn nearly as mach as men.
That all who see this notice may send their address, and
test the business, we make this unparalleled offer ; To
suoh a are not well satisfied, we will send $1 to pay for
the trouble of writing, l ull particulars, a valuable sam-
?le, which will do to oommeno. work on, and a copy of
'he Feoplc'e Literary Comfanion one of the largest and
best family newspapers published all sent free by mail.
Reader, if tod want permanent, profitable work, addres
B. O. ALLEN A CO., Angusta, Maine. 114 8m
WINES.
LITIZ CURRANT WINE.
ALBERT 0. ROBERTS,
Sealer in every Description of Fine Groceries,
U75
Corner ELEVENTH and VINE Street .
CENT.'S FURNISHING QOODS.
pAXEKT SHODIiDEB-SBAM
8EIRT MANUFACTORY,
AND GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING STORK.
PERFECTLY FITTING SHIRTS AND DRAWEES
made from measurement at very short notice.
All other articles of GENTLEMEN'S DRESS
GOODS la foil variety.
WINCHESTER tc CO.,
Ill No. 706 CHE8NUT Street
CROOERIES AND PROVISIONS.
M
I O II AE It MEAGHER & O O.
No. 823 South SIXTEENTH Street,
Wholesale and Retail Dealers In
PROVISIONS, OY81V.RS AND TERRAPINS.
Stabler's Extra Canned CORN.
" ' " PKAB.
- - PK ACHES,
Maryland Canned TOMATOES.
Extra Canned ASPARAGUS. 139
COAL.
FBnCTVAI. X. BXXL. hxwsoh tnvajnx
PKltCIVALi 12. HELL. Ac CO.,
DXALBBS IX
Lehigh and Schuylkill Coal,
DEPOT: No. 1836 North NINTH Street,
1 It West Side, below Master.
Branch Office, No. 407 RICHMOND Street.
piRE LEHIGH AND SCUUTLKILL
FAMILY, FACTORY, AND BITUMINOUS GOALS,
Large .took always on band. i
Sout heast corner THIRTEENTH and WILLOWBtreets
UJMrn W. V. 4 O. D, HAINK8.
MEDIOAL.
TVEW DI8COVERY. ELIXIR J. F. BER-
1 NAtm TONIHTHENIOUE. ANTI-DYSPEPTIO.
'J he several observat ions made by the beet physioians of
the raculte de Paris have proved that the sicknesses
arising from impoverishment of the blood ornerveus ex.
bsUMtion, viz. : Amenia. Chlorosis, Sjunpatuisme,
PhtuiHie, Diabetes, Albuniineria, Soorbut, eto, etc., are
radically cured with the ELIXIR J. K. BERNARD.
Uenerul Depot A. UKKHAitu. no. oi un.ua.tt (5 treat.
8 d Hour. Va aale by all respectable drugistaB 1 tuthaS
IRE WORK.
GALVANIZED and Painted WTRB GUARDS, !
tore front, and windows, for factory and warehou
windows, for churches and cellar windows,
IRON and WIRE RAILINGS, for balconies, offlcel
cemetery and garden fences.
Liberal allowance made to Contractors, Bulldea
and Carpenters. All orders filled with, promptaei
and work guaranteed. f
ROBERT WOOD & CO., f
tnthsm No. UBS KTDOB Avenna Phlla '
ONE DOLLAR GOODS FOR 95 CENTS,
. U Uf toil DIXON'S. Ho, SUB. EIGHTH bin.
WATCHES, JEWELRY, ETO.
VtWlS LADOMUS A Cor
DIAMOND DEALERS Si JEWELERS.
WiTCMltS,ITriLRt SBILTKB WARK.
WATCHES and JEWELS! BE? AIRED,
Ladies and Gents' Watchei
AMERICAN AND IMPORTED,
Of th. most oelebrated makers.
FINE VEST CHAINS AND LEONTINE!
la 14 and 18 karat.
DIAMOND and other Jewelry of th. latest design.
Engagement and Wedding Rings. In 18-karat and coin.
Bolid Silver-War for Bridal Present, Tab). Cutlery.
Plated War. eta. Ulfmwt
GENUINE OROIDE
GOLD AND SILVER WATCHES,
$15, $0, $95.
C5v W. are now selling oar Watohes at retell for
jt-Viv Wholesale prloes, 12 and upwards, all in banting
tvv cases. Gentlemen', and ladies' sines, warranted
guoti timers as th. he.t, eosting ten tunes as avnoh.
OHAU8ANI JkWavLKV?
Send for circular. Uoods sent O. O. D.
Customers can examine before paying, by paling express
charges each way.
JAMES GERARD & CO.,
No. 85 NASSAU STREET (UP STAIRS),
28mwf NEW YORK.
RICH JEWELRY,
JOHN IIRENNAN
DIAMOND DEALER AND JEWELLER,
NO. 13 SOUTH EIGHTH BTUEET,
8 mwl Srnro PHILADELPHIA.
ESTABLISHED 1828.
WATCHES, JEWELRY,
CLOCKS, SILVERWARE, and
FANCY GOODS.
CK W. RUSSELL,
ma n n. sixth street, Philadelphia.
II. M U H R & SON.
wn lu kadtm av-iir-wr. utdpu-t
MCA Importers and Wholesale Dealer. In WATCHES.
' v mvj u a a u u a-i ar u a it . I'j a
JH.WKLRY, bPKCTACLKS, etc. etc.
Watchmakers and Dealers will ttnd our stock complete,
at prices as low as any in tne unilea states.
Price list sent on applioation. 8 Sim
WILLIAM B. WARNS A CO
Wholesale Dealers in
T ' t . Vll III AJMX WAT. IA. UIV I 1
corner 8KVKNTH and OHK.SNITT Stress
81 Second floor, end late of No. 86 8. TlilRD St.
FURNITURE.
RICHMOND & CO.,
FIRST-CLASS
FURNITURE WAREROOMS,
No. 45 SOUTH SECOND STREET,
KAST SIDE, ABOVE OHESNUT,
II tf PHILADELPHIA.
JOHN I FOREPAIIVII & SOX,
Fnrnitnre Warerooms,
No. 40 goutla SECOIVl Street,
H aalm West Side. Philadelphia.
CLOTHS, OASSIMERES, ETO.
JAMES & HUBER,
Successors to JAMES & t.tck,
No. 11 North SECOND Street,
Sign of the Golden Lamb,
Are now closing out their entire stock of
"W inter Cr o o d s,
Consisting of CLOTHS, CAS8IMERE3, TEST
INGS, etc, of the best makes and finest texture,
which they are selling far below Importers' prices,
preparatory to the reception of their SPRING STOCK
OP GOODS. 8 88 raws
HOSIERY, ETO.
rrow OFETC AT
IIOFMANN'S HOSIERY STORE,
No. 9 NORTH EIGHTH STREET,
gents' white wool shirts,
gents' white wool drawers,
gents' scarlet wool shirts,
gents' scarlet wool drawers,
gents' merino shirts and drawers,
ladies' merino vests,
ladies' merino drawers,
ladies' cashmere vests,
children's merino underwear,
gents' cotton shirts and drawers,
ladies' cotton vests and drawers.
Also, a very large assortment of 4 T wsly
COTTON WOOL, AND MERINO HOSIER'S, i
ENGINES. MACHINERY, ETO. .
PENN STEAM ENGINE AND
S BOILER WORK8.-NEAFIE LKVT
irpuiriTrniT. inn t 1 1 171 u iti 1
'i'i-iSt KNG IN KKK8. MACHINISTS. BOLL Kit.
for many year, been in enooeeeful operation, and been ex
clusively engaged in building and repairing Marin, and
Kiver Engines, high and low press are. Iron boilers. Water
Tanks, Propellers, .to. .to., respectfully offer their Mr.
vices to the publio as being fully prepared to oontraot for
anginas of all sues. Marine. River, and Htationary ; hariny
sets of patterns of different sices, are prepared to execute
orders with quick despatch. Every description of pattern,
making made at the shortest notice. High and Low prea
sure 1 in. Tubular and Cylinder Boilers of th. beet Penn.
fplrania Charcoal Iron. Forging of all sizes and kinds,
ron and Bras. Casting of all description. Koli Turning
Berew Cutting, and ail other work oomieoted with th
above basin ess.
Drawings and specifications for all work don. at th.
establishment free of charge, and work guaranteed.
The subscribers have ample wharf dock-room for repair)
of boata, where they oan lie in perfect safety, and are pro
tided with shears, blooka, talis, .to. etc, for raising hears
or light weiahU.
JACOB O. NWAFLH.
JOHN P. LKVir,
I U BEACH and PALMER Street.
SOUTHWARK FOUNDRY, FIFTH AND
WASHINGTON Streets,
rniLADiLrmA.
MERRICK A SONS,
ENGINEERS AND MACHINISTS,
manufacture High and Low Pressure Steam Engines
for Land, River, and Marine Service.
Rollers, Gasometers, Tanks, Iron Boats, eta
Castings of all kinds, either Iron or Brass.
Iron Frame Roofs for Gas Works, Workshops, and
Railroad Stations, etc
Retorts and Gas Machinery of the latest and most
improved construction.
Every description of Plantation Machinery, also
Sugar, Saw, and Grist Mills, Vacuum Pans, Oil
Steam Trains, Defecators, Filters, Pamplng En
gines, etc
Sole Agents for N. Billenx's Sugar Boiling Appa.
ratua, Nesmyth's Fatent btcam Hammer, and Aspia
wall A Woolsey's Patent Centrifugal Sugar Drain,
lng Machines. 801
QIRARD TUDEX WORKS.
JOHN H. MURPHY & BROS.
JHRBUfacturer. mf Wrought Iroa PI.., U
paiLADULFHiA, FA.
WORKS.
ffWSKTYTIUitl sub. fll.BKKV StrMIt
OFFICE,
ft. 44 Rank PIPTU Mr. .
SHIPPING.
LORILLARDS STEAMSHIP
una for
NKW Y O II It
ar. bow receiving freight at
5 crata prr 100 pitnnde,
I rents per loot, or 1-J cr-nt prr aalloa, ablp'sj
pilea.
P.xtra rate, on roall psckages iron, metal, ete.
No receipt or bill of lading signed for lew than W orate.
Th. Lin. would osll attention of merchant geaeraUr to
the fact that hereafter the regular shipper, by this lino
will be charged only 10 cent, per 100 lbs., or 4 cent per
loot, aurtng the winter Masons.
For farther particulars apply to
JOHN V. OHI
SS8S PIER 19, NORTH WHARVES.
FOR LIVERPOOL AND
""-rJJ f'viuKKBTOWN. Inmaa Lin. of Mail
Will fJP rtteamere . r. .nnnintul ... i 1 -
tna, via Halifax, Tuesday, March S3. 10 A. M.
mil 01 nrawflia ctaiurnay, jnarcn 1, f, ftl.
City of Brooklyn, Baturdsy, April 4, J A. M.
City of New York, via Halifax, Tuesday, April 8,8 A. hf.
City of Antwerp, Saturday, April H, at II A. M.
And each succeeding Saturday and alternate Tuesday,
from Pier 46, Nort h H iver.
KATKS OF FARRAtm
BT TTTR MAtt, KTEAMXB BAIUNO KVKttT SATTTMDaT.
Payable in Uold. Psyahl. In Currency.
FTRbT CABIN 100 I 8TKKRAUK
To I.ondoo. ii To London 40
To Pari 116 I To Pari . " 4,
rassaoa bt ths Tuianax steamx;, via Bar.tr ax.
FIRST CniM. STKRRAOB.
Payabl. in Oold. Payabl. in Currency.
Liverpool. (90 Liverpool .7. i39
Halifax...... 20 Halifax S
St. John, W. P., 4, Bt- John's, N. P., Z.
by Branch Steamer.... " by Brsnob Steamer... .(
Faseengers also forward e4 to Havre, Hamburg, Bremen,
to., at reduced rate.
Ticket can he bonght here at moderate rates by person,
wishing to send for their friends.
lor f urther particulars apply attb. Company Office.
JOHN O. DALK. Agent-.
Or to . 0VOiVVW7l'
46 Ho, 4U3 CHKSN UT Street, Fhiladelphla.
SZfifk. . PHILADELPHIA. RICHMOND,
ilfrA.ESNPKIrOI'K 8TRAMBHIP LINK.
vXllJa THROUGH FRKIGH'P Am IJfljil?.
RfJTtSyJ"11 SOUTH AND WFST. V
lAORJi.Alja.iJ FACULTIES AND REDUCED RATES
tB1?o?cl'oVLT ,T!n' WFDNK.SD AT sod SATURDAY,
KFT BtrnSt. 'rom MK8T WHARF above MAR-
ThErsmav1!0, 'S? RICHMOND MONDAYS and.
TUrEaYB. nd MOaifOLK. TUKBDAYS and SA
No Bill, of Lading rfgned after 13 o'olock on alUna
THROUGH RATKS to all point In Worth aww
Carolina, via 8e.bo.rd Al. X
Prumouth and to Lynchburg, V... T.nni-ee'Snd'tK
Ed IMiM.Kn.,iTd1,,,,,e-M U "1 Kioh-ond
Fro eht HANULFD BUTONOB!, and taken at LOffRR
RATKS THAN ANY OTHER LINKT lAWEH
trans? er" comn,i,"ion lrayaga, or any expense of
Bteamsblps Insure at lowest rates.
Freight received daily.
Stat. Room accommodations for passenger.
. .o r WILLIAM P. clYlK a CO.,
Ho. H8. WHARVKS and Pier I N. WMARVKS
W. P. PORTHK. Agent at Richmond I and O.f, Pemu
T. P. PRO WELL A CO.. Agent at WortoUk. S l?
ONLY DIRECT LINE to FRANCE
WTHR GKNKRAL TRANS ATLANTIO
BRHB1' v atu, u&xoajiu Al
The splendid new vessels on this favorite rout, forth
Continent will sail from Pisr Ho. 60. North rivr, ,Tery
Saturday.
,a . ... PRICEjOF passage
In gold (Including wine),
TO I1KK8T OR HAVBF.
Fto'001' fo4pARI8n(1 CUlB U
flnclndlng railway tickets, furnished on board
First Cabin $145 I Beoond Cabin ....181
These steamers do not carry steerage passengers
Medical attendance free of charge.
American travellers going to or returning from th. eon
tin. mt of Kurtpe, by taking the steamers of this lb avoid
nnneoesaAi-y risks from transit by English railways anil
crossing th. ohannel. besides saving time, troubli, and ex
pense. GHORGK M AUK KNZIE. Agent.
, No. 68 BROADWAY. Aew York.
For passage In Philadelphia, apply at Adaim RxDreaa
Company, to H. L. 1EAF.
176
Ho, 820 OHKSNUl Street.
NORTH GERMAN LiOYD.
CT 17 A a A T rrfimr n.nu w. . .
Fr BREMEN, VIA BOUTUAllrTON:
ermri .1 ua. nivcw oiKaftlKKS OF THK MORTBt
. .vKuiwiy uetween new xora, He
men, and Southampton, carrying th. United State. Eng.
lish. and Continental mails. i "
FROM BMKMKN EVERY fnTTTRDAY
FROM BOUT HAM PTON EVERY TUESDAY
FROM NEW YORK EVERY SATURDAY
iXce q liwaje from New York to Bremen, Itidon, Matrix
Fint Cabin, $120 ; Second Cabin, $73 ; Btearut), 830. Gold.
Th ' i .; weo"Jd ,t.bih-' 'J35 BtrgB, ?40,Gold,
h ""'"i .i . ntfuouu uauiji, 9 a; Bteerags, !
vT v. v. T ' " j1"0 rnKU, iaj JjUUUUQ ttXtX
null,
for
An experienced surgeon is at tached to eack vessel.
All letters must pass through the Post OdUe.
No Bills of Ladin but those of the Company wil re
signed. Bill of Lading will positively not be delivered
bnlore goods ar. cleared at the Custom Uoiae.
bpeoie taken to Havre, Southampton, and Bremen or
th. lowest rates. For freight or passage apply to
,,. OFLRICH8 A CO.,
"t Ho. 68 BROAD Street, N. Y.
aw FOR ClIAKLESTOX,
23 SOUTH CAROLINA,
JJT THK SOUTH. Rlt!TT?WlrRT
fXat AND FLnttina PORTS "
us Dteamuup
PROMETHEUS,
will leav. Pier 17, below Sprue, street,
On THURSDAY, Maroh 17, at 4 P. M.
Comfortable accommodations for Passengers.
Through Passage Ticket and Bills of Lading Issued la
connection wit h th. South Carolina Eailroad to all point.
South and Southwest, and with steamers to Florida ports.
Insurance by tbi- Line ONE-HALF PER CENT.
Goods forw.rd free of commission.
Bills of Ladin lurnished end signed at th. offlc.
For freight or psasage. apply to
It A. SOUDER A CO.,
8 85 . Dock BtreotW-rf.
FROM CHARLESTON TO
ISJ FLORIDA. VIA SAVANNAH TBI-
WEEKLY LINIC.
The foHnvrinr steamers will leave
CiinrioBUin for Florida, via Savannrfh, three times a week,
after arrival of the New York steamships and th. Nort
astern Railroad train :
PILOT BOY (Inland Route .very BUHDAY MORN
INO at 8 o'olock.
DICTATOR, .v.ry TUESDAY EVENING at 8 o'olock.
CITY POINT, every FRIDAY EVENING at 8 o'clock?
Through ticket to be bad f all Charleston and Bavaa
oah Steamship Lin. Agencies in New York.
J. D. AIKEN A CO.,
Ageute at Charleston.
L. J. GUILii AKTIN A CO.,
II Agents at Savannah.
FOR' NEW YORK,
via Delegare and Raritan Canal.
KXPRKrS BTEAMBOAT OOMPANV
The Bream ProDellersof the Line will onmmin. t.. st
ing on the Mth Inst., tearing Daily as usual.
THROUGH IN T WENT k -FOUR HOTTR8.
Good forwarded by all the line, going out of New York
North, Eaat, or West, free of ooiu mission.
Freight, received at low rate
W1LLIA M P. CLYDE A CO., Agent.
No. Ill South DELAWARE Avenue.
JAMES HAND, Atent,
No. 11 WALL btreet, New York. 8 H
i -
FOR NEW YORK,
via Delawnre and Rnritan Canal,
SW1FTBURE TR a-NSPORTATIOH
COMPANY.
DESPATCH AND 6WIFTBURE LINES
Leavinc daily at 12 M. and 6 P. M.
The Steam Pi ot.ellers of this ooiupany will oommencs
loading on the 8t of March.
Through in tvunty foar hour.
Goods forvrardftd to any point free of commission.
Freights take on accommodating tarms.
Apply to WILI I1M M bxird 4 co Agent.
4 No. liia South DELAWARE Avena.
. CT ft' NEW EXPRE88 LINE TO
L1; ' fttTT lxandria, Georgetown, and Washington, TJ.
xfcj.e.a C, via Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, with),
oouuectioni at Alexandria from th. moet direct rout, for
Lynchburg, Bristol, Kuoxvill, Naahviti. Dai too. ud tea
Southwest,
Steamers leav. regularly every Saturday at Dooa froas
the first wharf above Market street.
Freight,. dailVlUJAM p fjYDIt CO,
No. 14 North and Booth wharva.
HYDB 4k TYLER, Agents, at Georgetown) M.
Wl I)R)IGK, A CO.. A genu at Alexandria. 41 1
"1. UK B1- PUUM AH AND BRA-
j m uii w u i a a fvn n rs u x n.jy.i . .
MAIL STEAMSHIP COMPANY.
VLnu ulttjp Mail KtAun.iv tlin iui Ih..
JLHi (1 ' J li 1 mi i ii .
M KKHIM AUK, OapUtln Wier. ,
SOUTH AMKKIOA, Captain R. L. Tinklepangh.
NOK'ili AMERICA, Captain U. B. Sloouiu.
These splendid steamers sail on schedule time, and call
at St. Thomas, Para, Peraambuoo, Batua, and Rio d
Janeiro, going and returning.
For angiuteinenia of freight or paaaare apply to
WM. K. UARKINON, Agent.
No, S BOWLING URKKN. New York.
aj. TJ. 8. MAIL TO nAVANA.
rfpyStfS ATLANTIC MAIL ST T. AM SHIP CO..
aaiilug regulr!y EVERY THURSDAY
awJji-V- at 8 o'olock P. M., precisely, from Pier
No. 4 North Kiver.
MOKO CASTLK, Captain R. Adam.
COLUMBIA, Captain E. Van Hie.
KAGLK, Captain M. R. Greena,
For freight or pa sag apply to
k- 0 VVHKKLER. J.. President,
14 Bo. t BOWLING UREKN.N.W York.
si.ii 1 rr '-'i