THE DAILY E uivlNG TELEGKAPII rilJLADELPHIA, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 2G, 1868. 6 SUr TEMBER MA GAZINE 3. THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY. Among the more notioeable artioles in the September number of the Atlantic Monthly la one by Mr. T. W. Knox, on the "Siberian Exiles, from which we extract the following: Siberia Kxllea. The plan InatHHirnUvl by Peter the 0et his r-en followed by all bis buoccssoru. Crime in Russia is rarely punished wUli dettti; mnny offenses which in other countries would dera ind the execution of th ! oirender are there lollowad by cxilo to Siberia. As Rustit Is but thinly inhabited, her rulers are greatly averse to taking the lives of their subjects; the transfer ot au individual from one part of the empire to au Other Is a satisfactory Diode of pnnisiiuieat, and plmlly practised in a country that has no popu lation to spare. Siberia, with its immense area, has barely four millions of Inhabitants, and consequently possesses abundant room for all those who offend against Russian 1ab. Crimi nals of various grades become dwellers iu Siberia, and very often make excelleut citizens; then there are political offenders, banished for disturbing the peace and dignity of the State, or loving other lonus of government better than the Emperor's. Outside of Rissta thpre is a be lief, as erroneous as It is general, that the groat majority of exiles are poU'iquea. Except at the close of the periodic revolutions in Poland, the criminals outnumber the political exiles iu , tho ratio of twenty to one. For a year Or more fol lowing each strueste of the Poles for their national Independence the road to Siberia 1 travelled to au unusual extent; between tlia in surrections there is only the regular stream of deported criminals, with here aud there a batch, of those who plot aeainst tbe (iovernment. It is easy to go to Siberia; easier, 1 am told, than to (jet away from it. liaiushmeut is de cried for various offenses, some of them of a very terious character. Many a murderer, who would have beeu hanged iu England o. America, has been tent into exile with th opportunity of becoming a free citizen after ten or twenty jears ot compulsory labor. On the descenditig Bcalo ot culpability there are burglars, street aud highway robbers, petty thieves, and so through a list of namableand nameless offenders. 13e!orc tho abolition of serfdom, a master could send a serf to Siberia for no other reason ttiau thai he chose to do so. The recjrd aaiuat the exile stated that ho was banished "by the will ot his master," but it was not nece-sary to declare the caiue of this exer cise of arbitrary power. The plan was instituted to enable laud owners to nd themselves ot idle, quarrelsome, or dissolute sorts, whose abseuce was desirable, but who had committed nooff.-nse that the laws could touch. Doubtless it was often abused; and instances are narrated where the best men or women on au estate have been banished upon caprice of their owners, or for worse reasons. Its liability to abuse was checked bv the requitement that the master must pay the outfitting aud travelling expenses of the exiled serf, and ulao those of his wile and immature childreu. Of political exiles there are the men, and sometimes women, concerned in tne various in Burrections in Poland, taken with arms in tlmlr hands, or involved in conspiracies for Polish, independence. Then there are Kussian revolu tionists, Jilce the Decembrists of 1N55, or the restless spirits that now and then declare that the government of the Czar is not the best for their beloved country. Iu the scale of mtelli pence, the poliltquesxre far above the criminals, and frequently include some of Russia's ablest men. Theoretically all persons sent into exile with the exception of the serfs mentioned above must be tried and convicted before a court, military commission, or some kind of judicial authority. Practically this is not always the ease; but instances oi arbitrary banishmest are lar less frequent now than under former rulers. Catharine 11. exiled many of her subjects with out so much as a hearing, aud the Empeior l'aul was accustomed to issue orders o deportation for little or no apparent reason. Nicholas, though severe, aimed to be lust; and the present Emperor nas the reputation ot tem pering justice with mercy quite as much as could by expected of a ciepoiic muunrcu. Vt-i jr likely it occasionally happeus that a banished man has no trial, or is uniairly sentenced; out I do not think Russia is any worse in the matter ot justice thau the average of Europeiu govern ments. Certainly the rule of Alexander is better than that of the Queen of Spain ; and, so far as I Lave knowledge of Austria and Frauce, there is little to choose between them and their rugged Northern antagonist. A criminal condemned to exile is sent away with very little ceieuiony; and the same is th. case with the great majority ol politiques. Where mi officer of the army, or other person of note, has been sentenced to bautshmeut for life, he is dressed iu lull uniform, and Ud to a scaf fold in some public place. In the prepuce of the multitude, and of certain officials appointed to execute the sentence, he is made to kneel. His epaulets and decoratlins are then torn from his coat, and his sword is broken above his head, to indicate that he no onger posses-es rank and title. He is declared gaily dead; his estates are confiscated to the Crowu; and his wife, if he is married, can con sider herself a widow if she so chooses. From the ecailold he sturts on his journey to Siberia, llis wife aud children, sisters or mother, can follow or accompany him, but only on the condition that they share his banishment, Mid cannot return to Europe. Children born to him iu exile are illegitimate iu the eye of the law, and teciiuicallyT though not practilly, are forbidden to bear their family name. They cannot leave Siberia while their father is under eenteuee; but this regulation is occasionally evaded by daughters marrying, and travelling under the name of their husbands. Formerly St. Petersburg and Moscow were the points of departure lor exiles on their way to Siberia, most of tlie convoys beiDg made up at the latter city. Those from be. Petersburg generally passed through Moscow; but some time?, when great haste was decreet, they were eeut by a snorter route, and reached the great road at Perm. At present tho proper starting poiutis at Nijne Novgorod the terminus of the railway unless the exiles happen to come from the eastern provinces, in which case they are sent to Kazan or Kkaterinebur.". Distinctions huve always been carefully made between po litical and criminal oileudois. Mn of noble birth were allowed to ride, and, while on the road, enjoyed certain privileges which were denied their luferiors. Wometimes, owing to the unusually largo numbers goiug to Sib.-rla, the facilities of transportation were unequal to the demand. It limn happened that indi viduals entitled to ride were compelled to go on foot, and occasionally, by mistake or the bru tality of ollicials, u politique was placed among criminal. Persons of tfce high est rank were often treated with special deference, and went more like princes on pleasure-journeys than as men banished from their homos. W Den brave old Suwaroff, who covered the Russian name with glory, fell under the displeasure of his sovereign, and was ordered to Siberia, a luxurious coach with a guard of honor was asnlined to his u-e. "No," fcald tbe aged wairior, as be stepped from his door, and beheld the flittering equipaue, "Suwaroff goes not to parade, but to exile," He then commanded a common wagon, like that in general use among the peasantry, and departed with note but his driver aud the soldier who had him iu charge. Of lute years the government has increased its facilities of transportation, and assigns vehicles to a much lareer proportion thau formerly of its travelling exilon. in my winter Journey from Lake liaikal westward I met fre quent convoys of prisoners, and think that uot nioie thau a fifth or a sixth of them were on foot. Those who rode were in the ordinary sleighs of the country, ami appeared comfortably protected against the cold as much so as travellers in vehicles of the tame class. A convoy coutuiuod from five to fifteen or tweuty fcleiiihs, and treneially the first and last sleighs were occupied by tuo guards. If prisoners were on foot, their guards walked witfi them, and thus Insured their cliarces aaainst being pruned forward too rapidly. Women Hccompuuy lug the exiles aro always treated with consideration, especially if they happen lo be young and pretty: gallantry to the tender tcx is not wuuinig; iu the Ru-.uluu breast, whatever some wrPers may have declared to the contrary. I remember a cjuple ot oil ladiei accompanying a couvoy tht I happened to encounter in one of my dtdl? baits. The officeis and foldiers were as deferential and kind to them as though they were their own mothers, and attended them Into and oat of their sleighs with evident desire to make them corafortaole. Each cwtivoy of pedestrian pris oners ws generally allowed from one to half a dozen vehicles to carry women, b iggage, and such of tbe nu n as became lootsore. Along the entire line of the great roal tbroaeb. Bibetla, as well as on the side roads leading to the principal distticts, there are stations where exiles are lodged during their nightly halts. These stations arc from ten to twenty-five miles apart, and generally just outside the villages where post-horses are changed. Tney couaist of one or more houses surrounded with high fences, containing gateways for men and car riage!. Each station is in charge of a resident guard, whose room is uear the gate; while the space asslgnod to prisoners li farther from the place of egress. None of the stations are invit ing in point of cleanliness, and tbe number of fleas Vt hicb. they can and do harbor Is not easy to compute. Ah exile once told me that each station would average ten resident fleas to every lodger, without counting' those that belong especially to the travellers, and are carried by them to their places of dobtination. The stations have theo retical conveniences for cooking, but these are sometimes more imaginary than real. The rations dealt out to the exiles consist of rye bread and cabbage soup the national diet of the Russian Empire. The guards are responsible for tbe safety of the prisoners confided to them, aud are equally culpable whether their charges are lost by acci dent or escape. Some yeuis ago a Folish lady, on ber way into exile, lell fro n a boat whilo descending a river, and barely escaped diowu nig; when she was rescued, the soldier wept lor joy, and lor some minutes was unable to spak. When his tears were dried, he said to the lady: "I om responsible for you, and shall be severely punished it you are lost; I beg of you, for my sake, rot to drown yourself, or fall into the river again." J he rapidity of travel varies according to the character and effetee of the prisoner. Distin guished ollenders against the State are often sent forward in vehicles, of course with orders to make no halt except for food and change of horses until they have reached their journey's end. In 1825 the exiled Decembrists were taken from St. Petersburg to Nerchinsk, on the headwaters of the Amoor, a distance of five thousand miles in thirty-one days. A few years earlier several prisoners were sent from Moscow to Kamchatka, nearly ten thousand miles awav, and made no unneces sary stoppage on the" eatire route. Ordi nary prisoners transported in vehicles aie generally balled at the stations at night, but a3 they can sleep quite comfortably while on the road, the most of them prefer to make little delr.y, and finish their journey as soon as possible. Exiles have told tue that they petitioned the officers conducting them not to remaiu over night at the stations, as by con stantly travelling they avoided the neces sity ot lodging in. badly ventilated and gene rally repulsive rooms. The officers were quite willing to grant their request, but sometimes the distances between different convoys forbade the iutringement ot the general rule. Parties on foot travel two days in succession, and then :est one day their day's marches being from one station to the next. If the roads are good, the travel is no more fatiguing than the ordi nary march of an army, unless the prisoners happen to wear cha'.ns or letters. The pedes trian prisoners often a?k to be excused from halting every third day, as they find tho open air greatly preferable to the confinement of the station, and are naturally desirous ot making an eany end of their (ravelling life. The jour ney on foot from Moscow to the mines ot Ner chinsk, where the worst criminals are generally sent, requires lrom teu to fifteen and even twenty months, according to the various con tingencies of delay. The Russian people, the Siberiaus especially, are very kind to prisoners; when convoys are passing through villages and towns, the in habitants give liberally of money and pro visions, and never seem weary of bestowing clxaxity, evou though tlioir iucmui ai'o litntlc-J. In each party, of prisoners, whatever may be its size, there Is one person to receive for all, the office being changed daily. The guards do not oppose the reception of alms, but, so lar as I could observe, always appeared to encourage it. When I was in Irkutsk I was lodged iu a house that fronted a prisou on the other side ot a public square; I used fre quently to see parties carrying water lrom the river to the prison, each party consisting of two men beariag a large bucket upon a pole, and guarded by two soldiers. One of the twaiu generally doffed his hat to every person they passed, aud solijited "charity to the uufortuuate." When anybody approached them with the evident intention of being benevolent, the guards invariably slopped, to atlovd opportunity lor almsgiving. To sansty myself, 1 tried the experiment repeatedly, and always found the soldiers halting as soon as I placed my hand to my pocket. One prisoner received the gift, but both returned thanks, and called for blessings ou the head ot the giver. The Russians never apply the name of "prisoner" or "exile" to a buuished individual, except in conversation in other languages than tneir own. ineMoeriau people mvariaoiy call the exiles "unfortunates"; in official documents and verbal communications they are classed as "involuntary emigrants " The treatment of an exile varies according to the crime proven or alleged against him, and for which he has received sentence in Russia. The severest penalty is perpetual banishment, with twenty years' compulsory labor iu mines. Hard labor was formerly assigued tor life; at present, if a man survives it tweuty years, ha is then allowed to register himself u9 a resident of a specified district, and is not liable to ba called upon for further service. Below this highest penalty there are sentences to compul sory labor lor dillorent terms all the way from one year upwards. The exiles condemned to loug terms of servitude are gene rally sent to the diblrlct of Nerchiusk beyond Lake Baikal ; technically they are required to labor underground, but practically they are employed on or below tho luifncc, just as their superintendents may direct. Formerly all convicts sentenced to labor for lite had their nostrils slit, and were branded on the lorehead; this practice was abandoned nearly twenty years ago, so that few persons thus mutilated are now seen. A great many prisoners are kept In chains, which thy wear day aiid night, whether working or lying idle. 1 could never hear the clanking of chains with out a shudder, and according to my observa tion, the Russians did not consider it a cheerlul souud. By regulation, the weight of the chain mur-t not exceed five pounds, and the links are not less thiu a certain specified number. Some convicts wear chains, aud otlieis do not; the same is the case amoi.g Um potinquen; 1 was tumble to learn where and why the line of fettering or non-let-teriug was drawn. None of the pedestrian xiles I met on the road were in chains, ami f was told that tho woint offenders arc allowed the lull use of their limbs while travelling. The exiles sentenced to lorced labor ( Kutorga) are ordinarily but a Hindi proportion five or teu per cent. ot the whole number; possibly tuo lutio is lareer now than under previous em perors, as the emancipation ot the serfs h'is done away with buniMimeiit "by the will of the nasier." The lowest sentence now given is that ot simple depot latior, the exile having lull liberty to go where he choo6e, unless It bo out of the country. He may live in any province or Uistnct, ei'gagu iu whatever honest bntues he finds profitable and aareeable, and have pretty much his own way in everything. The piohibition to leturn is for a specified time, aud, as it pivis linn the range of a country larger than the United States, he has plenty of room for stutching his limbs. Less happy are tho exiles confined to specified provinces, diMricts, towns, or villages, and required to report to the police at stated intervals. Some of them must icport daily, others every third day, others once a week, and so on through an increasing scale of time; betwcea the Intervals ol reporting they can absent them selves fiom home cither with or without special permission. Some of the simple detenus can en gage in any business they iuuey, while o'.hers arc restricted as to their employments. Many exiles are condemned to be colouists, generally In the northern parts of Siberia; they ate furnished with the means for building houses, and reoelve allotments of land to clear and cultivate. They cau employ their surplus time In nun ting, fishing, or any other occupation not lncompatiole with the life of a back woodsman. It Is not an agree able fate to be sentenced to become a colonist in Biberla, especially If one has been tenderly reared, and knows nothing of manual labor until tbe time ot his banishment. Many exiles are "dratted Into tbe army," and assigned to duty as common soldiers. Tney receive soldiers' pay aud rations, and have the possibility of promotion if their conduct is meritorious. Th y are generally assigned to renlmeots on the frontier of the Kirghese country, or in Clrcassin, where the opportunities lor desertion and escare are very slight. The regulations forbid more thau a certain propor tion of 'such men In each regiment, and these are always well distributed among the faithful. In some Instances revolts have occurred among tbe drafted men, but I never heard that they were successful. Desertions are occasional; but as the oepeiters generally flee to tbe countries beyond the border, they find, when too late, thattbey have exchanged their frying-pan for a very hot tire. The Kirghese, Turcomans, and other barbarous Asiatics, have an unpleasant habit ot making slaves ot stray foreigners who enter their country without proper authority; to prevent escape, they Insert a uorse-nalr into a small incision iu a prisoner's heel, and cripple bun lor life. He is thus secured auniust walking away, and they take good care that he does not have access to a horse. Tbe exiles in Asiatic Russia are far lens nnmeioustban the descendants of exiles, who form a considerable proportion of tbe popula tion. Eastern Siberia Is mainly peopled by In voluntary emigrants, aud theirsecoiid and third generations; while Wo.tern Siberia Is very largely so. The ordinary deportatiou across the L'ral Mountains is about tea thousand a year, nearly all of them being offenders against the civil laws. Each revolt in Poland makes a lare number of exiles who are not counted in the reeular supply. From the revo lution of 18U3 twenty-four thousiud Poles were banished beyoudthe lira's ten thousand being sent to Eastern Siberia, aud the balance to the Western Provinces. Many of these men were liberated by the ukae of 18G7, and others have been allowed to transfer their banishment to countiies outside of Russia. Quite recently I met In New York a young Polo who went to Isibcriain 18(15, and was permitted inthefollow ing year to exchange that country for America. It is hardly necessary to say that he promptly embraced the opportunity, and docs not regret' doing so. Exiles are found In so many occupations in Siberia, that it would be bard to mention any thing in which they are uot engaged, uuIcbs it be holding high official position. Many subor dinate offices are tilled by them, aud I believe they do their duty quite as well as the average of tbe rest of mankind. It was not unusutl m my lourney to find them in charge of post stations, and 1 was told that mauy exiles were In service as (.iovernment clerks, messengeis, aud employees of vtuioiis giades, During a month's s' ay at Irkutsk, the capital ot Eastern 8iberia, I encountered a fair Lumber of men I knew to be exiles aud probably a great many more of the same class whose condition was not mentioned to me. The clera of the principal .hotel was un exile, and so was one of the waiters; an officer who dined there with me said the clerk was his schoolmate aud graduated io his class. A merchant of whom 1 used to buy my cigarettes, was an involuntary emi grant; and I believe that the man who fabri cated ihem, and whose shco was near ray lodg ings, jourueyed 10 Siberia against his will. My fur clothing was made by au exiled tailor; my boots were repaired by a banished cobbler, and my morning beefsteak and potatoes were pre pared by a cook who left St. Petersburg with the aid of the police. A gcntlemau of my ac quaintaLce frequently placed his c irriage at my service, and with It a driver who pleased mo with his skill aud dash. One night this driver was a Utile intoxicated, aud amused me and a Iriend at my bide by his somewhat reckless drivinc. We commented in t'renrh upon his condition, and laughed a little at the situation; Wheu he set us down at our door, he protebted that ho wan prreotly lobcr, aud hoped we would not say to his master what we had talked between ourselves. He happened to be au exile from St. I'etersburg, where he had beeu eoachmau to a Ftenoh family, and learned something of the Frenoh language. Most of the exiles condemned io bo coloulsts are sent to the provinces of Yakutsk and Yene seisk, where they are little likely to be seen by stranpers. I saw very few of those now colo nizing Siberia by involuntary emigration, uot enough to enable tue to foim an opinion from my own knowledge. I think, however, that my comment and conclusion regarding the convicts in the mines will apply very fairly to this other Class ot laborers'. We come now lo the exiles, pore and simple. If a man can forget that he is deprived ot liberty, he is not under ordinary circumstances very badly off in l-iberia. He leads a more indepen dent lite unless under the special eye of the police than in European Russia, aud has a better prospect of wealth and social advance ment. 11 a laboring mau, be can generally be more certain of employ incut than iu the region whence he came, and, except in times of special scarcity, can purchase food quite as cheaply as where the population is more dense. Every body around him is oblivious of the fault that led to his exile, and he is afforded full op portunity for reformation. If a farmer, he cul tivates his land, tells his surplus crops, aud sits in his own house, with no fear that he will be disturbed for past offenses. If he broueht no family with him, he is permitted, and encour aged to marry, though not required to do so. The authorities know very well that he who has wife and children is more a fixture in the coun try then one who has uot; and hence their readi ness lo permit an exile to take his family to Siberia, aud their encouragement for htm to commit matrimony If he goes there unmarried. Exiles to Siberia, ospeclally those who marry there, and aie not cursed by fortune, frequently become as much attached to the country as the men who visit California or the West Intending to Btay but a lew years, and never finding a suitable time to return. Many exiles remain in Siberia after their terms of banishment aro ended, especially If they have been long in the couii'iy, and hesitate to return to Russia and find themselves forgot'eu. Some men con sider their banishment a piece of good fortune as it enabled them to hccooiolish what they never could have done in the old country. Especially is this the case among the Berts, banished "at the will of their masters." Every exiled serf became a free peasaut as soon as he entered Siberia, and no law existed whereby he could be re-enslaved. His ch Idrcu were free, and enjoyed a Condition far supeiior to that of the terf, under the system prevalent but re 1850. Mnny descendants of exiles have become wealthy through aold mining, commerce and agriculture, and occupy high civil positions. I know a nn-r-cbaut whose lortune is counted by millions, and vtho is famous through Siberia for his enterprise and generosity; he Is the son of au exiled serf, and has risen by his own ab'liiy. Since 1 left Siberia, I learn with pleasure that the Kuiperir has honored Ivm with tv -decoruMon the boon so pricel'-ssto every Ru siau heart. Many prominent merchants and proprietary miueis were mentioned to me as examples of tho pros perity of the second and third KenerutioLs from banished men. I was told of a wealthy gold miner, whose evening of life is cheered by an ample lortune aud two well educated children. Foity years auo his master gave him a star', iu life bv capriciously sending him to Siberia; had the mau remained In Euroin'. the chances are nioie than even that he wouli have died unno ticed aud uukuowu. The Study of Poison. From Dr. S. W. Mitchell's interesting paper on "The Modern Methods of Studying Poison," we extract the following: The poisonous agents which have power to destroy lileby acting directly on the heart are numerous. Among them we find aconite und digi'slis well known as medicines aad useful to control tumultuous or over-excited uctlvity in this essential ore an. Several, also, of the Eastern arrow poisous belong to this class as the upas, ot Borneo; and. flu ally, tbe corroval, an arrow poison ot the Isthmus of Panama. To point out ptecUtly it what way these various arcnls influence the heart wnuli require us to explain at length the wnole phys.oiogy of this orean, and to discuss the function of the different nerves which enter It. We shall there fore content ourselves with relating what is known tn regard to corroval, a poison which thus far has been Investlsated only by two American toxlcologists. Like woorara, this substance is a resinous-looking mateilal, which is certainly of vegetable origin. It is used as an arrow poison by tbe dwellers on the Rio DaMen, but of the nature of the plants which yield it we know absolutely nothing. Thus far It Is known only to savages, and to two or three students of poisons, nor, if it were use 1 to kill man, would It be possible to detect I . in the tissues. As in tbe case of woorara, let us relate briefly how the toxic characters of cortoval were first investigated. A free was held while tbe ooerator placed a morsel ot pol'on in a wound made in the back. In ten or twelve minutes It showed signs of lassitude, and in half au hour was totally mo tionless and dead. Nothing was seeu to lead to the belief that the toxicologic was dealing with a substance differing from common woorara. lhe outward signs were alike. A second frog was then poisoned, after a little V-shaped opening had been so mude as to cx ose the heart, whose natural beat was noted as being forty-five to the minute. In three minutes it was unaltered as to number, but had become irregular, Then it began to tail, beating thirty at the filth minute, und ceasing half a minute later, the auricles continuing somewhat longer. As the organ tailed a strange lact was noted; at the Instant when the great cavity of the heart the ventrHe contracted so as to expel the blood into the arteries, it was observed that here and there on its surface little prominences arose, which were presumed to bo due to lliefe parts being palsied so that they yielded under the pressure from within. Tuat this was a true view of the case was shown by pinching or galvanizing minute portions of a healthy, active heart, when the same appear auces were noted at the points enfeebled by the over-stimulation to which they had been thus mechanically subjected. Wheu the heart stopped it could not be re-excited by a touch, or by electric currents, ns was the case in woorara poisoning, or in death from violence. During all of this time, and for twenty minutes after the heart ceased to beat, tho frog leaped about with readiness and ease, so that it seemed pietty clear that corroval was a poison which paralyzed directly tne tissues of the heart, with out at first Influencing any other portion ol tho economy. To put this beyond doubt, the ex perimenter tried to keep up tho circulation by causing artificial breathing, which In the case of woorara was competent to sustain the heart's action. Here, however, tho heart stopped as though no such means had been used. The same observation may be better made on the alligator, because iu this creature the breathing contiaues for some twenty minutes after the heart has ceased to pulsate, thus making it still more clear that the heart does not die owing to defect of respiration. Lastly, it was shown that when in a healthy frog tho heart is cut out, or its vessels tied, voluntary and reflex motion dis appear at about the same period as they do when corroval has been given; whence it was inferred that this agent destroys the general movements only bec ause it tirt interrupts the circulation of the blood, without which they soon cease to be possible. Sir Walter Raleigh. Mr. E. P. Whipple gives the following ao connt of the death and character of Sir Walter Raleigh : Tbe restless activity of bis mind now found a vent in experimental science aud iu literature; and, taking a theme as large as the scope of bis own mind, he set himself resolutely to work to wiite tLo History of tbe World. Meanwhile he spared no arts of influence, bribery, and flattery oftheK'ng to get his liberty; and at last, in March, 1G15, was released, without being par doned, on his teuiptiug the cupidity of James with circumstantial details of the mineral wealth of (iuiana, and by offering to conduot au expedition theie 'o open a goldmine. With a fleet of thirteen ships he set still, arrived on the coast in November, and sent a lanre puny up the Orinoco, who, after having attacked aud burnt tbe Spauish town of St. Thomas, au engaeement iu which Raleigh's eldest sou lost his life, returned to their sick aud mortised commander with the intelligence tnat they had failed to discover the mine. The accounts of what afterwards occurred in this ill-fated expedition are so confused and contradictory that it is difficult to obtain a clear Idea of the tacts, it Is sufficient that Raleigh returned to England, laboring under Imputations of false hood, treichery, and contemplated treason and piracy; and that he there found the Spanish ambassador clamoring in the court of James for his lite. His ruin was resolved upon; aid, as he never had beeu par doned, it was thought more convenient to execute hini on the old sentence than 'iorun the risk of a newtrir.I for hie alleged offenses since. Iu other words, it was resolved io use tne technicalities ot law to violate its essence, and to employ certain legal refinements as instruments of murder. On the 29th of Oo tober. 1618, he was accordingly beheadel. ' His behaviour on the scaffold was what might have been expected lrom tho dauntless spirit which, in its experience of nearly the whole circle of human emotions, bad never felt the sensation of fear. After vindicating his conduct in a manly and dignified speech to the spectators, he desired the headsman to show him the axe, which not being done at once, he said, "I pray thee let mo see it. Oust thou think that I am attaid of it?" After he had taken it in his band, he felt curiously along the edge, and then smilingly remarked to the Sheriff: "This is a sharp medictue, but it is a physician lor all diseases." After he had laid his head on the block, ho was requested to turn it on the other side. "So the heart be right," he replied, "it is no matter which way the head lieth." After forgiving the headsman, and praying a few moments, the signal was made, which not being immediately followed bv the stioke, Raleigh said to the executioner: "Why dost thou not strike? Strike, man!" Two strokes ot the axe, under which bis frame did not shrink or move, severed his head from his body. The immense effusion of blood, iu a man of sixtv-six, amazed everybody that saw it. "Who would have thought," King James miht have said, with another distinguished ornament of the royal house of Scotland, "that the old man bad so much blood iu him 1" Yes, blood enough in bis veins, and thought enough in his head, and heroism enough in his soul, to have served England for twenty years more, had folly and bareness not otherwise willed it I" The superabundant physical and menial vitality ot this extraordinary man is seen almost equally in his actions aud his writings. A courtier, riding abroad with tbe Queen in his 1 suit or silver armor, or in attendance at her j court, dreBsed, as tbe antiquai y tells us, In "a ' white satin doublet all embroidered with white ' pearls, hnd a mighty rich chain of groat pearls ; about his neck," he was still not imprisoned by these magnificent vanities, but could abnndou them joyfully to encounter pestilential chma.es, and lead desperate maritime enterprises. As uu orator he was not only powerful in the Com mous, but peisuasivo with Individuals. No body could resist his tongue. Tho yueen, we i are told, "was much ti ken with his elocution, i loved to hear Ins reasons, aud took him for a ' kind ot oracle." To his counsel, more than to any other man's, England was in debted for the destruction ot the Spanish : Armada. lie 6poke and wrote wisely I and vigorously on policy and goernment, on uuvtil architecture, and naval tactic: Ainom.' 1 his public services we may rank his claim to be considered the introducer iuto Europe of tobacco and the potato, in political economy, he anticipated the modern doctr'ue of free trade aud freedom of industry; bo first staled ul-o lhe theory regarding pjpulatiou which is associate I with the name of Mulihus ; and, though himself a pold-seeker, be saw clearly that gold ha 1 no peculiar preciousue6s beyond any oMier commo dity, and that it was the value ot what a nanon derived from its colonies, and not the kind ol value which made colonies important. In in tellectual philosophy Dugall Stewart admits that he anticipated his own leading doctrine, in respect lo "the fundamental laws of human belief." Ills curious and practical intellect, stung by ail secrets, showed also an ap'ttude for tho experimental investigation of natural phenomena, Garibaldi. In an artiole on "the Island of Mt ldelena," Bayard Taylor thus refers to Garibaldi: Garibaldi has a are at advantage over all tho political personages of our day, in the logged simplicity of his habits. He uns no single ex pensive taste. Whether he sleeps on a spring mattress or a rock, cats filet, or fish and macca roui, Is all the same to him nay, be prefers the simpler tare. The persons whom be employs eat at the same table with him, and his guests, whatever their character or title, are no better served. An Englishman who went to C.iprera as the representative of certain societies, and took with him, as a present, a dozeu of tha finest bams and four dozen bottles of the choicest Cha'eau Margaux, was horrified to find, the next dsy, that each gardener, herds mau, and fisbermau at the table had a uenerous lamp ot ham ou his plate and a bottle of Chateau Mareanx betide it I Whatever delicacy comes to Garibaldi is served in lhe same way ; and of the large turns of money contributed by his friends and Hdmirers, he has retained scarcely anvthinp. All is given to "The Cause." (inribaldi's three prominent traits of character honesty, unselfishness, and independence are so marked, and have been so variously illus trated, that, no one in Italy (probably not even Pius IX or Antom 111) dares to dispute his jiibt claim to them. Add the element ot a rare and inextinguishable enthusiasm, and we have the qualities which have made the man. Ue Is wonderlully adapfel to be the leader of an impulsive and imaginative people, during tho-e periods when tho rush and swell of pcpular sentiment overbears alike diplomacy aud armed lorce. Such a time came to him in 1800, and the Sicilian and Calabrinn campaign will always stand hs tbe climax ot his achievements. 1 do uot speak of Aspromonte or Mentaua now. The history of those attempts cannot bo written until Garibaldi's private knowledge of them may be safely made known to the world. It occurred tome, as 1 looked upou Caprera, that only nn enthusiastic, imaginative nature could be content to live in such an isolation. It is hardly alone disgust with the present s.ate of Italy which keeps him from that seat in tho Italian Parliament io which he is regularly re elected. He can neither use the tact of the politician, nor emnloy the expedients of the btaiesmun. He has no patience with adverse opinion, no ch ar, objective peiception of char acter, no skill to calculate tbe reciprocal action and cumulative force of political Ideas. He simply sees an end and strikes n bee liue for it. As a military commander he is admirable, so long as operations can be conducted under his immediate personal control. Inshort, he belongs to that small ciass ot great men, whose achieve ments, fame, and influence rest upon excellence of character, and a certain macnetic. lufectlous warmth of purpose, rather tl au on high, intel lectual ability. There may be wiser Italian patriots than he; but there is none 60 puro aud devoted. SHIPPING. V STEAM TO LIVERPOOL, CALLING Z AT UUEKNOTOWN. lue niuiiu Line, under contract with the United (States and British woven) menm, for carrying tl e Malls. lMerd desiainilnK their bIcbh ers as follows: CITY OP AN I WJSRP Huturdav, August 2:1 un uf fAKis N&turaay. Heitniter 6 CH YOFWAfSHINQT'JNfVlft HallfaxjTuesd'y.Sept. 8 CITY OF LONDON Bainrday, Septetubf r 12 CITY OF BALTIMORE Saturday. HepteuiOer IS and each succeeding Saturday and alternate Tuesday at 1 P. W., from Pier No. 45 NOKTH River. Bates of passaife by the Mall Bteatuer BAILING EVJtKY SaTUKDAY: Payable In Gold. I Payable In Currency. First C'abiD. ........ ......... 100. Steerage. 85 " to London 106 " to London...... " to Paris.... I IB I " to Paris 47 .raflsage by the Tuesday sfamers: cahln, IK), gold; Steerage, 180, currency. Kates ot passage from New York to IUIIIhx Cabin, 2u; Hteerage, 111), In gold. Pusenarers also forwarded to Havre, Hamburg, Bre men, etc., at moderate rates. Steerage pHssage from Liverpool or Queenntown, til), currency. Tlolceis cair be bought here by persons sending tor their friends. For lunner Information, apply at the Company's vuiue. Junfl ' rJt Agent, No. IB BROADWAY, New York. Or, CDONNELL & FAULK, Managers. 12 9 No. 411 CHEMNUr Btreet, Phlla. -rifSFFt-, NORTH AMERICAN STEA1ISIIH Jawyi'ri i COMPAQ Y. Vhrough lilma to California, via Faaam Kailroact. HEW ARRANGEMENT, Balling from New Yoik on the sth and 2oth ol EVERY M ON Tii, or the day belure wheu tnesedate., lall ou Sunday. Piasage lower tban by any other line. For lulormallon address D. N. CARBINGTON, Ajrsat. Pier Ne. 46 NORTH H1VKK, New York", Or THOMAS K. BHJARLE, No. 217 WALNUT btreet, Philadelphia. Pa. W. H. WEBB, President.. CHAS. DANA, Vlce-Prea Ortlcc 64 EXCHANGE Place. New Yotk, 1 8 9m FASSAGE TO AND FROM GKEAT LiH ItRl I AljN AND IRELAND iiV eTEAMislllP ANI BAILING PACKET, AT RKDLCltiJ KATES. DRAFTS AVAILABLE THKUUOHOUT KNXI LANI, IRELAND, SCOTLAND, AND WALE) J. For particulars apply to .TTO-ltb, BROTHERS A CO., Pto, 86 SOUTH btreet, and No. 28 BROAOWA Y, Or to THOMAS T.SilLC, .11. J. 217 WALNUT Street. FOR BOSTOX-VIA N1CWPOBT AND FALL RIVER. Tbe BOSTON and NEWPORT LINE, by the splen did and superior steamers NEWPORT, METRO POLIS, OLD COLONY, and EMPIKs! STATE, of great strength und speed, constructed expresly for the navigation of Loug Inland Sound, running In connection with the OLD COLONY AND NEW POR1 RAILROAD. Leave PIER 21. NORTH IUVEB, foot of MUR RAY btreet. The steamer NEWPORT, Captain Brown, leaves Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, at P. M., landing at Newport. lhe steamer OLD COLONY. Captain Simmons, leaves Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, at 4 1', M landlng at Newport. These steamer are fitted op with commodlons state-rooms water-tight compartments, aud every arrangement tor the Becurl ty and comfort of passen g rs, wbo are afforded by this route a night's rent oa Board, and on arrival at NEWPORT proceed per rail road again, reaching Boston early on the foUowIng morning. A baggage master Is attached to each steamer, who received aud tickets tbe baggage, and aouompavlea tne same to Its destination. A steamer runs In connection with this line between NEWPORT aud PROVIDENCE dally, bundays ex cepted. Freight to Boston Is taken at the same rates as by any other regular line, and forwarded with the great est expedition by an express train, which leaves NEW PORT every morning (Sundays excepted), at 7 o'clock, lor Boston and New Bedford, arriving at lta destination about 11 A. M. For freight or I assage, apply on board, or at the Office, on PIER 2S, NOR1 It RIVER. For state-rooms and berths apply on board, or It It Is desirable to se cure Ihem In advance, apply to . 127 No. 72 BROADWAY .New York. ri. iii i iijAr icLU, Agent, LONDON AND KEV7 YORK 6TEAMSIIIP LINE. Passage to London dlrect,tll0,t76, and $10 currency. Excursion tickets at reduced rates available lor f mouih. ATALANTA, BELLONA. CELLA. WM. PENN. Freight will be Isken and through bills ot lading given to Havre, Antwerp, Rotieru nu, A.mitordaui and Dunkirk, lorihBae apply to ROBERT if CLARK, No, 26 BROADWAY, New ork. For freight at'l ly at o. 54 SOUTH street, 17. Y, S2tit HOW LAND & SIMM WALL, Agent o NLY DIRECT LIKE TO FRANCE. 'I HE OENKRA L TRANstATL NTIO COMPANY'S MAIL STltaDlfcHlt'S! BISnVKM 'NH.VV-YORK AND HAVRE, CA I LING AT BrE'T. The splendid new vexxels on this fuvorile rontu for the Continent will sail front Pier No. 60 NORTU River: N A PuLFONm. Leraarie PhKElHE M Duchesne VILLE UK PARIS Suruiont bT, LAURENT Bocuude Tlime itramert do nut carry iteeragrpcuieatert. Medical alteudum'e free of clins'ti. American travelers going tour resuming from the Continent of Europe, by taklug the aieuuiura of this hue, avoid unnecessary risks from trausit by Engl!r,h railways bhu crowing the channel, bealdes saviug tune, trouble, aud exp-nse. (jEO. MACKENZIE. Agent, 2 26f No. 68 BROADWAY. LIVERPOOL AND GREAT WESTERN STEAM . t5'MA.,DiawoF . J lie lollowiug c moi V.UAPH 1 a 1 HAMKUI I'M. in. IJUIIt r'irqa,J v.. . 1 ,M tt U.HC, lUieUUOll 1., ati reuiilHilv between N tw Vi iu If ..ml 1 iiiiu iltexpressij lor uiiew York trade, are luleinlikl POOL, calllnif at UL'EENblO WN, vis :- MANHATTAN, MINNESOTA, . COI.ORA DO, N KBRASKA, with other first-class steamers building. From Pier No. H7 Kant River. Tickets to bring out passengers trom Europe can be ohialned ou reasonable terms. For freight or pas sage apply to WILLI AMB A GUION, No. 71 WALL Street. For steerage paumge to 12 2S t W1LL1AMU it GUION. No. 20 BROADWAY, SHIPPING. nff irft-s CHARLESTON (S. C.) DI SiiiilTtKCT.-Tl. Al Steamship I'HOUR K. i ii r. l.t- will Dosltlvelv sail on SATURDAY. August 2v 8 P M. i or lYtflght apply to EDMUND A. BOUPETt A OO,. t K Bt No. 8 DOCK Street wharf. rtfVSrfjpv NfcW EXPRESS LINE TO ALEX AifcirtrtfcDdrta. Georgetown, and Washington D. li., via Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, with con nections at Alexandria from the most direct rout lor Lj nchhurg, Bristol, Knoxville, Naabvtile, Daltoa and ibe Southwest. steamers leave regularly every Saturday at nooa ft mi) the lint wbarl Market street. Freight received dally. WM p CLyDR No, 14 North and South Wharves. J. B. DAVIDSON, Agent at Georgetown. M. ELDRIDOE a Co., Ageuts at Alexandria, VIr. tiH. a 1 N ( l I 1 f I,1 I,'. 1 1J VCTtftr r.w.T -wrw . fM't,.! vr.,T " xi'tttv, via, tm Ti A a,. A tt 4 Bt Aetu tJ ll AlV I M A I. vTiui,h hi .. . iu n,r.S; . v! fth?-aA-1 - j . i vuiHriirt i , The Steam Propellers of mis line leave nATTYT from firtt wharf heiow Maraet street. daili THROUGH IN H4 HULKS. Goods forwarded by all tho lines going ontof New Y rh. Ni rih, East, and West, free 01 coinmlsaluo, Fielghta received at our usual low rates, WILLIAM P. Ci,YIE & CO.. AgenU. t . t. . J" 14 WHAKVE1, Philadelphia. JAMFH HAND, Agent, Wi No. llt WALL Street, corner of Bonth, New York, frf. i'uii.adblphia, Richmond fStlMuay. AND NuRtULK. SlEAMslllP LINK, 'llxAOtuU FREIGHT Al K LINE TO TilH SOU'lH ANU WES 1", EVERY SATURDAY, At noon, from FIRST WHARF above MARKET street. '1 H ROUGH RATES and THROUGH RECK,IFT8 to all points In North anu Hou.li Carolina, via tea board Air Line Railroad, connecting at Porisanoulb, and lo Lyucbliurg, V,,Teiiuesee. and tue Wen, via Virginia and Tennessee Air Line aud Rlcumund and Danville Railroad, Freight HANDLED BUT ONCK, and taken at LOWER RalS Tit AN ANY OTHER i,ia. The" regularity . saleiy, autl cbeapueos of lulu route ecu, menu it lo tbe iuiiilc as tne most desirable me dium for carrying eveiy description ol lrel:la. No charge for coniuiiasluu, drajage. ot auy expense Ot tratiBier. Stt anmhlpa Insured at lowest rates. Freight received dolly. WILLIAM P. CLYDE A CO., No. 1! North aud bouih WHARVES. W. P. PORTER. Agent at Richmond aud City Point. T. P. CROWELL & CO.. Agents at Norfolk . 6 lj rrxfrZ FOU NEW YOUK-SWlFr-SURa aMiii iii' mi I I.Triii i -nmlnn Company Despatch a u wiii-Hure Lines, via Delaware aud Rarllaa Canal, on and alter tne llih ot March, leaving dully at 12 m. and 6 P. M connecting with all Northern and. Eastern lines, For trelght, which will be taken on accommodating terms, apply 10 WILLI AH M, BAIRD ALU, , 1 U No. 182 S. DELAWARE Avenue, SAFETY, SPEED, AND COMFORT. FURTHER REDUCTION IN PAiSOAGE RATES. Favorite passenger steamers ot tbe ANvHOH LINfl sail every SATURDAY with pasengeis tor LIVERPOOL. GLAfGOW, AND DERRT, From Pier No 20 North River. Bates of pannage pa able in currency. To Liverpool, Glagow, and Derry, cabins f0 ana 76, according to location. Excursion tickets, good for twelve months, t(J0. Intermediate, fSS; bteerege (26. Prepaid certificates f-om these ports, Passengers booked to and lrom Hamburg, Rotter dam, Antwerp. Havre, etc. at very low rates. l-or luither Inlormailon apply at the Company's Office, No. 8 BOWLING Gui EN, New York. HENDHRtON BROTHERS, To avoid Imposition, passenger will please come direct to the office, as this Company does not employ runners. 22tit CUNARD LIKE OF IXTRA STEAMERS, BE'lWEEN NEW YORK AND LIVERPOOL, CALLING AT QUEEN STOWN. FROM KBW YORK EVERY WEDNESDAY. TRIPOLI. ALEPPO. Steerage tickets from Liverpool or Queenstown at lowest rates. For Freight and Cabin Passage, apply at No. 4 Bowling Green. For steerage Passage, apply at No. 69 Broadway. 2 2t E. CUNARD. STEAMBOAT LINES. BRISTOL LINE BETWEEN KEW YORK LSD VIA BlUSlOL. BOSTON, For providence. Taunton, new bedfobd CAPE COD, ano ail points of railway coiumunlca tlou. Easi and North. lhe new aud splendid steamers BRISTOL and PRwVlDENCE, leave Pier No. 40 NORTH RIVER, foot ot canal street, adjoining Debrassea rtirt Ferry, New Ytrk,al6P. M., daily, Sundays exctpieU. con necting with steamboat train at Bristol al 4 8u A. X.a arriving In Bosiou at A. M.. In time 10 connect wlt.! all the morning trains irom that city. The most de sirable aud pleasant rome to the White Mountains, Travellers lor tnat point cau make direct conaeo tlous by way of Providence and Worcester, or B wton. btate-rooms and Tickets seemed at office on Pier la New 1 ork. 616m H. O. BRIG OS. General Manager. li1 it if n a p v. m 1 v it- On TUESnAVS. THITRSni vsi Tbe splendid new steamer LADY OF THE LARK. Capiaiu INGRAM, leaving Pior 19. above Vine street, every '1 uesuuy, Thursday, aud Saturday at iris A. M., ana returning lrom Cape May ou Monday. Wednesday, aud Friday. wmuay, FAtoE Including Carriage HIra, Bervui,t8...l-50, " " Children. ' season Tickets, 110. Carriage Hire extra. The Lady ot the Lake la a Uue sea-bout, has ha. some state-room accommodaiions, aud is titled up with everything necbesary lor the saleiy and comfort of passengers, G H. HUDDELL, CALVIN T AUG ART. Office No. 88 N. DELAWARE A venoe. 6 autf PHILADELPHIA AND TREN- tou oieauioual Line. Tue steamboat i.iv. i--. jurtREsT leaves ARlli street Wharf, lor Trenton, Slopping at Tacosy, Torresdale. Heverly, Burllugiou, Bristol, Florence, Kobulus' W barl, and White Hill. Leaves Aich Street Wharf! Leaves South Trenton, baiurday, Aug, 22, 2 P. A) Satarday, Aug, It, 6S A.U. buuday, Augutt W, to Burlington, Bristol, aud later mediate iauulagt, leaves Arcu street wharf at 8 A.M. and 2 P. 11.; leaves Brlsto.fat n, A.M. and 4'iP. M. Monday, Aug. 24, AH A.M Mouday, Aug 21, A.M Tuesday, " 2t, 6 a M Tuesday, " if. 111 A.M Wtd'uay, ' 2, s.'jA.M Wed day, 2a. liiA.II Thursday. " 27, 8 A.M I'huisday, " 27,12 M. Vrit ay. " 2d, 8 A. iFrlday. 2s. 1 P.H Faie to Trentou,4l) ceuta each way; luictui'dlata places, 25 cents. 4 U rWl'Oi FOR CHESTER, HOOK, AND afeaWRSaS WILMINGTON At 8 8u and V 60 A. M, tun uo P. M. The tatuer 8, at. FELTON and ARIfcL leave CHEbNUT Street Vt harl (Sundays excepted I at 8 SO aun ir&oA. M., and 8'tO P. M., returning leave Wll- ' cilngtou at S'M.A. M 1'2-ftU, and SMt) P, M. (stepping al Chester and Hook each way, , Fare, lu cents between all points. t Excursion tickets, is cents, good to return by either boat. 8U OPPOSITION TO TUB COM- RA1LROAD AND Rt E buamer JOHN SYLVESTER will make daliv excursions to Wilmington (Sundays excepted), touch ing at chesier aud Maicus Hook, leavlug ARCU bit eet bur t at lu A. M. and 4 P. IUj returulug, leave Wl mlnru r at 7 A. M. and IP. M. Light freights taken, I W. BURNS. 1 28 tf CapuJn. DAILY EXCURSIONS. THB Plenum steamboat JOHN A. War- j.ik. leaves t-llh-blN u i Street wuan, rnilada,, at I o'clock aud 8 o'clock P. M., for Burlingr.ru aud Bristol, touching at Riverton. Torreadaie, Andalusia, and Beverly. Returning, leaves Bristol at 1 o'clock; A. M.and 4 P.M. . Fare, 16 ceuta each wayi Excursion 40 els. 411 tl WOODLAKDS C EM ETERY CO MPANY' The lolluvtiug Mauagers aud Olliccn have beeu e ected t r lhe year lSi tS; ELI K. PRICE. President. Wm. H. Mooie, l Wm. W. Keen, Samuel K Moon, Gi ilea i-'alltll, I uwlu (lit ble. Ferdinand J. i,reer. George L Biuhy, B. A. Knlff' l. r-ecritaiv and Treahurei- JOi. B. ToWNSKND. The MapBuers bi.ve passed a resolu lou requiring both Lotholders aud Visitors to present ticket at the eulrance for adiuisslou to the Cemetery. T'cknia nmy be bad at the office of tbe Company, No. 818 ARCH Wreet. or ol anv of the Managers. 721 piTLER, WEAVER & CO., MANUFACTUREB8 Of MANILLA AND TARRED CORDAGE, CORDS TWINES, ETC., NO. ZS North WATER Street, and No. 22 North DB LA WAB-K Avenue. :philadiu.fhia. Edwin H. Fitlim. michaw. Wvw tlowatn F. OT-oTHiita. IV y tRE GUARDS, VOa STOBH FRONTS, ASTXUMSJ, 'AOj TOBIES, ETC. ratent Wire Railing, Iron Bodstoads, Ornament Wire Work, Paper Makers' Wires, and every yarleiy Of Wire Work, manufactured by at. WALKER MOHsV 2mwtl Bo U florin blXTH. btreet,'
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers