Jfctwsfcyr HOW EARTHQUAKES WORK earthquakes are violent movements of the earth’s surface, caused by waves erf energy released from "faults/ Faults are fractures in the earth that start as deep as 11 miles below die surface and sometimes reach me ground above. According to me plate tectonics theory, me earth's surface consists of 20 plates of land, separated by faults, in continuous slow motion. This motion causes plates' jagged edges to grind past one another in abrupt movements that sometimes result in earthquakes HOW FAULTS SUDI ® HOWWI9BB NORMA!. REVERSE STRIKE OBLIQUE SUP SLIP Why Leaves Change Color HUNTi'RDON, N.J. Many people believe that a mischievous Jack Frosi... responsible for plant leaf color change, but the weather has nothing to do with it at all. As the days grow shorter and the nights longer, a chemical clock inside the trees starts up, releasing a hormone which retricts the flow of sap to each leaf. As autumn progresses, the sap flow slows and chlorophyll, the chemical that gives the leaves their green color in the spring and summer, disap pears. The residual sap becomes more concentrated as it dries, creating the colors of fall. Along with the green pigment chlorophyll, leaves contain carote noids, yellow or orange pigments which, for example, give carrots their color. During most of the year, greater amounts of green col oring mask these yellowish colors. When food-making stops in the fall, the green color disappears. The yellowish colors become visi ble and give leaves part of their fall splendor. Trees that normally pro duce good yellow color include poplar, ginkgo, Norway maple, hickory, yellowwood, birch and redbud. HOWW At the same time, additional chemical changes may occur and cause other pigments to form var ying from yellow to red to blue. Some of them give rise to the redd ish and purplish fall colors of dog woods, sumacs, and euonymus. For the best red, plants must be m a sunny spot where they can manufacture a great deal of sugar. When nights become cool and temperatures drop to 45 F or lower, sugars become trapped in the leaves. At this point, the red pig ment produces the intense colors seen in the mid-October land scape. Normally, bright, sunny days accompanied by cool nights and moist soil result in vibrant col ors. Trees under stress tend to pro duce the most intense fall colors. The best reds are produced in red maple, sugar maple, sourwood, Bradford pear, red oak, scarlet oak and black gum. As the leaves die and fall to earth, the forest begins a winter long slumber. The leaves, which through the warmer months con vert carbon dioxide to oxygen, now take up another task, enrich ing the soil and providing the nutri ents for future generations of trees. An area known as the Circum-Pacific Belt is respof for 75'. all eartl quake* Circum-P Belf I As plates grind slowly past one another at their faults their edges lock and slip until... B ...their brittle edges break and the plates' abrupt movement releases waves of energy that... B ...rumble to the earth's I surface as earhquakes. I And by the time this year’s leaves fall, next spring’s leaves are tightly wrapped in buds ready to unravel in the soft colors of spring. 0 When 10-year-old Jason Flowers, Manheim, entered Maude, a French Angora rab bit, In the fair, he got a lot of attention from others who were Intrigued by the long haired rabbit. On right, Kelly Kurse, 10; and Marcy Gelb, 11. Whopper Of A Pumpkin By Jed Kensinger Special to Lancaster Farming This is pumpkin season and six year-old Shannon White, Lititz, has some whoppers. Shannon, daughter of Foster and Denise While, boasts pumpkins weighing SO and 70 pounds, among others. She weighs 50 pounds herself. The pumpkins attained that weight in much less time than it took Shannnon. Last spring, kindergarten teach er Janet Frace of Kissel Hill Elementary School gave one seed to each of her students. Each student planted a seed in a styrofoam cup. When it sprouted. Shannon took her pumpkin plant home and put it on the window sill. She watered it daily and watched it grow. In late June, she -transplanted it outside. She con-' tinued to water it every day, which was essential if it was going to sur vive the hot and dry summer. Eventually, there were vines growing all over 'he back yard. Hundreds of feet of pumpkin vines took over her mother’s flower bed and even killed the carnations and baby’s breath. Soon, green squash appeared on various points of the vine. Shan non continued to faithfully water and turn the small pumpkins every day. The pumpkins quickly grew so big that Shannon could no longer turn the pumpkins. Then Shannon began reminding her parents to turn th’ pumpkins. As oi last week the pumpkins were the usual npened orange.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers