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HOW EARTHQUAKES WORK
earthquakes are violent movements of
the earth’s surface, caused by waves erf
energy released from "faults/ Faults are
fractures in the earth that start as deep as
11 miles below die surface and
sometimes reach me ground above.
According to me plate tectonics theory,
me earth's surface consists of 20 plates of
land, separated by faults, in continuous
slow motion. This motion causes plates'
jagged edges to grind past one another in
abrupt movements that sometimes result
in earthquakes
HOW FAULTS SUDI ® HOWWI9BB
NORMA!. REVERSE STRIKE OBLIQUE
SUP SLIP
Why Leaves Change Color
HUNTi'RDON, N.J. Many
people believe that a mischievous
Jack Frosi... responsible for plant
leaf color change, but the weather
has nothing to do with it at all. As
the days grow shorter and the
nights longer, a chemical clock
inside the trees starts up, releasing
a hormone which retricts the flow
of sap to each leaf. As autumn
progresses, the sap flow slows and
chlorophyll, the chemical that
gives the leaves their green color in
the spring and summer, disap
pears. The residual sap becomes
more concentrated as it dries,
creating the colors of fall.
Along with the green pigment
chlorophyll, leaves contain carote
noids, yellow or orange pigments
which, for example, give carrots
their color. During most of the
year, greater amounts of green col
oring mask these yellowish colors.
When food-making stops in the
fall, the green color disappears.
The yellowish colors become visi
ble and give leaves part of their fall
splendor. Trees that normally pro
duce good yellow color include
poplar, ginkgo, Norway maple,
hickory, yellowwood, birch and
redbud.
HOWW
At the same time, additional
chemical changes may occur and
cause other pigments to form var
ying from yellow to red to blue.
Some of them give rise to the redd
ish and purplish fall colors of dog
woods, sumacs, and euonymus.
For the best red, plants must be
m a sunny spot where they can
manufacture a great deal of sugar.
When nights become cool and
temperatures drop to 45 F or lower,
sugars become trapped in the
leaves. At this point, the red pig
ment produces the intense colors
seen in the mid-October land
scape. Normally, bright, sunny
days accompanied by cool nights
and moist soil result in vibrant col
ors. Trees under stress tend to pro
duce the most intense fall colors.
The best reds are produced in red
maple, sugar maple, sourwood,
Bradford pear, red oak, scarlet oak
and black gum.
As the leaves die and fall to
earth, the forest begins a winter
long slumber. The leaves, which
through the warmer months con
vert carbon dioxide to oxygen,
now take up another task, enrich
ing the soil and providing the nutri
ents for future generations of trees.
An area known as the
Circum-Pacific Belt is
respof
for 75'.
all eartl
quake*
Circum-P
Belf
I As plates grind slowly
past one another at their
faults their edges lock and
slip until...
B ...their brittle edges break
and the plates' abrupt
movement releases waves
of energy that...
B ...rumble to the earth's I
surface as earhquakes. I
And by the time this year’s leaves
fall, next spring’s leaves are tightly
wrapped in buds ready to unravel
in the soft colors of spring.
0
When 10-year-old Jason Flowers, Manheim, entered Maude, a French Angora rab
bit, In the fair, he got a lot of attention from others who were Intrigued by the long
haired rabbit. On right, Kelly Kurse, 10; and Marcy Gelb, 11.
Whopper Of A Pumpkin
By Jed Kensinger
Special to Lancaster Farming
This is pumpkin season and six
year-old Shannon White, Lititz,
has some whoppers.
Shannon, daughter of Foster and
Denise While, boasts pumpkins
weighing SO and 70 pounds,
among others. She weighs 50
pounds herself.
The pumpkins attained that
weight in much less time than it
took Shannnon.
Last spring, kindergarten teach
er Janet Frace of Kissel Hill
Elementary School gave one seed
to each of her students.
Each student planted a seed in a
styrofoam cup. When it sprouted.
Shannon took her pumpkin plant
home and put it on the window sill.
She watered it daily and
watched it grow. In late June, she
-transplanted it outside. She con-'
tinued to water it every day, which
was essential if it was going to sur
vive the hot and dry summer.
Eventually, there were vines
growing all over 'he back yard.
Hundreds of feet of pumpkin vines
took over her mother’s flower bed
and even killed the carnations and
baby’s breath.
Soon, green squash appeared on
various points of the vine. Shan
non continued to faithfully water
and turn the small pumpkins every
day.
The pumpkins quickly grew so
big that Shannon could no longer
turn the pumpkins. Then Shannon
began reminding her parents to
turn th’ pumpkins.
As oi last week the pumpkins
were the usual npened orange.