—Lancaster Farming, Saturday, June >ll, 1977 16 Feeding terms defined Before we can begin talking about feeding dairy cattle (or any animal) we must be able to understand the special terminology necessary for communication of ideas in that particular field. We must be sure the terms have the same meaning for author and reader to insure understanding and avoid confusion and misinterpretation. In this column we will only attempt to define some of the terms and phrases necessary for a basic understanding of what we will be discussing in the future. Protein - is the nitrogen containing component of animal and vegetable tissues. They are very complex, being a combination of the various amind acids. They vary greatly in their palatibility and digestibility. Approximately 16 per cent of the protein is nitrogen. It is essential for the structure, growth, and normal functioning of the body. Carbohydrates - include starches and sugars (glucose and sucrose) and lignin (wood parts of stems, etc.) (low feeding value) - provides some source of energy - no known requirement. Fiber - Cellulose and those carbohydrates which are resistant to dissolving by weak acids (97 per cent cellulose and lignin, pretty sure to resist digestion). It has very low nutrient value but is essential in the diet to a considerable degree. Feeds vary greatly in fiber content ( example corn 2 per cent oats 11 per cents). Fat - supplies essential fatty acids and source of fat soluble vitamins found in animal tissues and many plants - very high in energy (2.25 times energy value of proteins and carbohydrates). Essential to a considerable degree in rations where high energy required, can be from plant or animal source and vary greatly in digestibility (hay fat can be up to 60 per cent non-digestible, grain fat up to 15 per cent non-digestible). Nutrient - any food constituent that aids in the support of life - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, vitamins, and most importantly but most often forgotten, water. Digestible nutrient - that portion of a nutrient which may be digested and taken into the body - generally applied only to protein, carbohydrates, and fats. - Total gross intake minus that lost in the feces. Total digestible nutrients (TDN) - The sum of all the digestible organic nutrients • protein - fiber - carbohydrates, and fat (fat is figured at 2.25 X its weight because its energy value is that much greater than 4-wheel drive power and dependability you can count on More traction, more pulling power for more production. you get them all from this International 4-wheel drive tractor. Here’s why. Front and rear frame oscillation permits all four driving wheels to stay on the ground in rough terrain for constant hard-pull, hard-drive power And from the hard-lugging diesel engine to the final drive, the 4386 is built to give you high-speed production and dependability • 466 cu in IH turbocharged and mtercooled diesel delivers 225 AGRI EQUIPMENT SW Qp E & BASHO RE, INC. proteins or carbohydrates).' This is the approximate energy value. Concentrates - Feeds high in TDN and low in fiber (may be low or high in protein) Ex. (cereal grains, oil meats, meat scraps, bran). Roughages - Feeds high in fiber and low in TDN Ex. Hay, silage, pasture, haylage. Ration - The feed allowed for a given animal during a 24 hour period. Balanced ration - one which furnishes the nutrients in such proportion and amount as will properly nourish a given animal for 24 hours (Notice the .difference between ration and balanced ration, this is the difference between profit and loss, success and failure; this is the great objective in feeding animals.) Metabolizable energy - gross energy minus energy lost in the feces, urine, and gases. Net energy - metabolizable energy minus energy lost in the work of digestion. This is what the animal has left to work with. Crude protein - total protein in the feed. Digestible protein - that per cent of the gross intake which is not excreted in the feces. It is usually quoted Auto Service Tips| RAPTAT&/Z COOLANT' HA9 A H/6 W&? 30/t> fto/NT TRAN M47BT/S. ANP PPOTSCTS TRL PROM 00/1 OU&R /A/T&0 0/JMMi MONTHS. BETSNRI both upper?, an/ LONOP RAP/A7DO ARB /NtSOOP &JA LOOR! t=OR B/6N& SOF7&NMG OR BU/ engine hp*, 175 drawbar hp*. • Rugged transmission with 10F/ 2R and a wide range of tillage speeds • Front and rear axles permit tread adjustments for row-crop work • Roomy operator station with heater and air conditioner • Big 170 gallon fuel tank takes you all day without refilling See all the International 4-WD tractors. Easy finance plans available. Frystown RDI Myerstown, PA 17067 717-933-4138 Mir s est 15H123 Whittier-Farms Apollo ROCKET Good Pius (84) & Production Qualified (May/77) Highest Milk-PD Sire on May/77 USDA-AI List: 1,124 Daus. + 1,926 M -t 37F + *l5O 98%R. You get more milk from quality udders with Rocket! He's available daily from all our Professional Technicians. -Atlantic BREEDERS COOPERATIVE LIVESTOCK SERVICES Member • NAL Affiliated Breeders 24-Hour Toll-Free Pho. for Service: Lancaster area 569-0411 Pennsylvania 800-732-0391 Del. & Md. 800-233-0216 separately in feed tables because protein has sn e( . functions which cannot be performed by other nutnem Again digestibility can vary greatly from one f e J 7 another. , u t 0 Cereal grains are generally high in starch, low m fth. phosphorus, and calcium and usually highly palatable! all classes of livestock. Proteins are not of good qualitv 10 they usually have small amounts or lack certain essentia amino acids. Legume hay (clover, alfalfa, etc.) usually balance any reasonable grain diet. There are over 400 recognized concentrates with new ones being added constantly as by-products of m industries. One cannot learn them all, - it is hopeless to trv - the best thing to do is try to familiarize oneself with basin feeding practices and make use of tables of information when necessary. n There is a very good and helpful publication entitled Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, available for $3 on from: Printing and Publishing Office National Academv of Sciences 2101 Constitution Avenue Washington nr 20418. 8 ’ 1 I would strongly recommend having a copy for readv reference. y Tte satisfaction tbat cmnes from doing a sood js& of fanniDo It’s a great feeling to know that you are the master of your farmlands ... that when you treat your soil right, it will treat you right. Liming is one of the most impor tant factors in keeping your soil in the highest produc tive range. By raising the pH from a level below 6 0 to 6.5 or higher, you can expect to harvest as much as 5 more bushels of corn per acre, with similar increases for all other forage and cash crops. l\ \&A a 1' 111 y •j IV'7: I
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