gc4ntifv, THE SUPPOSED ANOIENT SKULL OF OAL AVERAS CO., OAL, Among the matters of leading interest at the late Scientific Convention of Chicago, was a human skull, said to be ,discOvered in a geological position implying great an tiquity. The value of the evidence, ap will he seen, was very questionable, although it was such as to justify careful inquiry and discussion. From reports in daily papers, we compile the following statement of Prof. J. B. Whitney, State. Geologist, we believe, of Californist. The skull, or so much of it as was rescued from the debris, was on exhibi tion before the Association. The Protessorstated.tbat the portion of a skull (exhibited) ',vas fblime•in - February, 1866, on the claim of Matteson & Co., in Bald Mountain, at. 130. feet below the surface, be neath the lava, and in close proximity , to petrified oak. ,The parietal and part of the occipital regions are gone. It was forward ed June 29,,186,6, to the office of the Stat') Gt ological Sarvey v when the reader visited the locality of the find. When taken, it was embedded in a. strong material, and a Mr. Scribner, agent of Wells, Fargo & Co.'s. Ex press, to whom it was first delivered, was not then certain what it was. When• first taken out by Mr. Matteson he supposed it to be a part of the root of ,a tree. It was subsequently cleaned somewhat, when it was found that it was a human skull. It was then given to a Dr. Jones of, that vicinity, from whom the Professor received it. The lower jaw, the parietal region, and nearly all the occipital and part of the right half of thebase were then missing. The frontal bone was nearly entire. It was then em bedded in ferruginous earth, pebbles, met amorphie rock and calcareous tufa. There were fragments of other bones in the skull and about it, and the material filled the left temporal fossayconcealing the whole of the jaw and all the,lower part. This ,incrusta tion of the calcareous tufa appears to have been covering the whole of the skull when found. A short time since (a few weeks only? this matter was carefully chiselled off, and it remained as now shown. On expo sing the jaw, it was ascertained, that the skull was of l an old person as the teeth, with the exception of a single root of a mo lar, are entirely gone. There were removed from it and around it, two metatarsal bones, the lower end of a left, fibula, part of the ulna• and of a sternunrbOne which ht have belonged .o the original owner of the skull. There was also a fragment of a human tibia, too small t°' belong,to the man who cihoe , had the 'skull. There was also a snail shell in the skull, and a circular piece of shell having a hole dtlilled through the centre, which might once have served as an orna ment. Thule were also foand s several small pieces of charcoal. The anatomical peculiarities of the skull are that the frontal. region ialarge. ~14: is uncertain whether the head was long or broad. The face was deformed, the left or bit being smaller than that of the right side, the left cheek being also higher than the right. The ridges over the orbit are strong ly marked. The lower border of the otpen ing of the nostril is not large. There is no conclusion to be draWn from the single skull as to the race that it belonged to, because it is not ascertained that it is a representative skull. It appears, however, that as a skull, it presents no signs of having belonged., to a race inferior to any that lives in Calieor' - nia, and, so far as it differs in dimensions from other types found in California, it ap proaches the Esquimaux. He then went into an examination of the question of the authenticity of the skull as one found where it was claimed to have'botha discovered. The locality had been visited by himself, by his assistants, as well as by others, and all the facts, and the • parties who are cognizant of the facts,iconcur in their testimony, without variation from the original. An inspection of the ground in the shaft, however, had not been made, because it has, since the matter was brought to the Professor's notice, boon constantly Ailed with water. The appearance of the skull ; when received by him, showed that it was not an ordinary skull picked up at random, in order to cheat a curious antiquarian. There is evidence of violence not recent in the manner of the fracture, it being in its strongest part, and the presence of the other bonesseem to show that it was swept, with many other bones, down a shallow, but violent stream, where it was exposed to the boulders of the bed. In its passage, it was smashed, and at last it came to rest in a po sition where water, charged with calcareous matter, had access to it, on a base of aurife rous gravel. The presence of the snail shell in the skull, was sappcised to be caused by the trawling of the reptile into the skull, whore it subsequently died, as the deposit around it thickened. Tile skull was taken from .the bottom of a shaft in 'whiclYwere found five beds of lava and five i belds of gravel interposed between the lavh,. The immediate pla3e of the find was at tile 'bottom of, the eighth bed, which is of gravel. It was found at the side of the channel, with a inass of driftwood, as if all had been deposited by an eddy of the stream, which was afterward,scovered by the rush' of gravel, of which' tied eighth is formed. He thought the evidencei t suffuLent.,to establish an authentic find; Assuming the Atitlfetitiolky of the find, he proneedod to consider the inferences that could be drawn from the fact of the occur rence of the skull at the position 'indicated. He examined, under this head, the geological_ structure of the vicinity, the Table Rock, and Bald's Mountain, and he attributed the formation of both of thesetO i theflain.ee period, not more ancient than then rtiocene *gp. He thought there never would belound im plements of human art or human remains, under the basaltic formation of the Table Rook. Be thought, however, there Was THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1868. abundant evidence that man had existed co temporaneous with the mastodon in Califor nia. He believed the present skull belonged to the pliocene or the post-pliocene age, for adjacent to it had been discovered the milk teeth of the, rhinoceros. Prof. Silliman remarked that heghad made a critical examination of the region of Cala veras county, wherethis skikli is said to have been found. He had made constant inqUiries ass to the probability of finding evidences of the existence of a race of men or of`their work, and he was bound to say that there was not the; smallest partiOle of evidence to prove thie . hataan:yexnaine aro beneath the Table .11Ou.ntain, in the form of osseous structure or of any of the handiworks of man, so commonly found in the adjacent neighborhood of Shaw's Flat. He had, some days since, listened to the remarks of. Prof. Blake as to, the eviilinekof Ile existence of man that he had described. The evidences spo by h i were familiar to the speaker, and Tile red' . to doubt that they had any bearing upon the subject. ~2,,denbted, whether these wens 14.. n oath the ,Table Mountain. He here exhibited one, of four molar yetii`of a mastodon that he 'did not think any one capable of forming a, judg ment would doutbt.to'be such. It was taken. in February of this' year, from beneath the Table •'Mountain, in ~ w hat, is known as Ilughes',Tuntiel t at.a distance of-more:than 650 feet from" tielineade: apprised last summer, orthe existence' of this skele ton, that it had already been uncovered in a portion, but the farther 'eitavation not pro ni idi ng profit nt her on had been made 'concerning it, until lately the bones were reached. The skeleton Oc cupied a superficial , area_ of twentpfive feet, the bones being Mainly soft, so that the finger could bell:mast-intothem: ~, T his was of the mastodon °hiatus, and 'it constituted a fact entirely new in our geology, but the mastodon had never been attributed to this horizon. This mastodon was'found four and a half feet above the auriferous gravel in a mass of non-auriferous gravel, and ,if this formation is believed to be tertiary, it puts the mastodon in America back to , the date at which it has' been found in / England,. Whatever might be the geological age of the formation, therefisdib etridenee of the exist ence, in this same horizon, of man. He thought, perhaps, the evidence in favor of the auttientipity.oT rather favOrable to. the opirnon thit it is a, true find, that it should have .the benefit. ,of. the doubt, but of Dr:Jones, who had had so great a hand in the transmission of the bones, he would Say that, perhaps he was somewhat more credulous than the race of geologists. Moreover, it was. known that throughout 4,11e-cl'alatire.fius fdrthitions there were found in the earlier history of Califor nian discovery, many skulls, several of which, as is generally alleged, have been found • in limestone caverns,, so common throughout the limestone zone. These were not uctkreqnently incrustediwith, calea - reous matte. The correspondent of the New York Tri- bune; in his report, says the attitude of the geologists present seemed to be suspension of judgment. It red:Was to' indicate what, follows if the discovery l lke• accepted as true. The peribd'or bria.nl'exigience is extended back for ageS beybiid4haleologists have ever assigned to it before. Since the stream flowed in that ancient water-course by the side of which this skulllwas-Tohnd, a deposit ,of 130 feet of earth, lava and basalt has been 'placed ahoy° it, aa another river-bas f worn another•,yallpy ; too7 . ij depth' cif tho4ands of feet tiiroftgli the.`r ek wliidhfOrnieirthe side of the ancient valley. The geologist shrinks from naming the number of thousands of years which forms the lowest period neces sary for bringing about such changes. The; fact, however, that such changes - musChaV''e taken place since the water ceased to flow in the ancient stream can no more be denied than the multiplication table. The geology of the region, and the changes which must have taken place there in the earth's crust, were plainly shown by Profs. Silliman; Whit ney and Blake. But to accept it as fact, that the human race existed at so remote a' period, staggers even the geologists of the Association. • ' Prof'. Silliman, though'in his stay in Cali fornia, could get no testimony of human re mains or relics of man's handiWork being found below the basalt, as this skull is al leged to have been, yet obtained four of the nj,plar teeth of a mastodon , from a simila , r; position. The entire skeleton of the anima - I was there, but crumbled into dust on expo sure to the air. Prof. Whitney had 'no hesi tation in declaring his: belief . that Mart' was cotemporary with the mastodon, though the mastodon may have started first. From the discussion this morning, it, w,oild . appear, that the solution Of the whole subject Te i t.i: pends on whether discoveries confirming those alleged already to, have been made, do or do not take place. The miners are-care- , less, and their method . of working. by the use of a stream of water subjected to an enor mous pressure, is very des..ructive to crumb ling fossils. Prot. Whitney is confident of having new facts to present by the time the Association holds, its next annual meeting.. , pnetical and humorous view of the whole matter has just been placed in our hands, which We give, with the original in troductory remarks of our friend : TO THE PLIOCENE SKULL. A Geological Addres. tAt the recent meeting of our scientific men in Chicago, a skull suppOsed to have, been found embedded in rocks of the Plio cene formation in Calfornia; was'addite:edby Prof. Whitney in evidence of the great age of the race upon this continent. The State Geblogical Surveyor had obtained, it from ,a Dr,Jones, who said he had',get it from' Scribner, who said that he had received it fro m..a miner named, Watson,, who said - th he had found it in a shaft one hundred and fifty feet deep, about two miles below Los Angelos in Calaveras County. Upon such evidence do our scientific men build up the ories impugning Scripture chronology. There are as good reasons to believe that Prof. Whitney was grossly imposed upon, and that the following squib from The Cali fornian comes much nearer to a true history of this " venerable" relic of humanity.] Speak, 0 man, less recent ! Fragmentary fossil ! Primal'pioneer of pliocene formation, Hid in lowest drifts below the earliest stratum Of volcanic tufa! Older than the beasts, the oldest Palmotherium ; Older than the trees, the oldest Cryptogamia ; Older than the hills, those infantile eruption Of earth's epidermis I Eo—Mio—Plio—whaisoe'er the " cane" was That those vacant sockets 'filled with awe and won- der-- Whether shores Devonian or Silurian beaches-- • Tell us thy strange story ! Or has the professor slightly antedated By, some thonsaud years thy advent on this planet, Giving thee.an air.that's somewhat better fitted For cold-blooded creatures? Wert thou true spectator of that mighty forest When ihdire thy head the stately Sigillai•ia.' Reared its columned trunks in that remote and dis tant Carboniferous epoch ? ' V Tell us of that scene—the dim and watery woodland Songless, silent., hushed, with never bird' or insect, Valled with spreading froi4 arid screened ivith,lall club-mosses, Lycopodiaceik— When beside thee walked the solemn Plesiosaurus, ( And arnuncl thee ereprt ejfestive Ichthyosaurus, • ,i While fioml dna' toitile bbve" ihee flew Egad circled; 1 , 4 1 I .4CieOrful Rte od o l tyls.k ? : 1. ;4, Tell us of thy food—those half marine refections, Crinoids on the shell and Brachiopods au nature 1— Cuttle fish to which the piduaic of Victor Hugo Seems a periwinkle. Speak, thou awful vestige of the Earth's creation— Solitary fragment:of remains organic !. • Tell the wondrous secrets of thy past existence— Speak, thou oldest primate ! ' 4701,8. ' 5 .i. gazegti tlirill of the maxilla. , And a lateral movement of the condyloid process, With post-pliocene sounds of healthy mastication, Ground the teeth' together. AO; froth thiThiffeifqcCOentil eahiliitiori;; "` Stiiirted witlC - expiesseh juices of the Weed NiCotian; Came these hollow aceents, blent with softer mur - niurs . . Of expectoration: "Which my name is Bowers, and my crust was Ealling. do.vn. a shaft inTalaxeras county, But I'd take it kindly If you'd send the pieces Home to old Missdtiri!" LET T'FIVF ACT' 'BE KNOWN far and wide, that the beet place to boy Ready-made Clothing is the place forpopularized by good goods, find styles and low prices, and pa tronized by . immense throngs of peiple, to whom "OAK Jap-RAT,Gr Z"',WARAMMKRR k:BROWN," end' ' 7 TI{E:COR I/4r NSW 01-'StXTIr Alsll, MARKET STREETS";liavrttcome rkif-"HOUSRLIOLD WORDS." Ain is well known that we make up nothing but what le Ala-good ; that our large lat;ll*.te hais been built up by always Aitapharing _lllB 11ANDS031.dpZ.,,STY,LES AND VIE BEST- WirrITIUM GARIWENTS; — andyttitif,' - eldttphnt'vath moderato Xrip-prices, has been and still ita the secret why au many people wy-bny alour , establishment. 41eir•We. sell only what we can RECOMMEND, and each customer, 46p-therefore, has the satisfaction of knOSiihg he can depend on 437-the article he bur, Air We give a fdw of the Prices Of leading articles of Clothing. Za'NOTE—AII the goods in the following, price list are fresh wand fashionable (not Old' stock), add wecau supply is single Alti'suit or a ship's cargo. wAll wool Cassimere Working Pants, $3 50 _ do do do do 4 60 ,frir do do Second Drees do 560 'Fine Fancy Cassimere Dress do " - 600 in?" do do do do. 7OO Ae-Handsome do. c _do'` do 1 11. . 700 'Elegant do do do 6 00 .6Good Black Cassimere Pants, 5 50 .Fine do ~ .„ do , , ~ • 1 . - 6 50 .4Q-Super Cdo ' ..1 i t LLD di, , 1 : , .. -I , . 900 .(tar Vests, for every day rear, 2 00 ~ fitr Fancy Cassimere Vests, for dress, 3 50 zarStiperClisaimereyeate v finomality„ : ' • ' 4 SO Alirlfandaohie Blade Cloth Test-,4 50 ,ihr - Light Cassintere Sack Coats, ' 600 :44agaDark Cassimere-Snek r Coats, , --p <,. Aro-Melton Clpth Sack Coate, . 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He takes pbsicute in offering his services to the public moderat terms, and invites particular attention to hls thenrett and practical method of Piano Porte and Guitar instruction. augla 3tuoa.
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