gc4ntifv,
THE SUPPOSED ANOIENT SKULL OF OAL
AVERAS CO., OAL,
Among the matters of leading interest at
the late Scientific Convention of Chicago,
was a human skull, said to be
,discOvered in
a geological position implying great an
tiquity. The value of the evidence, ap will
he seen, was very questionable, although it
was such as to justify careful inquiry and
discussion. From reports in daily papers,
we compile the following statement of Prof.
J. B. Whitney, State. Geologist, we believe,
of Californist. The skull, or so much of it as
was rescued from the debris, was on exhibi
tion before the Association.
The Protessorstated.tbat the portion of a
skull (exhibited) ',vas fblime•in - February,
1866, on the claim of Matteson & Co., in Bald
Mountain, at. 130. feet below the surface, be
neath the lava, and in close proximity , to
petrified oak. ,The parietal and part of the
occipital regions are gone. It was forward
ed June 29,,186,6, to the office of the Stat')
Gt ological Sarvey v when the reader visited
the locality of the find. When taken, it was
embedded in a. strong material, and a Mr.
Scribner, agent of Wells, Fargo & Co.'s. Ex
press, to whom it was first delivered, was
not then certain what it was. When• first
taken out by Mr. Matteson he supposed it
to be a part of the root of ,a tree. It was
subsequently cleaned somewhat, when it was
found that it was a human skull. It was
then given to a Dr. Jones of, that vicinity,
from whom the Professor received it. The
lower jaw, the parietal region, and nearly
all the occipital and part of the right half
of thebase were then missing. The frontal
bone was nearly entire. It was then em
bedded in ferruginous earth, pebbles, met
amorphie rock and calcareous tufa. There
were fragments of other bones in the skull
and about it, and the material filled the left
temporal fossayconcealing the whole of the
jaw and all the,lower part. This ,incrusta
tion of the calcareous tufa appears to have
been covering the whole of the skull when
found. A short time since (a few weeks
only? this matter was carefully chiselled off,
and it remained as now shown. On expo
sing the jaw, it was ascertained, that the
skull was of l an old person as the teeth,
with the exception of a single root of a mo
lar, are entirely gone. There were removed
from it and around it, two metatarsal bones,
the lower end of a left, fibula, part of the
ulna• and of a sternunrbOne which ht have
belonged .o the original owner of the skull.
There was also a fragment of a human tibia,
too small t°' belong,to the man who cihoe ,
had the 'skull. There was also a snail shell
in the skull, and a circular piece of shell
having a hole dtlilled through the centre,
which might once have served as an orna
ment. Thule were also foand s several small
pieces of charcoal.
The anatomical peculiarities of the skull
are that the frontal. region ialarge.
~14: is
uncertain whether the head was long or
broad. The face was deformed, the left or
bit being smaller than that of the right side,
the left cheek being also higher than the
right. The ridges over the orbit are strong
ly marked. The lower border of the otpen
ing of the nostril is not large. There is no
conclusion to be draWn from the single skull
as to the race that it belonged to, because it
is not ascertained that it is a representative
skull. It appears, however, that as a skull,
it presents no signs of having belonged., to
a race inferior to any that lives in Calieor' -
nia, and, so far as it differs in dimensions
from other types found in California, it ap
proaches the Esquimaux.
He then went into an examination of the
question of the authenticity of the skull as
one found where it was claimed to have'botha
discovered. The locality had been visited
by himself, by his assistants, as well as by
others, and all the facts, and the • parties
who are cognizant of the facts,iconcur in
their testimony, without variation from the
original. An inspection of the ground in the
shaft, however, had not been made, because
it has, since the matter was brought to the
Professor's notice, boon constantly Ailed
with water. The appearance of the skull ;
when received by him, showed that it was
not an ordinary skull picked up at random,
in order to cheat a curious antiquarian.
There is evidence of violence not recent in
the manner of the fracture, it being in its
strongest part, and the presence of the
other bonesseem to show that it was swept,
with many other bones, down a shallow, but
violent stream, where it was exposed to the
boulders of the bed. In its passage, it was
smashed, and at last it came to rest in a po
sition where water, charged with calcareous
matter, had access to it, on a base of aurife
rous gravel. The presence of the snail shell
in the skull, was sappcised to be caused by
the trawling of the reptile into the skull,
whore it subsequently died, as the deposit
around it thickened.
Tile skull was taken from .the bottom of
a shaft in 'whiclYwere found five beds of lava
and five i belds of gravel interposed between
the lavh,. The immediate pla3e of the find
was at tile 'bottom of, the eighth bed, which
is of gravel. It was found at the side of the
channel, with a inass of driftwood, as if all
had been deposited by an eddy of the stream,
which was afterward,scovered by the rush'
of gravel, of which' tied eighth is formed. He
thought the evidencei t suffuLent.,to establish
an authentic find;
Assuming the Atitlfetitiolky of the find, he
proneedod to consider the inferences that
could be drawn from the fact of the occur
rence of the skull at the position 'indicated.
He examined, under this head, the geological_
structure of the vicinity, the Table Rock,
and Bald's Mountain, and he attributed the
formation of both of thesetO i theflain.ee period,
not more ancient than then rtiocene *gp.
He thought there never would belound im
plements of human art or human remains,
under the basaltic formation of the Table
Rook. Be thought, however, there Was
THE AMERICAN PRESBYTERIAN, THURSDAY, OCTOBER 1, 1868.
abundant evidence that man had existed co
temporaneous with the mastodon in Califor
nia. He believed the present skull belonged
to the pliocene or the post-pliocene age, for
adjacent to it had been discovered the milk
teeth of the, rhinoceros.
Prof. Silliman remarked that heghad made
a critical examination of the region of Cala
veras county, wherethis skikli is said to
have been found. He had made constant
inqUiries ass to the probability of finding
evidences of the existence of a race of men
or of`their work, and he was bound to say
that there was not the; smallest partiOle of
evidence to prove thie . hataan:yexnaine aro
beneath the Table .11Ou.ntain, in the form of
osseous structure or of any of the handiworks
of man, so commonly found in the adjacent
neighborhood of Shaw's Flat. He had, some
days since, listened to the remarks of. Prof.
Blake as to, the eviilinekof Ile existence of
man that he had described. The evidences
spo by h i were familiar to the
speaker, and Tile red' . to
doubt that they had any bearing upon
the subject.
~2,,denbted, whether these
wens 14.. n oath the ,Table
Mountain. He here exhibited one, of four
molar yetii`of a mastodon that he 'did not
think any one capable of forming a, judg
ment would doutbt.to'be such. It was taken.
in February of this' year, from beneath the
Table •'Mountain, in ~ w hat, is known as
Ilughes',Tuntiel t at.a distance of-more:than
650 feet from" tielineade: apprised
last summer, orthe existence' of this skele
ton, that it had already been uncovered in
a portion, but the farther 'eitavation not
pro ni idi ng profit nt her on
had been made 'concerning it, until lately
the bones were reached. The skeleton Oc
cupied a superficial , area_ of twentpfive feet,
the bones being Mainly soft, so that the
finger could bell:mast-intothem: ~, T his was
of the mastodon °hiatus, and 'it constituted
a fact entirely new in our geology, but the
mastodon had never been attributed to this
horizon. This mastodon was'found four and
a half feet above the auriferous gravel in a
mass of non-auriferous gravel, and ,if this
formation is believed to be tertiary, it puts
the mastodon in America back to , the date
at which it has' been found in / England,.
Whatever might be the geological age of the
formation, therefisdib etridenee of the exist
ence, in this same horizon, of man. He
thought, perhaps, the evidence in favor of
the auttientipity.oT
rather favOrable to. the opirnon thit it is a,
true find, that it should have .the benefit.
,of.
the doubt, but of Dr:Jones, who had had so
great a hand in the transmission of the
bones, he would Say that, perhaps he was
somewhat more credulous than the race of
geologists. Moreover, it was. known that
throughout 4,11e-cl'alatire.fius fdrthitions there
were found in the earlier history of Califor
nian discovery, many skulls, several of
which, as is generally alleged, have been
found • in limestone caverns,, so common
throughout the limestone zone. These were
not uctkreqnently incrustediwith, calea - reous
matte.
The correspondent of the New York Tri-
bune; in his report, says the attitude of the
geologists present seemed to be suspension
of judgment. It red:Was to' indicate what,
follows if the discovery l lke• accepted as true.
The peribd'or bria.nl'exigience is extended
back for ageS beybiid4haleologists have
ever assigned to it before. Since the stream
flowed in that ancient water-course by the
side of which this skulllwas-Tohnd, a deposit
,of 130 feet of earth, lava and basalt has been
'placed ahoy° it, aa another river-bas f worn
another•,yallpy ; too7 . ij depth' cif tho4ands of
feet tiiroftgli the.`r ek wliidhfOrnieirthe side
of the ancient valley. The geologist shrinks
from naming the number of thousands of
years which forms the lowest period neces
sary for bringing about such changes. The;
fact, however, that such changes - musChaV''e
taken place since the water ceased to flow
in the ancient stream can no more be denied
than the multiplication table. The geology
of the region, and the changes which must
have taken place there in the earth's crust,
were plainly shown by Profs. Silliman; Whit
ney and Blake. But to accept it as fact,
that the human race existed at so remote a'
period, staggers even the geologists of the
Association. • '
Prof'. Silliman, though'in his stay in Cali
fornia, could get no testimony of human re
mains or relics of man's handiWork being
found below the basalt, as this skull is al
leged to have been, yet obtained four of the
nj,plar teeth of a mastodon , from a simila , r;
position. The entire skeleton of the anima - I
was there, but crumbled into dust on expo
sure to the air. Prof. Whitney had 'no hesi
tation in declaring his: belief . that Mart' was
cotemporary with the mastodon, though the
mastodon may have started first. From the
discussion this morning, it, w,oild
. appear,
that the solution Of the whole subject Te i t.i:
pends on whether discoveries confirming
those alleged already to, have been made, do
or do not take place. The miners are-care- ,
less, and their method
. of working. by the use
of a stream of water subjected to an enor
mous pressure, is very des..ructive to crumb
ling fossils.
Prot. Whitney is confident of having new
facts to present by the time the Association
holds, its next annual meeting.. ,
pnetical and humorous view of the
whole matter has just been placed in our
hands, which We give, with the original in
troductory remarks of our friend :
TO THE PLIOCENE SKULL.
A Geological Addres.
tAt the recent meeting of our scientific
men in Chicago, a skull suppOsed to have,
been found embedded in rocks of the Plio
cene formation in Calfornia; was'addite:edby
Prof. Whitney in evidence of the great age
of the race upon this continent. The State
Geblogical Surveyor had obtained, it from
,a
Dr,Jones, who said he had',get it from'
Scribner, who said that he had received it
fro m..a miner named, Watson,, who said - th
he had found it in a shaft one hundred and
fifty feet deep, about two miles below Los
Angelos in Calaveras County. Upon such
evidence do our scientific men build up the
ories impugning Scripture chronology.
There are as good reasons to believe that
Prof. Whitney was grossly imposed upon,
and that the following squib from The Cali
fornian comes much nearer to a true history
of this " venerable" relic of humanity.]
Speak, 0 man, less recent ! Fragmentary fossil !
Primal'pioneer of pliocene formation,
Hid in lowest drifts below the earliest stratum
Of volcanic tufa!
Older than the beasts, the oldest Palmotherium ;
Older than the trees, the oldest Cryptogamia ;
Older than the hills, those infantile eruption
Of earth's epidermis I
Eo—Mio—Plio—whaisoe'er the " cane" was
That those vacant sockets 'filled with awe and won-
der--
Whether shores Devonian or Silurian beaches--
• Tell us thy strange story !
Or has the professor slightly antedated
By, some thonsaud years thy advent on this planet,
Giving thee.an air.that's somewhat better fitted
For cold-blooded creatures?
Wert thou true spectator of that mighty forest
When ihdire thy head the stately Sigillai•ia.'
Reared its columned trunks in that remote and dis
tant
Carboniferous epoch ?
' V
Tell us of that scene—the dim and watery woodland
Songless, silent., hushed, with never bird' or insect,
Valled with spreading froi4 arid screened ivith,lall
club-mosses,
Lycopodiaceik—
When beside thee walked the solemn Plesiosaurus,
(
And arnuncl thee ereprt ejfestive Ichthyosaurus, • ,i
While fioml dna' toitile bbve" ihee flew Egad circled; 1
, 4 1 I .4CieOrful Rte od o l tyls.k ? : 1. ;4,
Tell us of thy food—those half marine refections,
Crinoids on the shell and Brachiopods au nature 1—
Cuttle fish to which the piduaic of Victor Hugo
Seems a periwinkle.
Speak, thou awful vestige of the Earth's creation—
Solitary fragment:of remains organic !. •
Tell the wondrous secrets of thy past existence—
Speak, thou oldest primate !
'
4701,8. ' 5 .i. gazegti tlirill of the maxilla. ,
And a lateral movement of the condyloid process,
With post-pliocene sounds of healthy mastication,
Ground the teeth' together.
AO; froth thiThiffeifqcCOentil eahiliitiori;; "`
Stiiirted witlC - expiesseh juices of the Weed NiCotian;
Came these hollow aceents, blent with softer mur
- niurs . .
Of expectoration:
"Which my name is Bowers, and my crust was
Ealling. do.vn. a shaft inTalaxeras county,
But I'd take it kindly If you'd send the pieces
Home to old Missdtiri!"
LET T'FIVF ACT' 'BE KNOWN far and wide,
that the beet place to boy Ready-made Clothing is the place
forpopularized by good goods, find styles and low prices, and pa
tronized by . immense throngs of peiple, to whom "OAK
Jap-RAT,Gr Z"',WARAMMKRR k:BROWN," end' ' 7 TI{E:COR
I/4r NSW 01-'StXTIr Alsll, MARKET STREETS";liavrttcome
rkif-"HOUSRLIOLD WORDS."
Ain is well known that we make up nothing but what le
Ala-good ; that our large lat;ll*.te hais been built up by always
Aitapharing
_lllB 11ANDS031.dpZ.,,STY,LES AND VIE BEST-
WirrITIUM GARIWENTS; — andyttitif,' - eldttphnt'vath moderato
Xrip-prices, has been and still ita the secret why au many people
wy-bny alour , establishment.
41eir•We. sell only what we can RECOMMEND, and each customer,
46p-therefore, has the satisfaction of knOSiihg he can depend on
437-the article he bur,
Air We give a fdw of the Prices Of leading articles of Clothing.
Za'NOTE—AII the goods in the following, price list are fresh
wand fashionable (not Old' stock), add wecau supply is single
Alti'suit or a ship's cargo.
wAll wool Cassimere Working Pants, $3 50
_
do do do do 4 60
,frir do do Second Drees do 560
'Fine Fancy Cassimere Dress do " - 600
in?" do do do do. 7OO
Ae-Handsome do. c _do'` do 1 11. . 700
'Elegant do do do 6 00
.6Good Black Cassimere Pants, 5 50
.Fine do ~ .„ do , , ~ • 1 . - 6 50
.4Q-Super Cdo ' ..1 i t LLD di, , 1 : , .. -I , . 900
.(tar Vests, for every day rear, 2 00
~ fitr Fancy Cassimere Vests, for dress, 3 50
zarStiperClisaimereyeate v finomality„ : ' • ' 4 SO
Alirlfandaohie Blade Cloth Test-,4 50
,ihr - Light Cassintere Sack Coats, ' 600
:44agaDark Cassimere-Snek r Coats, , --p <,.
Aro-Melton Clpth Sack Coate, . V,. .., 9 99,
Fancy CmaniltreSaCktosts (she), ' - '' - - no (ro'
ire - Good Black Sack Coats, 10 -00
dal-Fine do 430 . 4. ]3 00
'4(4 - Elegant Dark do, , , . ~ , • 12 00
'—do . 4 .do ! ..i
t 1 , -.. t . 15 90
Aip•All colors Chesterfields, $lO to 25 00
..t-Black Frock Coats, .
16 00
,Black Frock Cones, _ slB up to 40 00.
We-These are greet barytes, and are selling readily. We are
B3Panabled to bny cheap, and, therefor*, sell cheap. • • .• '
.Call and examine. .
WANAMARER & BROWN'S
•
POPULAR CLOTHING noun,
"OAK HALL," -
S. E. COR. OF SIXTH AND MARKET STREETS.
.414"110y8' Department on first floor. •
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900 ARCS STREEI,
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Rave just ' received handsome assortment of
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SATISFACTION GIiIAItAIiTKED.
apritl •
• , •
R . MONA. L.
N. E. Cernev of . Seventh and JValnnt Sts.
.
TO.
T H OAI PASO
ONE
Inyktp3.y.inr, attention to the above change lif:iocatipn,-spa,;',s
- yorteptitionitge, ClioleS and seasonable material alwajecin
hand.
FRANCIS NEWLAND & SON, •
No: 62 North Ninth Stieet,
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WALL PAPERS,
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GEORGE W. CHILDS. •
IIoN. WM. A. PORTER,
P. A. DREXEL,
THOS. W EVANS,
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New Yorjr.L.James M. Morrison, President Manhattan Bank;
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Boston—Hon. B. S. Tobey, (late President Board 9f Trade.)
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C. Rotierts.
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Ail the forms 01 Life and Annuity Policies issued.
sop The HOME has declared and pnidAvidends annually, to it
assured Members iince its organization. Last dividend 40 per cent
applied immediately, which is more than 00 per cent. four year:
hence.
Officers and Directors.'
WALTER S. GRIFFITH, President.
I. H. FP.OTHINGHAM, Treasurer. • .
GEO. C. RIPLEY, Secretary
W. J. COFFIN, Actuary.
A. A. LOW,. ! A. A. Low & Bros., XL Burling Slip, N. Y.
I. H. FROTHINGHAM, Prest. Union Trust Co, N. Y.
S. S. T. sTRANAH_AN, Prest. Atlantic Dock Co.
THOS. MESSENGER, Prest. BroOklyn Bank.
SAMUEL SHIM Ex-Mayor city of Breokly
HENRY E. HERREPORT, 7 Pierrepout Place, Brooklyn.
A. B. BAYLIS, Broker, New Yurk.
PETER 0. CORNELL: Merchant, 80 wan street, N. Y.
WALTER 5.• GRIFFITH, President, Brooklyn.
SN O. D. COCKS, Prest. Atlantic Ins. On.
H. B. 01,AFLIN, H. B. Chtflin & Co , 140 Church street, N.,Y
S. B. CRITTENDEN. S. B. Chittend.ti& Co., N.Y.
J. E. SOUTHWORTH, Nest. Atlantic Bank. N. Y.
G . DUNNING. Sec. South Brooklyn Savings Institution.
J . No; ekEEEgEN.,Yolive Commissioner.
LEWIS ROBE d.TS, L. Roberts & Co., 17 South street, N. Y.
JOHN T. MARTIN, 28 Pierrepout street, Brooklyn.
JOHN EALE,Ey9te4tcht.Arrait,oy Ctl.fNew York!
THOS. CARLTON, Methodist Book Rooms, N. Y.
HAROLD DOLLNER, Potter & t 0., N Y.
A. B. CAEWELL. Attorney. and Counsellor, N. Y.
NLRB nIAR KNIGHT, troy; Sprague & co., New York.
EDWARD A, LAMI3ERT; Merchant, 45 John street, N. Y.
JAMES HOW, Prest Union White head Co., Brooklyn.
L. B.WYMAN, Merchant, 38 Burling Slip, New York
GEO.A. JARVIE. Nest. Lenox Fire Inc Co., New York.
S. E. HOWARD. Howard, Sanger & Co., New York.'
GEO. S. STEPHENSON. Importer, 49 South street, New York
CHAS. A. TOWNSEND; Merchant, New York.
JOB. W. GREENE. J. W. sivene
RUFUS S. GRAVES, 63 Wall street, New York.
I. W. FROTHINGRAIC s ruthi n glom & Baylis, N. Y.
EDWARD D. DELANO,'Nexa York.
E. LEWIS, Jr., Vnteutiue & Bergen, Brooklyn.
AGENTS IN PHILAIIELPERA,
EpLExt, & COLT ON, Cor. 4th & Library st s
Agents Wanted
STRICT ECONOMY IN MANAGEMENT.
PROVIDENT LIFE AND TRUST CO.
OF PHILADELPHIA.
OFFICE No. 111 SOUTH FOURTH STUFF^
Organized to extend the benefits of Life Insurance among m e b..
of the Society of Friends. Ali good risks, of whatever denonduati.,
solicited.
President,
SAMUEL R. SHIPLEY,
Vioe President, Actuary,
WM. C. LONGSTRETR. ROWLAND PARRY.
Insurance effected upon all the approved plans at the lowest coo
No risks on doubtful or unsound lives taken. Funds invested
first-class securities. Economy practiced in all the branches of tl
business. The advantages are equal to those of any company
the'lJuited States. juue4 ly
NEW CHRISTIAN SETTLEMENT,
Atco, New Jersey, 18 Miles from Philndelphi
90 vales from IV. Y. at .'unction of the Camden and At
lantic and Raritan and Delaware Bay
Rail Roads.
Improved and traimproved lands desirable for county
residences, and well adapted for fruit growing al
markei gardening are offered for a Christian Colon
situated near the depot, Church and school ground
In a very elevated' region, fever and ague unknow
Provision made for superior educational facilith
Church connPeted with the 4th Presbytery of Phil
delphia, (N For particulars address,
GEO. W. HANCOCK, Agent,
Atco, Camden Co., N
Vines and fruit trees planted and taken care of
experienced cultivators.
Edwin S. Johnston.
nekt,EN. iv
Wall Paper and Linen Window Shade
Church, Store and other Large Shades idanutlicturcd to orii
DEPOT:
1033 Spring- Garden et., just below llth
BRANCII-307 Federal St., Camden, 1. J.
DaIISICALL.—MR. J. G. OSBORNE has remove
hid rooms for AIIISIGAL INSTRUMON to No. 80.5 RA
Street. He takes pbsicute in offering his services to the public
moderat terms, and invites particular attention to hls thenrett
and practical method of Piano Porte and Guitar instruction.
augla 3tuoa.