' f PIKE COUNTY PRESS. Friday, Auoubt 2R, 1896. PCBMflllED EVERY FRIDAY. OFFICII, BROWH'8 BUILDING, BROAD ST, Entered at the post ortloo of Milford, Tike county, Pennsylvania, as sooond-class matter, Novemlxir twenty-Hint, 1895. Advertising Rates. One square (eight lines), one Insertion -11.00 Each sulweuueiit Insertion .60 Reduced rates will bo furnished on ap plication, will be allowed yearly adver tisers. Legal Advertising. Court Proclamation. Jury and Trial List for several courts per term, 124.00 Administrator's and Executor's notices 8.00 Auditors notices 4.00 Divorce notices - - 6.00 Hherlff's sales, Orphans' court sales, County Treasurer's sales, County state ment and election proclamation charged by the square. .1. H. Tan Etten, PUBLIBHER, MUford, Pike County, Pa. 189G AUGUST. 1896 Su. Mo. Tu. We. Tb. Fr. 8a. AJLL JLJLJLJL jio il iiii Ji 15 6 J7 18 29 0 21 22 23 24, 25 26 j!7 J28 29 30 1 31 MOON'S PHASES. C Third Quarter Mew Moon 1 liBO First Quarter x p. 15 4-18 p. m. 9 a.m. iV mil ijMooa 23 a.m. Regular Republican Nominations. FOR PRESIDENT, WILLIAM M'KINLEY, OF OHIO. FOR VICE-PRESIDENT, GARRET A. HOBART, OF NEW JERSEY. REPUBLICAN STATE TICKET. For Congressmen-at-lnrge, GrALUSHA A. GROW, of Susquehanna County. SAMUEL L. DAVENPORT, of Erie County. Editorial. INFORMATION OF INTEREST Those concise and clear definitions from the Educator will enable our readers to fully understand the meaning of many terms now in daily use, and are worth preserving. Bull ion. Gold or Silver in bars, or in gots, uncoined. Kinds of money in use. Gold coins of 120, $10, f 5 and $2.50. Silver coins; of $1.60 cents, 25 cents and 10 cents. Nickel 5 cent coins, 3 cent nickels and cents. United States notes (Greenbacks) Treasury notes : United States gold certificates issued upon deposits of gold coins : United States siryor cer tificates, issued upon deposits of sil ver dollars ; United States currency certificates issued on deposits of United States notes to National banks only ; issue now . suspendod, National bank notes Issued by Na tional banks. Subsidiary coin, Sil ver coin of 50. 25 and 10 cents. Min or coin nickel 5 and 3 cent pieces and oents. Money of the constitu tion. The constitution gives oon gress power "to coin money and re gulate the value thereof," and of foreign coins and forbids the States to coin money or "make anything but gold and silver a tender in pay ment of debts. ". Ratio of 18 to 1. In tha propor tion of 16 grains of silver to 1 of gold or more precisely of 15,988 to 1 that is a silver dollar contains 371.25 grains of pure silver, and a gold dollar 23.22 grains of pure gold, there being 16 grains In the former to 1 in the latter. Origin of the Ratio. Fixod by law in 1792 at 15 to 1, representing the relative commercial values of the motals 1 in 1834 changed to 16. 002 to 1 and to present ratio in 1837. Grains in gold dollars 23.22 of pure gold and 2.58 of alloy. No gold dol lars are now coined ; but this is the proportion in eagles, double-eagles lialf -eagles, and quarter-eagles. Grains in a silver dollar 371.25 of pure silver, and 41.25 of alloy. Trade dollar. Authorized by Con gress in 1873 for foreign use. Coin age discontinued in 1878 by order of Treasury. Contained 378 grains of pure silver and 42 of alloy. By act of 1887 it was for six months re deemed in standard silver dollars, and its f urthur coinage prohibited. Free coinage of silver. Coinage by the United titates mints of all silver offered, free of charge to the owners of the bullion, into legal tender money. Unlimited Coinage of silver. Coin aire of all silver bullion offered Independent Coinage of silver. Unrestricted coinage independently of other nations. Seitrniorage. The difference be tween the coat of bullion purchased by the Government and its face value when coined. For example, the present commercial value of sil ver is 69 cents ptir ounce. One hund red ounces, oosting $89, would coin $129.29. The soigniorage, or gain of the government would thorofore be about $C0. Under froo coinage this profit would go to the indivi dual owners of the bullion. Gold Reserve. Gold held by the Treasury for redemption of paper money. The aim is to keep this fund up to $100,000,000. Gold Standard Gold the ultimate measure of monetary value. Silver Standard Silver the ulti mate measure of monetary value. Silver Standard Countries Boli via, Central America, Chiiui.Colum bia, Ecuador, India, Japan, Moxico, Pern, Russia, Tripoli.- Value of Gold in Various Coun tries The lion. M. L. Mnhleman.of the United States Sub-Treasnry, New York, says the grain of gold is of the same value in the civilized world it is the international strin dard j even Bilver is now measured by it alone in international transac tions." Value of Silver in Various Conn tries It is not uniform as gold. The most prevalent standard is the Mex ican dollar, which contains 377.17 grains of pure silver, nearly six grains more than our dollar. As silver changes constantly in value so does the Mexican dollar. Its pur chasing value in this country, though containing more silver than our own silver dollar j is but little more than 50 cents, because our own silvec4s maintained at a parity with gold.. Parity of Gold and Silver. Equal ity of purchasing power. As the bullion in a silver dollar is worth so much less, commercially, than the gold in a gold dollar, silver monoy and silver certificates would be at a discount if it were not known that the Government is pledged to main tain them at parity with gold and receive them for all public duos. If necessary it would do this by re deeming them in gold. .Legal Tender. Lawful money ; money which may be offered in pay ment of debts. Gold is the only ab solute legal tender in the United (states. Silver dollars, greenbacks and treasury notes, and fractional silver coins in amounts of $10 and less, are a legal tender except where other wise stipulated in the contract. Gold certificates, silver certificates, currency certificates and National bank notes are not a legal tendor.but are receivable for public dues, ex cept the latter, which are not receiv able for custom. Bimetalism. Unlimited coinage of both gold and silver into legal tender coins. National Bimetallism Unlimited coinage of both gold and silver with out reference to other nations. International Bimetallism. The unlimited coinage of both gold and silver, in agreement with other na tions. Demonetization Act of 1873. Of ten called the "crime" of '73. The act by which Congress stopped the coinage of silver dollars, chiefly be cause the bullion value of the sil ver was then worth cents more than the gold dollar, and silver dol lars were not in circulation. Sound Money Standard money j no depreciated dollars. Fiat Money The doctrine that the Government can make paper, leather or any othor material into monoy by simply putting its stamps upon it, without reference to its re demption in coin. Inflation Abnormally large is sue of paper money or depreciated coin. Expansion Natural increase of the volume of money in circulation. Contraction Roduction.f rom any cause, of the amount of money in circulation. Gresham's Law That when two kinds of money are issued.one of less value than the other, the poorer money will tend to drive the better money out of use. It will be either hoarded or exported. Sir Thomas Gresham was Chancellor of the Eng lish Exchequer under Quoen Ellza both. Silver Barons Men who have large interests in silver mines, and would bo benefitted by free coinage of silver. i Gold-bugs. Those who support the gold standard, particularly the money-lenders of the East. ARGUMENTUM AD ABSURDUM. In a recent issue of a cotempor- ary in a nearby town this extraor dinary statement is made by way of argument. ' The ordinary opera tion of the law of supply and de mand will raise the world's price of silver bullion the moment our mints are open to its free coinage, and the coined metal is a legal tender for all debts public and private. This pro position stated in few words is sim ply that the more there is of a thing the higher its price will be. That such is the ordinary law. That the moment the mints are open and the silver of the world can be brought here to be stamped into dollars the price of the bullion will rise. " Sup pose this would be true, would any one but the mine owners of the bul lion be benefitted V What the pur chasing power of the dollar would be is the question of interest to the farmer and laborer. No one dis putes the idea that the mine owners and the owners of silver in foreign coon tries would be vastly benefitted. and in their eageruetg to have 100 cents mode out of fifty-three, the price of bullion might possibly be slightly appreciated, we doubt even that, but assuming it to be true he farmer lias none to sell. lie must bike coined dollars in payment for his produce, and if he attempts to convert them into bullion, he goes back to the bullion price and loses 47 cents on every one. The further statement is mado in the same article that " part of the work that gold is now doing will be done by silvor and the demand for gold will corrospondinply slacken. Free coinage of silver will then raise the bullion price of silver and lower the bullion price of gold the world over." The total amount of silver dollars coined in the United 8tates from 1792 to 1873 was $8,031,238. Part of this period covers the time the Domocracts point to as years of prosperity with the " dollar of our daddies." What metal was then doing the work and doing it satis factorily if it was not gold ? The amount of silver coined from 1878 to June 30, 1896 was $430,790,041. Here was silver enough to do " part of the work that gold Is now doing," but it does not appear that this me tal was ambitious. The work has not been done and it must be the fault of silver. Noither has gold been overworked in that period. In fact both metals seem to be taking a rest, it would be proper perhaps for our frionds to explain the cause of this idleness and find some incen tive to set the las?y idlo dollars at work. We suggest a dose of protec tion to our home industries, and re stored and conflrmod confldonoe , by the election of McKinloy and the stamping out of the free coinage heresy. This done, these idle dol lars will begin their labors cheer fully, and go rolling out through the length and breadth of our land, giv ing comfort by thoir presence and adding joy to the homes of the thou sands of the despondent in our country. WHAT A bOLLAR IS WORTH. You may take a gold dollar and the motal in it is worth 100 cents, you may molt it, pound it out of shape, or put it in any form and it is still worth 100 cents and you can got that for it just as well as when it was in the coin. The metal in a silver 16 to 1 dollar is worth 53 cents and the momont you change its shape, that is all you can get for it. The coin contains 412 grains of standard silvor, and that at the cur rent market rates is worth 53 cents. The free silver man says that if the government should remonotize sil ver and coin it on equal terms with gold then the 412 grains would be worth 100 con ts. If this is true then the government should monetize iron or lead and say that a specific quantity should be worth 100 cents. Why not? If the flat of government makes the value, it can make it out of one metal as woll as another. The fact of silvor being a so called "precious metal" makes no differ ence. A thing is precious in propro- tion to its scarcity. If we could pick up diamonds as. readily as quartz crystals, diamonds would cease being precious stones. If the farmers want to be really benefited by free coinage they should ask that iron be monetized, and then their stoves, old horn shoes, plough shares, and all the scraps of iron around the farm could be turned in to 100 cent dollars. If free coinage will increase the value of one metal it will of another. There is prece dent for the use of other motals for money, and othor metcrials too. The Indians used beads, Mexico soap Abysinna salt, Tartary tea, Burmah lead, Carthage leather, Russia plati num, Brittain tin, and Sparta iron. The Democrat insists that "the actual value of the motal in the coin makes no matter anyway . ' ' There is not a oents worth of value in pa per one hundred dollar bills, yot they pass for full value, and so would the 53 cent dollar The answer is paper is not standard money. The bill derives its value from the sole fact that the government is willing and ablo, and legally bound to re deem it in gold. But the Populist would make silver a standard, and the standard must be measured by itself, the paper dollar is not. The government when it wants to make paper money buys paper at the mar ket price and stamps it, and when it wants to make silver coins it buys silver at the market price. If the reasoning of the Populist is sound he should demand that the government stamp paper or cloth or whatever he pleases to furnish, or has the "most of, into dollars for his use. This is the rational end and logical conclu sion of the free coinage argument. THE DUTY OF ASSESSORS. Under sections 2 and 3 of the Registration Act of 1895 it is the duty of the Assessor of each election district to be present at the election house of said district during the two secular days, the last of which shall bo the sixty second day before the Tuesday next following the first Monday of November to wit Tues day and Wednesday the first and second days of September from the hours of 10 o'clock a. m. to 3 o'clock p. m. and from 6 o'clock p. m. to 9 o'clock p. m. of each of said days for the purpose of houriug and acting upon applications to bo made, or re lating to mimes upon the original registry list, or that are sought to tie placed tlieji-on or Ptruek therefrom, as proviriod in said Act. The Republican Convention for Northampton will be held Sopt. 20, at E.iston, and will nominate a full county ticket, and select conforoes to the Congressional Convention which will bo held at that place Sept. 28th. Hon. W. S. Kirkpatrick, former attorney general, will be the choice of that county for candidate for Congress. No 'butter nomina tion could bo made. The eroatot ivirts without, ilin- cretion may bo fatal to thoir owner. Hume. The. undersigned, the County Commis sioners of the County of Pike, will sell to highest bidders the several seated and unseated tracts of land enumerated below, at the Court House, In Milford, on Thursday. October 1st. 1896, commencing at 3 o'clock. SEATED LANDS Blooming Grove Township. Mitchell, Walter, n. r. 711 acres unlmpd, David Rldgoway, No. 97, 100 acres, un lmpd. Isaao Decow. No. 104, adjoining lands of Amanda Schlnur and Johu Newman. Delaware Township. Lain)?, John W., est. lno acres unlmpd, Imrt of Thos Carney, No. 11H, adjoining ots No. 147 and 11(1. Greene Township. French, .James, n. r., 2"il acres, unlmpd, Howe find F.lllot.No. I:i7, adjoining lands of Chas. Hlitis and .foslnh Whit.takcr. Poffcr, Lewis, n. r., loo acres utiinipd.Mnry Mocker, No. 'JIJ! adjoining lands of Ru dolph Linck and Levi Hhaw. Lackawaxen Township. Bovce, Christian, n. r., 2 acres unlmpd and house adjoining lands of J. V, Kllgour nnd N. Y. L. 10. & VV. R. R. Co. Brnmer, N. W., est. 4 lots In Mast Hope, Barn adjoining lands of Julius Scharff and T. 1). Shay. Crissman, Frank, n. r., 60 acres unlmpd, adjoining lands of David Mclntyro and James Scttlen. Kettle,. onus, est. house and lot, adjoining lands of A. J . Rogers and D. & H. Canal Co. Mornn, James, n. r. 85 acres unlmpd, lot No. 1, adjoining lands of John McIInle nnd Michael linidy. Riviere, K. T., n. r., (I ncres impd, 85 acres unintpd, adjoining lauds of Patrick Mornn and ot tiers. Formerly assessed to Thomns (liilTney. Riviere, K. T., n. r. 50 acres unlmpd, ad joining lands of Percival W.Davis and Zacliarinh Daley. W ilson, GiHirge. n. r. 100 acres unlmpd, ad joining lands of Wm. Holbert and David Mclntyro. Blaekniore, Maria, n. r. 1 aero lmpd, 2 acres, unlmpd, house, adjoining lands of 11. (. Park Association and John Smith. Westlirook, Liif'iiyette, n. r. loo acres un lmpd, Isaac Decow, No. 101, adjoining lots No. 105 and (Hi. Lehman Township. Campbell, Wm., n. r. (io ncres. unlmpd ad joining limits ol Mrs. li. KiitlngeraiHl Jacob Uttcnheiiner. MeCarty, Arthur, n. r. 5 acres unlmpd, adjoining lands of Harriet Cook est, and Abram (inriss est. Palmyra Township. Skinner, John, n. r. house and lot, adjoin ing lands of Newcomb Kimble and Abram Kade, est. UNSEATED LANDS. Blooming Grove Township. No. Warrantee Names. Acres. Perches 180 Kanouse, John Ifi 7ft 6U Kleilihaus, Horace 4H2 11(1 14(1 Btocker, Margaret . 4:10 nu 80 Btockcr, Margaret WS6 luo Mott, O. 11.,.. 203 Delaware Township. 100 HI 2fi0 51 lf m 8 83 Mease, Isabella, pt 55 ' Dlngman Township. Brodhead, Jane I'M Oreene Township. Arndt, Jacob 00 Double, Fredrick .... 60 Howe and Klliot 7 Paschal. Thomas 50 Laokawaqen Township Condell, William 200 XJ.. ....... U,.l...t- Umt 24 82 he iiuYYun. xvwlm u ........ if ' B Powell, Peter 50 70 AO Khee, Ann 1h7 m Howell, Rlchnrd 115 Lohmsn Township. 149 Ingraham, Ellnalnith. . 800 148 Klunear, William liso SatiBrotzman, John 7 Porter Township. an H0 9 1(18 00 26 100 144 148 24 Beecher, David Ill Kdsall, David 4oo Millar, William 21!t Pollard, William 12" I Singer, Abraham 4U Shohola Township. Nclctgh, John 487 Huston, Mary 415 Scott, John 40 Wells, James, jr 60 Westfall Township. Mease, James 439 187 Wallace Nkwvan, ) cm?ntv ALFKKI. S. Dl soman. ) mmlMumeTS .., . j (iKO. A. SWEPKNIKKR, Attest: j ,;,,,, issi,.M' clerk. Commissioners' Office, Aug. 21, lswtt ' CANDIDATES' CABDS. To tub vote its of PikeCountv: There by announce myself a candidate for County Treasurer under the title or policy of "People's Party," as regulated by the Act of June 10, lK(t:i, providing for nominations by nom ination paiieni, and solicit your votes at the genera 1 election Nov. 8, lwiH. ' JOHN A. KirP. August 5, 1k!I. Having been appointed to fill a vacancy in the office of Associate Judge. I hereby announce myself a candidate for the noiiiiimiion at the Republican Conven tion, .should I receive it, and be elected, I shall endeavor to perform the duties of the office Impartially aud to the best of uiy ability. WILLIAM MITCHELL. July 2, lKufi. To THE RKl'l 111 II'AN VOTKKS OK PlKK COUNTY. I hereby uifcx myself a candidate for the office of County Auditor, and respectfully ask that delegates be elouted favoring uiv candidacy. JOHN C. WARNER. Milford Borough, Aug. 24, ls-.ni. Having iieen solicited by a numlier of friends I heroby offer myself a candidate for nomiuatiou to the office of County Auditor at the Republican Convention and ask that delegates 1h elected in my Interest. If elected I pledge myself to perforin the duties of the position impartially and to tho bust uf my ability. JOSEPH SCHANNO. Dlngmuu Township, Aug. 24, lautt. MMNERS' SALE HISTOltY 011 MONEY. SHOWING KINDS OF MONEY USED IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF CIVILI ZATION. Orsdnsl Kmlotloa Prom ftktna, Flthhontta, MMilla, Kto, la Hnnttn Atas to gllrw and OoM In Prtwrnt ClommerrHO fltas. Cows and Rhep Unit off Talna De tnonetlsatlon of Tobacco, Skins. Bronss. ftUh, and Why NivwuMr Gold and Sil ver at First Ellinatd Roafhly, Then Weighed Aoenrtly and Finally Stamp ed Most Modern Nations Raft Puss a Through the Silver and Are la the Gold Stage of Civilisation. A study of the growth of money may to useful jrtRt now In ardor to give mora definite idea of exactly -what money la and to learn why certain arti cles or substanoea have been discarded and otbors retained. The natural and OfOieral tend!nole well understood, we have only to jndRoof the future by past rxperionne to predict what will and wlmt will not ho the principal money niotnl of the near future. n anting and Fishing Staea. The kind of money in use in any country indicate the degree of civi lization attained. Man probably first be rain" a trading animal in the hunting and fishing stage. Weapons; of war and the chase, together with skins and furs, were then the most Important kinds of property! Hence we find that the more useful, stable and portable of these articles were first used as money and are so used today in barbarous oonntries. Beaver skins or "bearer" was the unit of value when onr forefathers traded with the Indians. Thns 1 beaver equals t brass kettle; 1 beaver equals 2 shillings; 6 bea vers eqnal 1 gal lon brandy, eto. Fishhooks form ed the currency on the northern shores of the In dian ocean from Persia to Ceylon. L beaver skin. ii. FisH-Latterly, how hook. in. wamplm. ever, pieoes of bent wire were substituted for real hooks. Wampum was the currency of the more civilized Indian tribes in New England and on Long Island. It con sisted of white beads, made from the ends of a periwinkle shell or black beads made from a clam shell arranged in sttings or belts. It became the offl ciul money of New England and New Amsterdam and lost its place as money between 1C50 and 1700, when the "Smart Alecks' among the whites be gan to debase it by leaving the beads unpolished or unpioreed or by making them of bone, horn, glass and even of wood. The colonists legislated much trying to fix prices, and to save wam pum from declining in value, but it was being produced too cheaply. Natural law was against it, and it had to go. The nse of shells as money is still common on many tropical coasts. Their wide nse is probably dne to the strong passion, common to primitive man, for personal adornment. This gives shells a permanent value. Besides they are very durable, comparatively light and are oonvenient for small change. Whales' teeth, arrowheads, beads, tusks of ivory and engraved stones are some of the other money materials of this and later stages of civilization. The Pastoral Stage. Man early tamed the domestic ani mals. The sheep and the cow being the most useful, they naturally, with their skins (and some times with thoir milk), formed the ourrency and the unit of value. Our words fee, pecuniary and o a p i t a 1 come from the nse of cattle as money.. Similar words in nearly every language testify to the once gen eral nse of cows and sheep as money. A man's wealth was estimated by his herds and flocks. It was in this stage that oonquerors stopped eating captives because it was discovered that they were worth more as shepherds and carriers of water, wood, eta Henoe also slaves often fig ured as money. Agricultural Stag. In the agricultural stage man owns land, has fixed habitations and Is pos sessed of a far greater variety of proper ty than when he was a nomad. Though he continued to use cattle, slaves, etc, as money, yet he sometimes added sta ple farm products and began to use met als, especially copper and gold, which at first were usually estimated in terms of cattle aud were measured roughly instead of being weighed. Wheat, barley and oats are now, as they have been for a, 000 years, a medi um of exchange in Norway and other remote parts of Europe. Maize, or Indian corn, onoe form ed the currency of Mexico, Cen tral America and some of the early colonies. Tobac co formed the principal money of Virginia and Maryland. It was legal tender in Maryland In 173a. Theprica of wives varied from 100 to ISO pounds of tobao oo. Dried oodnah was once curren- V. inma cons, vt to- cy la Newfound dacco. vn. LOio-ibH. land. Sugar, rum, ginger, olive oil, eggs, indigo and molasses are some of the product that have been used in different countries. The friends uf tobacco and corn tried hard to prevent these ' 'crtuos against humanity," but the copper, gold and silver bug oonspirators came out on top in spite of special legislation in the in terests of tobacco aud corn. This was a hart blow to our country. Theia is plenty of tobacco, corn, eggs and mo lasses to give us all the "per capita" we ooukl carry if the crime of demoneti sation bad not been oommitted against them, thereby causing priuus of thma 23 4 IV. SHEEP. i J) and other articles, except the prettions metals, to fall precipitately. Kconotnlsts tell us that these articles ceased to be used as money because they lacked some essential quality. They say that some were perishable) others bulky nd hard to transport ; others could not be easily divided for the purpose of making ohange; others were not uni form in sice or quality, while nearly all lacked stability of value. But every to bacco, corn, molasses or egg producer and every lover of the weed, of omelets or of Johnny cake and sorghum knows that They were demonetised because they were so plentiful that the Shy looks could not monopolize them as easily as they oould the precious metals. Manufacturing Stage. The manufacturing stage is not clearly defined. Hoes were once money in China and they are to day in An am. Little hoes, snch as the one here figured, took the place of real hoes and became a true money. Hand made nails once circu lated as money in some Scotch villages. Some VIIL CHINESE nOR. IX. RANDMAPE nails. of the other money articles that may perhaps belong to this stage are cotton cloth, straw hats, cubes of salt, tea, beeswax, knives and silk cloth. It was probably In this stage that the precious metals began to be measured and weighed more accurately and to be cast into standard forms. Commercial Stage. 1. Internal Trade. When men be gan to live in oities, to have regular markets where products wore exchanged and to have shopkeepers or merchants and professional traders, there was great need of a more exact and scicntifio money such as could be supplied only by the metals. Those began to be cast or stamped into regular forms, sizes or weights. Bronze bars and stamped bronze pieces were used in Greece and Italy. The bronze piece here represented shows the evolution from cattle money X. BRONZE PECCBSIS. XI. IRON MANILLA PROM W. AFRICA. XII. CHINESE "CASH." XIII. COPPER AS. to stamped metallio money. Weights in the form of sheep indicate that sheep were in Biblical times the unit of value in Palestine. Iron was used as money in Sparta. Pieces of bent iron ready for the black smith pass as money in west Afrloa and elsewhere. "Cash" or "sapoks" or "le" is the only native coin and the only legal tender of China as well as the principal money of small accounts. Cash oonslsts of round disks of a kind of brass with a square hole in the center. The evolution of oash is interesting. About 300 B. C. the Chinese were still using a bronze ourrency representing knives 6 3-5 inohes long, with a hole in one end of the handle. By 600 A. D. the knives were 7 1-6 inches long and the hole or ring was larger. Later the handle dis appeared and the ring was attached to the blade, which was increased in thick ness to give the same weight as former ly. Still later the blade was gotten rid of and the ring was pierced with a square bole for the string. Thus trans formed the original and cumbersome knife money became a comparatively oonvenient currency, though the value has depreciated greatly, partly because of reduced size and inferior quality of metal used. Cash is the basis of all price compu tations in China. Considerable sums may be paid in gold or silver, but they are treated as merchandise and are bought and sold by weight without a government stamp to guarantee weight and fineness. The as was a brass coin used ta Italy until after 800 A. D. . International Trade. When trade became international, there was still greater need for the most accurate and reliable counters of value possible. Real ootnage began when governments first guaranteed weight and fineness with an offloial stamp. A great part of this immense gain to commeioe and civilization was lost when, after awhile, monarcha began to abuse this XIV. BOMANO-CAMPANIAX COIN. XV. BOLD SOLIDUS OF JULIAN U. XVL MKXlCAJI S1L VHH IHiLLAH. XVII. BSitiLIlUi UULU OV BKKlUli. coining privilege and to break faith with their subjects by stamping light weight or otherwise debased coins as genuine. Such coins would continue in use, but would sso. depreciate iu value. 8 : Figure If represents one of the earli est silver coins. It was struck in Rome about 800 B. a (old was colneV (i in 908 B. O. Figure 16 shows Vidus of Julian II. The hT, rvicd four scruples from 813 A.ii. to 1468 and formed the basis of more modern Euro pean coins. The florin, ooined in Flor ence iu the fourteenth century, was the first regnlar coin of western Europe. It soon became the recognised unit of valne in commerce and was replaced only by the English sovereign, which has since remained the standard unit of value for international trade. The commercial world has chosen gold as money because, nil things con sidered, it Js better fitted for this pur pose than any other metal or substanca U owes its position entirely to its in trinsic worth. It has needed no special legislation to sustain it, nor ha the al most unlimited special legislation in the interest of silver and othor metals and" substances been able to make them "as good as gold" in any modern civi lized conntry. Jt has come by evolution and will not go even by revolution. We have passed the fishhook, wampum, to bacco, iron and silver stages of civiliza tion and have entered the golden stage. Each year sees some progressive country stop experimenting with the fickle and fluctuating silver standard and declare for the stable and world recognized gold standard of value. Possibly we may, by foolish legislation, make silver legal tender for awhile and drive gold out of circulation, bnt our commercial in terests will contiuue to use gold, and soon all interests will bo glad to drop Mexico and China and to return to tho society of civilized nations. Byron W. Holt. nig Prices For Farmers' Product. The Chautauqua News of Sherman, N. Y., contains in its latest number an advertisement which we copy free of ohorgo: WAR PRICES. In order to amlHt those who believe In the ""white metal" 1 will pay tho fallowing prices In MEXICAN SILVER DOLLARS (no ohange Rlvnn) for live atock and prodo.ee delivered at Sherman: Steers weighing 1.0U0 pounds or over, fine and fnt a oents per pound Holffire weighing BU) poundti or over, fine and fnt 5 oents per potind Sheep, fat and heavy ft cents per pound Lambs, fat end henvy 7H oents per pound Vcala, fine and fnt 8 oents per pound Pigs weighing 100 to 1MI pounds 5" oents per pound Beat Holsteln milk cowa 150 per head No. 1 erenmery butter a cents per ponnd Pine factory cheese 10 oonts per pound These dolinra contain more pure silver than the United Btntea dull nr. tPrT Thoee who deliver stock In drovns should bring an extra horse to draw home their money. Dated Aug. 1. A. B, SHELDON. Mr. Sheldon is able to do what he promises to do. Ho is 'giving tho farm ers of Chautauqua the benefit of the in flated prices which tho advocates of a 60 cent dolhir desire and is doing it without asking the United States gov ernment to become a repudiator and a swindler. Double Standard Maple Sugar. The Mohawk valley was settled by the Dutch, as your readers know. When the country was new, Yankee peddlers oame through the settlements and pur chased the crop of maple sugar. Un one occasion a green Dutchman sold a Yan kee his maple sugar far below the mar ket price, and his neighbors teased him for being deceived. He said in roply : 'You vait and I will vix him next year." The next spring he sold his crop of sugar to the same Yankee at the same price. When his neighbors railed him, be said : "I am no fool. I made the sap that sugar was mode from of half spring water." The green Dutch farmer had just as much common sense as those cranks who assert that 60 oents' worth of silver and an equal amount of water will make a dollar worth 100 cents in gold at the present standard. F. G. in tlew York fjun. ' "More money" is the delusive cry of the silverites in their campaign for cheap dollars. But they do not attempt to show how a 16 to 1 free coinage law, which would put our 000,000,000 gold at a premium of nearly 60 per cent and drive it all ontof circulation, could pos sible give us more money than we have now. All persons 'are hereby notified that throwing or burning papers or refuse of rs or refuse or the Borough is any K i ml in mo streets ol t prohibited By order of the town council, J. C. CHAMHKRLAIN, President, pro turn. Attest, I). H. HORXUKCK, Sec'y. Milford, May 6, WUu. 'jPureFoocU TA - w ' Ta You agree that baking pow der is best for raising. Then why not try to get its best re sults ? Just as easy to get all its good none of its bad, by having it made with digestion- 5 'a aiaing ingreaiems as in r. KEYSTAR ; greatest raisins- strength, no bad effects. No us to clog the stomach with what never help make flesh and blood. KEYSTAR ia th one all digestible baking powder. Just right for best baking results ; harmless to a delicate diges tion. $iooo forfeit if made with alum or other bad. Fresh, sweet and pure, all foods raised with it digest so easily that you art quickly surprised with better appetite and health. iiVBAr(lNGPOVOERj ft ,A'.bCAHl2t.l-b22t. IIMQit.J i Factory Red BankNJ.
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers