T
GOCOOCOOOOOOOOCOOOOOOOOO
iDath Valley and
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Death Valley Is probably the most
mlquo natural fonturo lu Collfornln.
it Is located la the southeast corner cf
hcyo County, anil li Inclosed by the
nnnmlnt Mountains on the west nnd
(the Punernl Range on the enst. It Is
seventy-five miles long, nnd nt Its nor-
owest point but eight miles wide.
At one time, most nrnlmlilr It wns
Jlhe bed of nn ancient river. The low
est depression Is 200 foot below son-
flevel, but nbovo this rlsrs Telescope
IVnk. 11,000 feet high, of the Pnna-
yiilut Range, nnd dlretely opposite the
I'uncrnl Penk, whleli rent-he nn nit 1-
hude of SOOO feet. Purine the winter
these penks nre covered with snow.
This remarkable valley was tliscov
red In 1S50 by n party of Immigrants,
'many of whom lost their lives In tho
ittempt to cross It. The name hns
lung to It. also, as being the scene of
Numberless tragedies. Knrly In Its
jtory traditions of gold nnd silver
sits of wonderful richness within
ts hoVidnrlcs persuaded tnnnr nil von-
urous Tyrons to undertake the bnz-
rdous experiment of Its exploration.
Die number wlio hove lost their lives
n this desolate field Is undoubtedly
reat. Pursuing the mlrngo of rich de
bits of precious metals these ndven-
rous prospectors succumbed nt Inst
the Intolerable beat nnd Ce n.-.onics
thirst.
he rnngo of the thornr :.r Is
bnbly grenter In Death Y.-t.'-y i'kui
where In the Western !! -...isphere.
vlnter the temperature Is ho-
y f.ero, while In July r.- ' rust
thermometer ranees fiv.- -, k nt
decrees above, frequently rising
wcrol degrees higher. Tor wet-kit nt '
time the lowest level temperature oh-
rved exceeded 100 degrees. The
leatlly beat burns every vestige of
getntlon. The Spanish bayonet, a
plant that flourishes under the most
arid conditions, here barely survives,
while the mesqulte, with its long roots
lenetratlDg deep Into the earth In
learch of scanty moisture, Just man
ges to exist
A party of enterprising ngrlcultur-
sts once experimented with growing
f nit and vegetables In this region, nn-
Icipatlng large profits in the early
arketlng of their crops. Tho attempt
as a complete failure, the Intone?
eat withering the plants, notwlth-
tending copious supplies of water and
he most skillful cultivation. In the
lgber altitudes of the Tannmlnts
het-o are numerous valleys with flow-
streams. In these fruits aro cultl-
ed, and reach the market two
nths before the California products
ture.
he prevailing winds in Death Voi
re from the west. Though origin-
n the Faclflc Ocean and sntu-
1 1th humidity In traveling the In
flate distance, they ore Inter-
d by the lofty peaks of four
ires of mountains, which absorb all
their moisture, so that by tho time
icy rench the volley all humidity has
llsnppeared, and no living thing can
urvlve the Intense heat. Even birds,
ndlgcnous to the region, die.
It Is lu the months of greatest heat
BO BATE MINES IN
that the sand storms of Death VatUy
are most deadly. Then rage with In-
tense fury, obliterating the landscape
and' draining the light of the sun,
withering the scanty vegetation and
coveting the trails dceu lu powdered
4hOOOLER XJSEDINDKATH VALLEY.
f , "iS I
,r:tsjp
dust. At nil time tho aspect of the
valley Is superlatively desolate. No
spot on rnrth surpasses It lu aridity or
tophet-llke bent.
During the heated term nn hour
without water means death. Meat be
comes putrid In an hour. Eggs arc
cooked In the blistering sand. Water
Is only palntnble by means of large po
rous earthenware Jars, common to nil
MOUNTAINS ENCLOMINO DEATH VALLEY.
hot countries, suspended In drafts nnd
reduced In temperature by means of
the rapid evaporation of the moisture
from the outside.
The belief that the bornx marshes
are the remains of the vast bike which
once tilled the valley Is supported by
traces of water-line found 000 feet
above, on the mountain sides.
In general appearance all bornx
marshes are nlike. They nre located
' ..-.V.;.. .
SPANISn BAYONET TLAXT, DEATH VALLET
nt the point of greatest depression nnd
from n distance look like deposits of
salt or snow. Under the surface Is
common wet clay or water of varying
depths. These deposits nre generally
circular In form nnd appear as though
once they were crat -rs. Borax was
created by contact of boraclc odd In
gaseous form, with tho lime nnd soda
of tho surface. At Tools Marsh, Ne
vada, borate of lime appears In the
form of bulls Imbedded In clny along
with soda, salt, etc., but nt Columbus
these nre found In sandy soil. Some
times these Lulls nre .decomposed, un
derlying the soil which is removed,
nnd the borate shoveled out. Deposits
of crudo borate of soiln ore found In
Nevada and In Death Valley, ot the
Monte Blanco mines. These mines ore
1
THE CRYSTALLIZED BORAX ON THE RODS,
located in a region tho most forbid'
ding, remoto from tho railroad nnd of
fering almost unsurmountnble diffleul
ties In tho reduction and marketing of
their product, but their richness and
extent, compared to all other fields,
soon caused them to bo regarded as
tho principal source of supply for the
future production of borax in the Uul
ted States.
Tho works employ from 400 to 1C0O
men. The crude borate of lime Is first
passed through rock breakers and Is
DEATH VALLEY.
then ground to tUs fineness of flour by
means of rolls and burr stones. It Is
then, with a small proportion of car
bonate of soda, thrown into a digester,
where under heat, pressure and aglta
tiou the existing affinities are com
plctely divorced. The carbonic tielil
unites with the lime, whleli yields bo
rnele neld, the letter with a smalt por
tlon of soda and the result Is bornx lit
solution. The liquor Is then drawn ofT
Into tanks, where the bornx In crystal
lising attaches Itself to small steel
roils nnd books altogether like great
sticks of rock candy. The sediment
contained In the mixing tanks Is com
posetl largely of sand and dirt with
considerable bornx mixed. The de
posit Is passed through n filter press,
which presses the dirt nnd allows the
bornx liquor to pass away to be util
ized again, ltcpcnted over anil over
ngnin, the last remnant of borax la
Dually secured by this process.
A Vrv BtireMful Venture.
An abnormally generous womi.'?
went to Uurope last summer, leaving
her linrsen In entire charge of her
coachman. The coachman, of a prac
tical turn of mind and with his tr..s
trass's full consent, turned n pretty
penny by renting the teams out. He-
fore long she bad a letter from him
would she object to his setting up a
hearse? There was a great demand
for something of the sort, new nnd
smart. In the town, nnd he knew of
such n nice henrse to be bail at l-.nlf-price;
if she wouldn't mind his putting
her horses to It, his fortune would bo
made. The abnormally generous worn-
nn wrote back Hint she was perfectly
willing. A few weeks lrter she wns
ewnnled by a letter from the coach
man snying Hint the benrsp, ns run
iy her horses wns the greatest suc
cess; "people are Junt dying to get
Into It," he added. New York Hun.
Fstlier's Horrible IHfrovery.
While trying to save tieorge Dent-
son, nn eight-year-old companion, from
drowning In the Floyd Itlver nt Uloux
City, Iowa, Ueorgo Lewis, nged thir
teen, wns nlso dragged down nnd tiled
with his friend. Denlson wns bathing
la the at renin, nnd wns supposedly
seized with a crnmp, Lewis plunged
ii after him when ho called for help.
At first It wns not known who the lads
were, and the father of Iwls offered
to dive for the bodies. He first brought
up Denlson, nnd on diving a second
line rosewith his own son iu his wins,
Ho wns nearly crazed with grief when
ho recognized his child. Cincinnati
Enquirer.
Where the V. h. 8. O. . Will Meet.
The Young People's Society of Chris
tina Endeavor opens soon a world'a
session In London, r.nd will hold Its
convention In tho Alexandra Tnlnce,
which resembles the Mudlson Square
Garden, New York City.
Tho palace Is Just beyond tho out
skirts of Loudon proper and hns a ca
pacity for lodging and bonrdlug 5000
Endeavorers, as well os glvlug ample
room for their meetings. The banquet
hall of the palace will be divided off
Into dormitories, enough of them to
hold IL'00 young women. This or-
ALEXANDRA PALACE.
rungement left 3800 young men to ha
cared for, but 800 touts have been pro
vided for them, nnd .oey will occupy
these, five to a canvas.
Tho kitchen of the pnlace Is largo
enough to prepare food for 2300 per
sons, who can sit down at one time la
the dining hall and be served. All En
deavorers not provided for In the pal
ace will have accommodations secured
for them in neur-by private houses and
hotels. It bus been settled that all vls
Itors will pity their own expenses.
The total number of delegates cx
pected In London Is 60,000, of wlilea
8000 come from America. The dele
gates represent a membership of 4,000,
000 Endeavorers, scattered all over tho
world. I
Eur to I'lck the Winner.
They made a wager as to which
could give a story the wlueat circula
tion in the shortest time.
Que of them had It manifolded on
the typewriter and cent It to every
newspaper In the town.
The other merely told It to his wife
"lu strict coufldep.ee."
zzz
9903999000000000000000000
FARM TOPICS!
9000O00OOOO3OO00OOCOOOOC0
tlnort I'onltrf rood.
One of tho best poultry foods for In
ducing egg production Is cow pens.
They mny le fed whole to adult stock
or cracked for chicks. They nre highly
ultrogcuous and nre superior to com
or wheat. Another excellont poultry
food Is rape, whleli may be grown on
nil kinds of soil.
To Core Collnr Onlta.
At night rub nlr-slncked limn on the
sore. The next morning apply grensc
or sweet oil. 1-Vr hardening horses'
shoulders, nothing equals a strong tea
made by steeping white oak bark, he
lug careful to peal the bark down
to the wood. Apply frequently, say
twice a day.
rinn For a llnlinnai.
In n henhouse twenty-four feet by
twelve feet, the height of the posts
should be nine feet on the front, slop
ing buck five feet In the rear. Matched
boards fourteen feet long can be used
on these posts, each board making a
siding for both front nnd renr. With
care In cutting these bonrds mny be
used for the sides of buildings, nnd
the fourtecn-feet boards will lap over
n little If used ns roofing. It Is better
to lath nnd plaster the Inside of the
building, ns this mnkes It much warm
er. The building paper used for
sheathing the I oxides of houses Is
cheaper thnn laths nnd piaster, nnd
except thnt It does not repel the lleo
ns tho lime does, the pnper sheath
ing Is just ns good ns tho lnth nnd
plaster. No matter which Is used,
the Interior should Ik whitewashed,
with enough glue mixed with the
whitewash to make It stick..
Mnncheit Itntfnnt For Milk Prndncilan,
Most farmers now understand the
necessity of giving mllk-produclng
food to the milch cow If she Is to
keep up her product Inn, but mnny do
not pay any attention to the footl
given to ewe J nnd sows when they
nre suckling young, nnd they go to
one of the two extremes, ns mny hnve
been their previous habit of feeding.
or ns mny be the food they hnve
or enn buy nt tho lowest price. The
resulc Is thnt while one mnn will hnve
the mothers growing fat while the
lambs nnd pigs nre not growing nt
nil, because they do not have milk
enough, another will have them look
ing plump nnd round nt the c.-.peiise
of the ibim who turns nil her food
Into milk. There is ns much need ot
a balanced ration for them, thnt will
cause n good milk production, nnd nt
the same time keep up n fair amount
of flesh and strength, as there Is for
the milch cows.
Ileport nt n C'n-Operntlre Crrntnor).
co-operatlvo creamery makes n
report of ten years' work In Denmark,
of which the following figures mny be
of Interest, ns It Is well to be posted
on the conditions of our competitors.
The creamery started ten years ago
with ninety-two patrons, 400 cows,
nnd received about two million pounds
of milk. Last year tho patrons num
bered 210, the cows 1070 nnd the milk
received wns 4,784,100 pounds.
The average net price paid to pnt-
rons on the fnrm per 100 pounds of
milk for all ten yenrs was 08.04 cents.
(Remembering the ten per cent, heav
ier weight of a Danish pound). Both
butter and skim cheese wero made nnd
the working expenses avernged 14.53
cents per 100 pounds, nnd of this milk-
hauling amounted to 3.41 cents, sala
ries to 3.08 cents nnd coal to i
cents per 100 pounds of milk handled.
These expenses Include, ns will bo no
ticed, not only the hnullug of the
milk, but cheesemnklng.
The average price for the ten years
per pound of butter wns 24.8 eeuts and
for tho sklmmllk returned to the farm
ers wns, ns a rule, charged nt the
rnte f twenty cents per 100 (Danish)
pounds, but sometimes when cheeso
wns very low It was reduced to seven
teen nud even fourteen cents.
Tho cost of "renmery wns $11,074,
of which more thnn hnlf has hveu
pnld out of the profits.
Tira-Yenr Potato llotstlon.
A system of potato growing Is grad
ually being adopted In Monroe County,
N. Y., whleli produces good crops nud
mnlntnlns the fertility of the land,
states O. P. , In the New England
Homestead. Two fields only nre
needed for tho rotation nuJ they should
be pretty level nud of good soil. Po
tatoes, rye nud clover nre tho crops
grown nnd every second yen;' each
field has a potato crop. After the po
tatoes are dug, the field Is harrowed
nnd rye sown. The following spring
the rye Is seeded with clover. The
crop of rye Is UHiinUy large, yielding
from twenty to thirty bushels per acre.
Tho clover Is allowed to grow with
out being pnstured until nbout June 5
of the second year. Iluruyard manure
may be spread upon It during tho win
ter or early In spring. By early Juue
is Is usually kueo high and Is then
plowed under, fie ground fitted nud
tho notntoes planted.
If planting is finished by Juno 25
It Is satisfactory. Before maiKing
and planting from 000 to 1000 pounds
of fertilizer per acre Is armed uroau
cast. Tho potatoes may bo planted
lu rows both ways or In drills. Moder
ate hilling Is usually done, but It Is
all done one way, so that the neia
ts left In ridges. No hand hoeing is
done. If need be, some weeds lu the
hills may bo pulled by hand before the
hilling. Some growers prefer level
culture, but the potatoes must bo
planted deeper, and the digging 1
more difficult ami costly. Rye Ii
worth nearly ns much per bushel as
wheat, and under this system yields
as well and furnishes lots ot straw.
Then It Is hardy and euro.
TKJS E1S)ITS
New York City (Special). The new
slinpes In dress sleeves nre legion.
The foundation or basis of most of
the popular styles is n trim shape, en
? ZJ 1l I V rr I
Hitrpt llaxnr.
WHAT TUB LATEST FASHION EDICTS
DECREE AS TO SLEEVES.
casing the nrm like a lMig, tight glove,
either flat and snug, if the arm is
plump, or wrinkled its whole length,
If over-slender. The lest of the sum
mer models nre lined with a firm but
thin pliable silk ' nnd have ns a rule
nn tinder-nrm piece. Tho sleeve Ij
innde with two seams.
Tho majority ot sleeves nro tight up
lo the top of the nrm. There they ex
pnnd somewhat to allow of being prop
erly adjusted to the nnnlic'.e, nud nuy
A LILAO LINEN.
(With tucked bolero brulded la white.)
extra fullness is taken up by short
tlnrts, which nre pressed flat. The bot
tom of the sleeve extends beyend the
wrist, whether It Is cut In points,
rounded, flared or simply left plain
and straight.
Two Chnrtnlnic Summer CnMntnee.
"Duck things and shirt waists arc
what very seriously engage my, atten
tion nt this moment," confessed the
girl rom Chicago, leucb'.ng for n fun.
"I've already gone to tno expense of
ordering uue at my tailor's. I suppose
1 ought to know that tho linen things
nro to be very much made with ex
tremely brief bolero coats and skirts
quite plain. My first excui'sion Into
this experimenting with washable
thlugs Is a dove's breast I Hue linen,
tho skirt most severe and the little
coat laid In tho very cuuningest deep
overlapping tucks that run around the
body. On every tuck n charming
wreath of white braid lio is laid
across the bust; over my shoulders fall
two broad collars of cream-white liu
en, fastening half way between chin nud
wal.it with smart gilt chains nud but
tons. Under tho coat I havo ordered
for wear a completely tucked white
lawn shirt wnlst and a very do.p gir
dle of 1'urina vlo'.st liberty satin tuUes
the place of the usual belt.
"8omo girls will wear anything. I
suw one the oth.-r lay iu a really
cbnrmlng little gowu spoiled by her
frivolous shoes. The gowu was nun's
veiling In belgo brown, plain of skirt,
but the waist vry sweetly laid I
tucks runulng from shoulders down.
It l ad revers of brown silk embroid
ered lu plain bluo violets turned onck
upon tho shoulders, and It opened -front
to -venl a vest a: rungement o'
embroidered lawn upon brown silk,
whence fell '.a front two loug brown
sl : sashes embroidered In violets.
Her oleeves wero charming, opening
belov the elbow to admit of white
luwn uudersleeves nud embroidered
brown silk cuffs. Even her parasol
wns a bit of novel (inlntlness, the bnu
dle of gold In the form ot a tierce
eagle head with ruby eyes. But, oi
you lielleve It, tho girl wore brown
leather walking tka with cream can-
Op f &HIGN.
vns tops nnd white heels, nnd laced
them With white silk."
The I.lllle Tnrnrttt-Vit Call.
A new waist llnMi has been intro
duced In tht shape of the ''little
turned up e-.iff." 'Mils' as we hare pro
vided nil our bodk-es -..Ith the deep
(hiring turn-down cuffs which rlpplo
beeoiulugly nbout tho palm of tho
hi'liu It Would be too bad if the
remedy were not so easy. Havo n
new bodii-e mailt' with the little turn
up cuff. It Is very nent nnd folds buck
like the flap of n Very sninll envelops
It has a sharp point in the middle, n nit
looks ns If It wns the result of folding
bite- one of 1!ie t.ld-fiiKhinnctl deeply
pointed sleeve-wrists. Three rows of
stlt(;t'lng border the n-nt new cult
v hid, smacks of n tailored origin. It
Is particularly appropriate to n Jacket
sleeve, nnd once seel, will Ho doubt be
come a general favorlt
A ttnnn to the Afnthr-r,
Eton Jackets nnd bolero nre n boon
to the mother who likes to dress her
linlf-grown girl beo.unliigly. There
nothing more Jaunty nnd becoming
to her Immature ligiire. It is quite ns
becoming to her as to tho older sister.
With it Volte r.i tt.
One of the longer capes has n yoko
effect around th shoulders nnd from
that bangs sldo pleats stPched part
way down, ns In the skirts of gowus.
A BIEOE GOWN.
(The bodice la horizontal tuulct, with lasU
and uudersleeves.)
The Mew Skirt.
When tin plented skirt Is made to
lie flat over the hips it Is now further
supplemented by n Jackec that is also
lu pleats, and which In shapo Is be
tween a bolero nnd nn hdon. It has
n turned- down collar and small lapels,
and is fastened either with a Jew
eled clasp, a strnp ot black satin c?.
velvet with gilt buttons, or with ros
ettes and long ends of thlffon. Ia
shape it Is much shorter nt the back
thnn In front, nnd the pleats ore
sewed so that tho figure does not, as
might bo supposed, nppenr thick and
clumsy. This style Is very much used
now with the silk gowns ns well ns
TUB ABSOLTTTf CORRECT MOBNINO DRESS
FOB A QUIET COUNTRY PLACE.
with those of soft wool, but it must
not bo attempted iu heavy cloth, for
that would look quite too heavy ami
cumbersome. Ilarper' Buzur.
c