acTS, ul re- Q made a few years agu j McCook, Moggridge and Bates, have deservedly awakened a new interest in everything connected with the lives and habits of ants. The remarkable evidences they exhibit of something which, notwith standing its limitations, seems akin to luman intelligence; the perfection, as compared with other insects, of Its physical structure; the greater propor tion borne by the brain to the rest of the body; and its wonderful social life, so much more highly developed than that of the bees or of the wasps, have .WORKERS HOLDING LEAVES IN PLACE WHILE OTHERS USB LAR VAE TO BIND AND CEMENT THE LEAVES. Inclined those who study it the closest to believe that, making allowance for the great inferiority of the class of Invertebrates, the Formieadae certain ly hold among Invertebrates a rank commensurable with that sustained by primates, Including man, among vete brates. Takihg into account the compara tively enormous masses of brain mat ter belonging to a number of large animals which exhibit a marked de gree of lncogltance, and the intelli gence manifested by members of this division of Hymenopetra, the claim made by Darwin that the anterior ganglion in the head of an ant consti tuting its brain "Is the most marvelous atoih of matter in the world," is jus tified. It is Interesting to notice how diverse ore the methods adopted by inverte brate intelligence from that of man in attaining a desired result. For in stance, men make the tools they re quire for carving or for digging, in- HEAD OF WOBKING ANT Showing toothed mandibles, sects grow them; vessels being needed as receptacles for liquid food, man learns the art of the potter, but the curious honey ants transform them selves into living bottles, to which the working members of the commune re sort for refreshment. The tools of insects, exquisitely fashioned and finished, are much more perfectly adapted for the purposes they servo than are any contrived and manufactured by human beings, but there is a disadvantage connected with them—they cannot be laid aside. The tools dominate the tool-bearers and check development in any direc tion not connected with their use. This leads to the extreme specializa tion we find among insects. The egg producer, the queen of the termites, although she possesses the usual num ber of limbs belonging to her species, is totally incapable of locomotion, as are the living bottles of the honey ants. The queen lays eggs; she can do noth ing else; the living bottles store up and yield food to other members of the formicary, and are as incapable of per STATE ELEPHANT OF THE PIIKIDOLOGETON - LARGE WORKER CARRYING THE SMALLER ONES. forming other uses as it they were ! mere lifeless cells iu a honeycomb. j Among the Formicadue this tenden- i •cy to specialization has resulted in es .lar xls of »e-maklng je themselves HEAD OF WARRIOR ANT gbowina pointed and curved man., dibles unfitted fur work. so entirely to military affairs, and have so entirely lost the arts of peace and efficiency in domestic matters, that they are not only obliged to depend upon their slaves to care for the young in the formicary, but to have the food p.aeed In their iwn warlike mouths, and would stf in the midst of plen ty were this not done. The mandibles of these ants, Polyer gus rufescens and P. lucidus, the form er a European, the latter an American species, are entirely unfitted for work. They can neither crush, cut nor saw; but, being sharply pointed and curved, they make most serviceable weapous; with them in attacking an enemy, Polyergus seizes the head of her foe between the points of these curved polgnards and penetrates the brain at once. A number of ants among those of very different species are distinguished by possessing relatively large heads, the use of which is extremely problem atical. And yet the smaller members of the commonwealths find a use for the great creatures. Numbers of them may often be seen riding about, as human beings do upon elephants, upon the backs and heads of their gigantic con freres. Even this use. however, does not account for the disproportionately large heads of the giants. But the Col obopsis ants, which burrow in branches, seem to have discovered how to profitably employ the big-heads among them. They are placed at the entrances of the Formlcan dwellings, their great heads fitting in and filling the doorways. As a worker belonging to the household approaches she is rec ognized by "the animated and intelli gent front door." which draws back sufficiently to admit the entrance of its friend and then resumes its doublo office of sentry and of barrier. The Eclton are the Arabs of the ant tribes, always at war with all other animals, with no settled places of abode, but ever wandering in journeys that have no end. Yet in their tempor ary resting places the necessities and instincts common to the whole Forml can family impel these nomads to build habitations which conform to the char acter and style of the fixed and per manent abodes of ordinary ants. As, however, both the time and natural apparatus for digging possessed by the latter are wanting to excavate gal leries and apartments necessary for feeding and sheltering larvae and pupae, these remarkable animals overcome the difficulty in a most as tonishing manner by constructing liv ing habitations, using their own bodies as building materials. But the most amusing instance of the manner in which an ant left by na ture to her own devices overcomes a difficulty is perhaps that of the Oeco phyila smaragdina. This ant, one of common occurrence in Eastern Asia, forms shelters by bending the edges of tlie leaves of the trees upon which it lives and fastening theui together. The adult nnt poesejsps nothing with which to secure the edge of the leaves togeth er after they have been brought Into the required position; but its larva Is furnished with glands that secrete an abundance of adhesive, gelatinous sub staL?e, by the aid of which it forms its cocoon, and these intelligent in sects actually make animated mucil age brushes of their larvae in order to effect their purpose. A number of the ants, seizing the edges of the leaves in their mandibles, bring them together into the form needed and hold them there, while other ants, each one of which bears a larva in Its jaws, ap ply the mouths of the larvae to such parts of the leaves as require to be cemehted together, and Induce their offspring to disgorge as much sticky material as they find necessary to ac complish the desired result.—Scientific American. OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOGQ o THE CULTIVATION OF COCOA 8 ° IN THE WEST INDIA ISI:ANDS§ 00000000000000000000000000 J" I J O the active young man pos- I , sessed of a limited amount | of capital, who Is looking for an occupation as well as In vestment, In the Lesser Antilles or in many parts of Venezuela, the cultiva tion of cocoa Is at the present time the most inviting of the agricultural pursuits. The Island of Trinidad, which Is the one most familiar to the writer, produces cocoa of a quality sec ond to none, and only equaled by that grown in the vicinity of Caracas, and always brings the highest price in the London market. Considerable patience is required to grow it from the seed lings, as it takes five or six years of cultivation before there is a harvest worth mentioning, and seven or eight years before a full crop can be real ized, but when the trees are once full grown they will continue to bear fruit for an almost Indefinite time. The cultivation of cocoa consists largely of draining the land, keeping down the undergrowth of bush and weeds, and trimming the trees. The llowers occur In clusters on the main branches and on the trunk of the trees, usually only one of each cluster reaching maturity. The fruit, which Is seen In the illustration, is a hard pod six or seven Inches long, resemb ling a cucumber, growing from the trunk or large branches, and looks very much as though It were artificial ly attached. Buds, blossoms and fruit, COCOA DRY-HOUSES IN TRINIDAD-IIXING THE BEANS. in all stages, occur side by side, and ripened fruit is harvested at all times of the year. The main crop, however, matures in the dry season, and is usu ally harvested in February, only small quantites ripening during the remain der of the year. The pods each contain five rows of seeds or beans, quite similar to a large, thick Lima bean, embedded in a pink, acid pulp. These seeds are the cocoa beans of commerce. The har vesting consists of cutting off the ma ture pods by means of a knife on a long bamboo pole, gathering them into heaps on the ground, where they are allowed to lie for about twenty-four hours. They are then cut open with a cutlass, the seeds and pulp coming out in a mass; these are carried to the dry house. As soon as the beans reach the dry house, they are placed in the "sweat box" or pit, where they are closed up tight and allowed to ferment for some time. The next process is the drying, which Is accomplished by .spreading the beans in a layer over the platform and dry ing them in the sun. Laborers are kept constantly stirring them, while exposed tj the sun, with a wooden rake, so that they will dry evenly. Each morn ing, during the early stages of the dry ing process, the beans are gathered 1 into a heap in the middle of the floor | and given a thorough mixing. This is | sometimes accomplished by the labor : ers mixing and kneading them by ! treading them with their bare feet, as shown in the illustration. This is known as "dancing the cocoa" and renders the beans smooth and uniform in color. It usually requires ten days or two weeks to finish the drying, de pending on the weather. The dried beans, when ready for market, are put in canvas bags holding about 150 pounds, and tlie name of the planta tion stenciled on the bags, these names or brands at times becoming very prominent in the market for the quali ty of cocoa the plantation is reputed to produce. The manufacturing, which is invari ably done in Northern factories, con sists of roasting the beans in a revolv ing cylinder; this develops the aroma and fits them for crushing. After the beaus are crushed they are screened to separate the "nibs," or crushed nuts, from the shells. The nibs are then ground to a fine meal; tills Is putin sacks and put In a powerful press, COCOA PQES ON THE TREK. where it is subjected to heat and pres sure, and the lit, known as "cocoa butter," is squeezed -;ut, and the hard substance left Ii the sack has only to be broken or pavdered to become the pure chocolate, and this more or less adulterated is lie chocolate of com merce.—Scientlfc American.i Author Revoilg Spider's Method!. Professor D. Hess has Just pub lished an iitenfiting treatise on house insects, with e*>ecial reference to spi ders and lies. The spider, he says, is a blood-thirs'y insect of prey. But she is also a g-eat artist and a most I'-ikl.t loth. r, tl. r. . I.v . I. I . u . l : h, eggs an her young ones. First, he says, th spider weaves a silken bas ket like-eposltory for the eggs, using the rearpart of her body as a form. In thi basket she lays the eggs, piling tsm up carefully and neatly. Then sh covers the exposed eggs with a fabrii of silk threads, the whole forminga minute hall within which the egg.' lie snugly and well protect- Ed fro cold, etc. If this be instinct, a gooceal of what Is called "human intellipee" should be called "in stinct,too, says the author. Keeping Up the Beat. Thep of the stove is often crowd ed. 'lre are dishes that are cooked, but nit be kept warm. This can be accouished by the device shown in the ct A b just a bit higher than a hand lamias both top and bottom re moi Across the top are stretched wir The box is then set down over a 1», and the kettle or disli is set updie wires, where its heat will be futyaintalned. 1 device will often prove of the grt)t service, and can be made by anje in ten minutes. Quito Like a Jewelry Store. I Kansas town the other day MJKuby Opal entertained Miss Pt) Diamond. They were seen roig ou tlie emerald green of the lajwith sparkles of fun shooting frttheir turquoise eyes.—Denver r<j man who shakes hands most is gdly the hardest to shake. ' DR. TALMAGES SERMON SUNDAY'S DISCOURSE DY THZ NOTED DIVINE. Subject? Control Your Temper—Why On< May Have a n That Wo Should Be Anjjry With —Pity the Signer. ICopyriirht 1901.1 WASHINGTON, D. C. A delicate and difficult duty is by Dr. Talmage in this discourse urged upon all and especially upon those given to quick temper; text, Ephesians iv, 26, "Bo ye angry and sin not." Equipoise of temper, kindness,, patience, forbearance, are extolled by most of thi radiant pons of inspiration, but my text contains that which at first sight is start ling. A certain kind of anger is approved; aj-e, we are commanded to indulge in it Ihe most of us have no need to cultivate high temper, and how often we say things and do things under affronted im pulse which we are sorry for when per naps it is too late to make effective apol ogy! Why, than, should the apostle Paul dip his pen in the ink horn and trace upon paper for all ages, the injunction, "Be ye angry and sin not?" My text commends a wholesome indig nation. It discriminates between the of fence and the offender, the sin and the sinner, the crime and the criminal. To illustrate, alcoholism has ruined more fortunes, blasted more homes, de stroyed more souls than any evil that 1 think of. It pours a river of poison and fire through the nations. Millions have died because of it, and millions are dying flow, and others will die. Intemperance is an old sin. The great Cyrus, writing tc the Lacedemonians of himself, boasted ol many of his qualities, among others that he could drink and bear more wine than his distinguished brother. Louis X.and Alexander the Great died drunk. The Parliament of Edinburgh in 1061 is called in history "the drunken Parliament." Hugh Miller, first stonemason and after ward a world renowned geologist, writes of the drinking habits of his day, saying: "When the foundation was laid, they drank. When the walls were leveled foi laying, they drank. When the buildinj was finished, they drank. When an ap prentice joined, they drank." In the eighteenth century the giver of an enter tainment boasted that none of the guests went home sober. Noah, the first shif captain, was wrecked not in the ark, foi that was safely landed, but he was wreckec with strong drink. Every man or woman rightly constructed will blush with indig nation at the national and internntiona and hemispheric and planetary curse. 11 is good to be aroused against it. Yoi come out of that condition a better mar or a better woman. Be ye angry at thai abomination, and the more anger the mor< exaltation to character. But that arousec feeling becomes sinful when it extends tf the victim of this great evil. Drunken ness vou are to hate with a vivid hatred but the drunkard you are to pity, to hell to extricate. Just take into consideration that then are men and women who once were as upright as yourself who have been pros trated by alcoholism. Perhaps it came o a physician's prescription for the relief o pain, a recurrence of the pain calling foi a continuance of the remedy. Perhaps the grandfather was an inebriate, and the temptation to inebriety, leaping over i generation, has swooped on this unfortu nate. Perhaps it was a very gradua chaining of the man with the beveragi which was thought to be a servant, wher one day it announced itself master. B< humble now, and admit that there is i strong probability that under the sam< circumstances you yourself might havi been captured. Tho two appropriate emo tions for you to allow are indignation a the intoxicant which enthralled and sym pathy for the victim. Try to get the suf terer out of his present environment Recommend any hygienic relief that yoi know of, and, above all, implore the di vine rescue for the struggle in which st many of the noblest and grandest hav< been worsted. Do not give yourself up tf too many philippics about what the mat ought to have been and ought to havi done. While your cheek Hushes wit! wrath at the foe that has brought tht ruin, let your eye be mositened with tears of pity for the sufferer. In that way yoi will have fulfilled the injuction of the tent "Be ye angry and sin not." There is another evil the abhorrence o: which you are all culled to, and it is or the increase—the gambling practice. Re cent developments show that much of thii devastation is being wrought in ladies parlors. It is an evil which sometimes ii as and gracious as it is harmful Indeed there never were so many people tryinjs to get money without earning it But it is a haggard transgression thai conies down to us from the past, blightinc all its way. I have seen in the archives of the natior in this national capital a large book ir which one of the early Presidents of tin United States kept an account in his owr handwriting of gains and losses at play ing cards, on one page the gains and or the other the losses, and there are manj pages. In other days manv of nntiona reputation went from the halls of Con gress and the Senate Chamber to spend the night in notorious gambling saloons. In Spain a don lost in twentv-i'our hours what equals £12,0011,000. Twenty years ago it was estimated that the average gambling exchange of money throughout Christendom exceeded $123,100,000,000 s year, but statistics twenty years ago would be tame compared with the present statis tics if we could lind any one able enough at figures to tabulate them. It is all the same spirit of gambling whether the in struments are cards or the clicking chips or the turning wheel or the bids of the Stock Exchange, where people sell what they never owned and fail because they cannot get jwid for it. A prominent banker tells me that he thinks 50,000 peo ple were financially prostrated bv the re cent insanities in Wall street. Here and there a case is reported, but the vast ma jority suffer in silence. The children arc brought home from school; the wardrobe will be denied replenishment; the tabic will have scant supply; wild generosity will be turned into grim want. Forty years frcm now will be felt the disaster of last month's black Thursday. But, while you are hotly indignant against the crime, how do vou feel about thoss who v.-ere tieeced and slain? They did not know that their small boat was so near the maelstrom. Some of them were born with a tendency to recklessness and experiment and hazard. They inherited a disposition to tempt chance. Do not heap oil them additional discouragements. Do not deride their losses. Help them to start again. Show them that there are more fortunes to be gained than have yet been gathered, and that with God for their friend they will be provided lor here, and through the Saviour's mercy they may reign forever in the land where there are no losses and infinite gains. While you may redden in the face at the fact that gambling is the disgraceful moth er of multitudious crimes, of envies, jeal ousies, revenges, quarrels, cruelties, false hoods, forgeries, suicides, murders and de spair. be careful what you say to the vic tim of the vice and what you do. He needs more sympathy than the man who ;ame up from inebriety anil debauch and assassination, for many such repent and ire saved, but confirmed gamblers hardly ;ver reform. During the course of a pro longed ministry I have seen thousands re deemed, many of them who were clear rone in sin, by Almighty grace rescued. In all parts of this land i\nd in some parts >f other lands 1 have seen those who were jiveti up as incorrigible and lost reeov >red for God ami heaven, but how many ?ontirined gamblers have I seen converted ;rom their evil ways? A thousand? No. Five hundred? No. Fifty? No. TwJ* No. One? No. I read in a book of •A such rescued. I have no doubt there hav£ been other cages, but no evil does its work so thoroughly and eternally as gambling. Such almost hopelessness of reformation ought to call forth from you deeper sympa thy than you feel for any other unfortu nate. Pity, by all means, for those who, shipwrecked and bruised among the tim bers, have nevertheless climbed up to the fisherman's cabin and found warmth and shelter, but more pity for those who never reach shore, but are dashed to death in the breakers. Be angry nt the sin, but sympathize with its victims. There is another sin that we are often times called to be angry with, and that is fraud. We all like honesty, and when it is sacrificed we are vehement in denuncia tion. We hope that the detective will soon come upon the track of the absconding bank official, of the burglar who blew up the safe, of the clerk who skilfully changed the figures in the account book, of the fal sifier who secured the lonn on valueless property, of the agent who because of his percentage wrongfully admits a man to the benefit of a life insurance policy when his heart is ready to stop and who comes from an ancestry characteristically short lived. One act of fraud told of in big headlines in the morning papers rightfully arouses the nation's wrath. It is the in terest of every good man and good woman who reads of the crime to have it exposed and punished. Let it go unscathed, and you put a premium on fraud, you depress public morals, you induce those who are on the fence between right and wrong to go down on the wrong side, and you put the business of the world on a down grade. The constabulary and penitentiary must do their work. But while the merciless and the godless cry, ''Good for him—l am glad he is within the prison doors!" be it your work to find out if that mania worth saving and what were the causes of his moral overthrow. Perhaps he started in business life under a tricky firm, who gave him wrong notions cf busi ness integrity; perhaps there was .a com bination of circumstances almost unpar alleled for temptation, perhaps there were alleviations, perhaps he was born wrong and never got over it, perhaps h» did not realize what he was doing, and if you are a merciful man you will think of other perhapses which, though they will not ex cuse, will extenuate. Perhaps he has al ready repented and is washed in the blood of the Lamb, and is as sure of heaven as you are. What an opportunity you have now for obeying my text! You were angry at the misdemeanor, but you are hopeful for the recovery of the recalcitrant. Blessed all prison reformers! Blessed are those Gov ernors and Presidents who are glad when they have a chance to pardon! Blessed the forgiving father who welcomes home the prodigal! Blessed the dying thief whom the Lord took with Him to glory, saying, "This day shalt thou be with Me in paradise." There is another evil that we ought to abhor while we try to help the victim, and that is infidelity. It snatches the life pre server from the man afloat and affords not so much as a spar or a plank as sub stitute. It would extinguish the only light that h».s ever been kindled for the troubled and the lost. Let the spirit of infidelity take hold of » neighborhood, and in that town the marriage relation is A farce, and good morals give place to all styles of immorals. Let it take possession of this earth, and there would be no vir tue left in all the world's circumference. I think if a famous infidel of our time instead of being taken away instanta neously had died in his bed after weeks and months of illness ho would have re voked his teachings and left for his be loved family consolations which they could not find in obsequies at which not one word of holy Scripture was read or at Fresh Pond cremator}-, where no Chris tian benediction was pronounced. I dc not positively aav that in a prolonged ill ness there would have been a retraction, but I think there would. I say to all young men hoping to achieve financial, moral or religious success, cos trol your tempers. Do not let criticism or rebuff defeat you. Verdi, the great musician, applied to become a student in the Conservatory of Music at Milan, anri he was rejected by the director, who said that he could make nothing of the new comer, as he showed no disposition for music. But. the criticism did not exasper ate or defeat him. The most of those whe have largely succeeded in all departments were characterized by self control. In battle they could calmly look at the bomfc thrown at their feet, wondering whethei it would explode. In commercial life when panics smote the city, these men were placid, while others were yelling themselves hoarse at the Stock Exchange. While others nearly swooned because n certain stock had gone 100 points down they calmly waited until it would get 10<1 points up. While the opposing attorney in the courtroom frothed at the mouth with rage because of something said on the other side he of the equipoise put a glass of water to his lips in refreshment and proceeded with the remark, '"As I was saying when the gentleman interrupted me." Self control! What a glorious thing! We want it in the doctor feeling the pulse of one desperately ill; we want it in the engineer when the headlight of another train comes round the curve on tap same track; we want it in Christian men and women in times when so much i*i church and state seems going to demo lition—self control! Surpassing all other characters in the world's biography stands Jesus Christ, wrathful against sin, merciful to the sin ner. Witness His behavior toward the robed ruffians who demanded capital pun ishment for an offending woman—denun ciation for their rinful hypocrisy, pardon for her sweet penitence. He did not speak of Herod as ''his highness" or "his royal highness," but dared to compare him to a cunning fox, saying, "Go ye and tell that fox." But. alert to the cry of suffering, He finds ter. lepers, and to how many of the ten awful invalids did He give convalescence and health! Ten. Re buking Pharisaism in the most compressed sentence in all the vocabulary of ana thema: "Ye serpents! Ye generation of vipers! How can_ ye escape the damna tion of hell?" Yet looking upon Peter with such tenderness that no word was spoken, and not a word was needed, for the look spoke louder than words. And the Lord 1 X)ked upon Peter, and Peter vent out and wept bitterly." Defying the mightiest Government of the world, the Homan Government, yet nibbing His hand just below the forehead of the blind until the optic nerve of him who was born sightless is created, and the sunlight has two new paths to tread. Best illustration the world ever saw of anger without sin. anger against the abom inations which have mauled and blasted the earth from its deepest cavern to its highest cliff, but so much pity for the sin ning and suifcring nations that He allowed them to transfix Him upon two pieces of wood nailed across each other on a day that was dark as night, the windows of heaven shut because the immortals could not bear to look down upon the assassin ation of the loveliest being that evil walked the shore of the lakes or without pillow or blanket slept on the cold mount ains. Like Him. let us hate iniquity with com plete hatred, but like Him may we help those who are overthrown and be willing to suffer for their restoration. Then, al though at the opening of this discourse our text may have seemed to command us to do an impossible thing, we will at the close of this sermon, with a prayer to God for help, be more rigid and deter mined than ever before against that which is wrohg, while at the same time we shall feel so kindly toward all the erring anil work so hard for their rescue that we will realize that we have scaled the Alpine, the Himalayan height of my text, which en joins, -'Be ye angry and sin not."
Significant historical Pennsylvania newspapers