Why So Many British Officers Get Killed in War.
The extraordinary fatality among the leaders of the British soldiers in
notions at Smith Hill, Elandslaagte and Belmont is clearly explained in this
j>icture. While the men in the rushes up the Kopjes took advautage of
every cover, the officers esteemed it their duty to staud erect. In this posi
tion they became conspicuous quarry for the Boer marksmen.
ooooooooooooooooooooooocoo
§ The flans for the |
I fwelfth Qensus. 1
Booooooooooocooooooooooooo
All through the past six months
preparations have been going busily
on in Washington for a great publish
ing enterprise, which will be launched
promptly on the first day of the com
ing June. The results of the under
taking will begin to appear in finished
form two years from that date, and
will continue to be brought out at in
tervals for three or four years there
after. The publisher is the govern
ment; the publication will be desig
nated as the Twelfth Census of the
United States.
The twelfth census will differ in sev
eral particulars from any of the pre
ceding ones. It will be conducted on
WILLIAM R. MEBBIAM.
(Director of the Twelfth Census.)
a larger scale, as there are of course
more people to be enumerated. It
will embrace a greater area; for the
first time the inhabitants of Alaska,
Hawaii, and Porto Rico are to be in
cluded in the count. Moreover, the
coming census will be the first in
which all the work of recording and
computing statistics is to be done by
mechanical means. Electric tabulat
ing machines were introduced for this
purpose toward the close of the elev
enth census, but in the coming enum
eration they will bo relied upon en
tirely.
The thorough organization neces
sary in order successfully to carry
through such au undertaking as this
may be appreciated when one reflects
upon the labor involved in counting
seventy-five millions of anything—a
task that would require one man's un
divided energies for twelve hours a
day during more than a year and a
half. In the caso of the census the
labor is multiplied by the considera
tion that the seventy-five million units
are human beings, concerning each of
whom a dozen facts must be recorded,
and that they are scattered over some
four million square miles of the earth's
surface.
The task of taking the census will
require altogether the services of more
than forty thousand persons. They
will be separated into two inaiu di
visions—the field forces, and the head
quarters staff in Washington.
The former will include by far the
greater number—nearly forty thou
sand, all told. Those will be the enu
merators, who will gather the re
quired information from all parts of
the country, and the superintendents
in charge of this branch of the work.
The data thus collected will be com
piled and prepared for publication by
V,
—.
''jajfetf'" jrjL a a w
a lEpsiß iRf
FRONT VIEW OF NEW CENSUS BUILDING.
a staff of three thousand clerks in the
central office.
Roughly speaking, there will bo one
enumerator for each township through
out the country, or, in the cities, ono
for each ward. The enuinerarators
will be local residents appointed by
the Director of the Census, on the
recommendation of some influential
pernon, usually tbe Congressman from
the district. The suDerinteudente
will have charge of divisions generally
the same in limits as the Congres
sional districts. In the case of the
larger cities, however, there will be
but one superintendent to each city,
although his territory may include sev
eral Congressional districts. In Mas
sachusetts, whore an efficient census
bureau exists under the direction of
the State authorities, there will be a
iingle superintendent.
The enumerators are expected to
start on their rounds on June 1, 1900.
They will be supplied beforehand with
portfolios containing blank schedules
The punched record cards . I
aro counted, or tabulatod ia | I I
the electrical tabulating ma- = vk"-
chines. These machines are ooooo""°| B Ift #£7, n
provided with a circuit clos- * • Bj l, 0
ing device, into which the J IIP n
cards are rapidly fed ono by —' vikr-~-
one. The holes in the card ||jf[]n]jijr 'fgy
control the electric circuits |j !j;!jr —-««=£*£.
through a number of counters, !|j||i|§ )\
which will as desired count 111 |V
the simple facts as to the J| y
number of males, females, . 'M—j
etc., or the most complicated V■,
combination which the statis- \ ;\>SL '
tician may ask for. '/
P(^ the punching machine.
8 transcript of the orig
>n°l returns of the enumera
pjP*|K 1 -il ,i. |M|! tor to tho punched card will
cL' r^J)!N 'iWp&Sm i ! h| |HI be done with small machines,
.-sy+ißni | \ |H~ something like a typewriter,
'| I |®B called keyboard punches.
||| ' ®a| About one thousand of these
hb • 'L>. ij ctiß s. keyboard punches will be
V i Wife used, and the entire work of
jßfjlrek i| KfiSH : transcribing the 75,000,000
d/lj or more individual records
// V ' will be done in about 100
JJ J|!i |.| ,[ working days, or nearly four
y #.*'• • ■ "<|I)V months after the first reports
TABULATING RECORDS. are 111 '
on which to enter the name of each
person in their districts, together with
the information provided for by luw.
Most of them oau complete their tasks
within a few days, and will receive
from SSO to SISO for their services,
according to the amount of work in
volved. As soon as the schedules are
completed and revised, under the di
rection of the district superintendents,
they will be forwarded to Washing
ton.
Here is where the work of putting
the census data into intelligible and
valuable form will be done, and here
is where the tabulating machinery
will come into play. These machines,
by tho way, are the invention of a
former census employe, Mr. Herman
Hollerith. They were designed with
a special view to use in the census,
although they havo proved valuablo
for other statistical work.
By this system tho statistics con
cerning each person will appear on a
separate punched card. About seven
ty-five millions of these cards will bo
required, therefore, to contain all tho
data collected for the census.
The cards are numbered to corre
spond with the numbers opposite the
names in the schedules. They con
tain two hundred and eighty-eight
symbols, each of which is an ab
breviation representing some fact
within the range of the census enum
eration. They are punched by moans
of an electric machine.
In recording the statistics a clerk
reads from the schedules the Informa
tion entered opposite a certain name
to an operator seated at the key-board
of tiie punching-m'achine. With a
little practice this puucliing-machine
can be operated as fast as an ordinary
type-writer. Experience has shown
that the average number of records
that one clerk can transfer from the
schedules to the cards is seven hun-
dred per day. It is the intention of
the Census Bureau to put one thous
and clerks at work with these ma*
chines as soon as the returns are in,
so that this branch of the work should
is]
ELECTRICAL TABULATING-MACHINE.
be completed in about a hundred
days.
From the punching-machine the
record cards goto the electric tabu
lating-macliine, which is even more
ingenious. In form it is something
like an upright piano. In tho face of
the upper part of the box are set a
number of indicator dials, each one
devoted to somo one set of facts com
prehended in the census. Inside the
machine is a complicated system of
electric wiring connecting these indi
cators with the operating apparatus.
It is the mission of this machine to
total the various facts recorded on
: the punched cards. To do this the
punched cards are slipped into the
I machine beueath a set of electric nee
dles, mounted oil spiral springs. The
operator presses these needles down
!
jf.„ -JS
Pfw
THE ASSISTANT DIRECTOR.
upon the card. Wherever there are
punch-holes the needles pass through
and dip into a cup of mercury placed
beneath. An electric circuit is thus
completed, which moves up the indi
cators on the connected dials ono
point and records the particular fact
indicated by each punch-hole. The
totals are always in view on tho indi
cators, and are copied off on slips at
the end of each run. Each machine
is capable of disposing of live thou
sand cards per day.
The statistics computed by tbe ma
chines will be copied on record slips
and turned over to another force of
one thousand clerks, whose business it
will be to make up tables and prepare
copy for the printers.
By the act of Congress providing
for the coming enumeration it was
stipulated that the four principal re
ports—ou population, mortality, agri
culture and manufactures—must bo
ready for publication on July 1, 1902.
The Director of the twelfth cen
sns is William R. Merriam, ex-
Governor of Minnesota. The actual
work of preparing the statistical in
formation of tho census for publica
tion will be in charge of Assistant Di
rector Frederick H. Wines. Mr.
Wines has had long experience in this
sort of work. He was iu charge of
one department of the eleventh cen
sus, and was employed also in tho
census of 1880. As assistant to Mr.
Wines there are five ohief statisticians,
all experts in their lines, to each of
whom will be assigned oue depart
ment.—Harper's Weekly.
THE SHALAM COMMUNITY.
Home of the Moat Remarkable Sect Id
the World.
On a tract of land nearly a thou
sand acres in extent, and situated
about six miles north of Las Cruces,
and about fifty miles north of El Paso,
in New Mexico, is the most remark
able community in the world. Here
a fraternity, with a new civilization, a
new religion and a Bible of its own, is
being reared, with the idea of the per
fectability of the human race, which
was the dream of its founder. From
the raw material of castaway infants
and foundlings a new kind of people
is intended to result.
The adults composing this com
munity are spiritualists and vege
tarians, but the children reared un
der this strange system are the chief
hope of the believers. It is they, and
not the grown men and women who
live in Shalam, who are to demon
strate to the world the possibility of a
new economic and social fraternity.
Through them earth is to be regener
ated aud man led out of the darkness
of the competitive system into one
where private property, if not wholly
abolished, is made subject to a sort
of communism with which writers of
KjQliiii
ENTRANCE TO SHALAM COURT.
the order of Mr. Bellamy have made
us familiar.
The founder of this community was
Dr. Newbrougli, a New York dentist
and spiritualist, who died in 1890.
He wrote a mammoth work which is
the Bible of the sect, and is called
"Oaiispe," a word meaning earth, air
aud sky in a language spoken before
the flood. It is said to have been
written on the typewriter by Dr.
NewbrougU, his hands being guided
by supernatural beings, and was
printed without being read by the
doctor. It is certainly a work without
a counterpart, filled with extraordinary
phrases and with more peculiar illus
trations, but it is the sacred book of
a unique community, whioh was
founded to establish the religion it
teaches, and out of the spiritual and
economic doctrines set forth therein
to found a new race. And tho few
who constitute the fratornity not only
follow its economic doctrines and re
frain from considering anything as
theirs—they call themselves "Kos
nions," which is to signify in the lan
guage of thoir sacred scriptures, non
owners of any and everything; but the
children are taught to revere tho book
as the inspired dogma of their religion.
The community of Shalam is called
"The Children's Land," aud a num
ber of buildings have been erected.
The children's building, built of brick,
is the largest; the Fraternum, of
adobe, is another. The walls of the
latter are hung with a number of tho
most extraordinary pictures ever
painted, the work of Dr. Newbrough.
The Difference of Clothing.
How much more toughness and eu
durance the average woman has than
the average man when it comes to a
question of the cold. One would
have a sort of pity for a man who
should venture out on the chilly days
of autumn with uo overcoat. Yet the
extra coat that the woman dons is no
thicker nor warmer than the ordinary
inside coat that a man wears within
doors, aud in which he looks
"peaked" in the outer air. But the
woman, ou the other hand, wears that
little coat over a cotton sliirt waist,
and is warm and comfortable. Often
in this climato the addition of a fur
collarette is the only concession she
makes to the colder days, wheu a
man's light overcoat is banished by
tho coming of the heavier winter gar
ment. In summer it is as much of a
mystery how the man can smilingly
endure the eternal coat, while his
Bister or wife, or mother covers her
shoulders with the airiest of muslins.
—New York Evening Sun.
A Pigmy I'ostofllce.
The accompanying cut conveys an
excellent idea of Virginia Postoflice,
which is situated on the stage road
between San Diego and Escoudido,
in San Diego County, California.
Two stages stop at this postoffiee
daily, except on Sunday*, to deliver
and take on mails. The entire struc
ture of t'ue postoflice was originally
a mere piano-box, and is about six
feet high, three feet wide and five feet
long. It has fivo private boxes on
one side, fitted with Yale locks. It is
undoubtedly the smallest postoflice in
tho United States, if not in the whole
-if ii
~
THE SMALLEST POSTOFFTOE IN THE
UNITED STATES.
world. The postmistress and her son
are seen standing outside. Virginia
Postoffico is not i monfey order post
oflice.
CHURCH COLONIZATION.
A Successful Combination of Bu*ines*,Rc«
ligioii an<l Common Henae.
An enterprising minister of Ander
son, Ind., is making a ' great success
of a novel project which hu irreverent
critic refers to as "turning the church
of God into a real estate office." The
plan of the miuister, who is Pastor
W. H. Covert of the denomination
known as the Church of God, is to lay
out plots of ground near the religious
edifice and place those members of
the church who ha\e uo homes of
their own in a position to acquire
them by selling the laud, with any
kind of building the purchaser wants
on easy terms and the lowest pries
possible. In this way the church pas
tor gathers his f!oc-k all arouud hiin
and is sure of keeping then), for the
owner of a house is not a transient
occupant of the fold, but stays there
and becomes a pillar of strength. The
church seeks no prolit on the venture,
so that the prices accepted are re
markably low. All that is desired is
to keep the members faithful to the
religious organization that puts them
in the way of owning their home.
The pastor has found this system of
church colonization to work like a
charm. Whore there was talk of
closing the church on account of lack
of funds the congregation is now a
large and increasing one, the pastor's
salary is always paid on time, and the
organization is in a most nourishing
condition. When the pastor who had
enterprise enough to carry out his
plan of combining the ideas of a
business man with the fervor of a
preacher of the gospel was asked to
make a statement regarding his ex
perience for the benefit of the more
timid ministers who prefer to preach
to empty seats in the old orthodox
way, rather than insure success by a
radical departuie, he wrote the fol
lowing:
"Our local members beiui; few, and
the town of small population, I hit
upon a plan to get church people to
locate here permanently. I began by
raising stock companies for manufac
turing purposes, and then, to induce
persons to invest and to make the in
vestment safe I gave a deed in fee
simple for a certain amount of stock.
Where the stock was sold at par, with
every §IOO cash I gave SIOO worth of
tho < apital stock and a deed to a lot
worth practically 3100, thus making
the investor absolutely secure.
"Persons of limited means were at
tracted by this plan lo settle here.
They came in from all over the coun
try and the town soon begun to thrive.
Put I wanted the church to thrive
too. It was found by careful figuring
that houses could be built for from
S4OO to StSOO of the kind that rent from
89 to SI2 a month. I put the plan be
fore some of the church members and
they heartily approved of it. Those
with money euongh to build agreed to
put up houses for the poorer members
and sell them on the easy payment
plan without interest. By this means
it is within the power of almost every
member of the church to acquire a
house, and the benefits accruing all
round are such as to make the project
a blessing to every one concerned.
To be a member of the church is to
share in a building plan 'hat makes
a man a house-owner in time without
any additional economy at all being
necessary, for the members who help
their less fortunate brethren to ac juire
houses ask for uo profit on the outlay,
while the church sells the land at cost
price.
"The church is satisfied, for it wants
only t.) solidify its membership and
root the couipouent parts of the or
ganization to the neighborhood. Tho
richer members are repaid for their
loans by seeing tho property in tho
vicinity of their residences increase in
value through the colonization of
peaceable, respectable and industrious
citizens,and those to whom the houses
are sold are, of course, happy and
grateful to those who enabled them to
own a home. Tho plan has helpod
me and pleased tho member?. It is a
mixture of business, religion and
practical common sense that harms no
one and does many people good. The
same conditions do not exist every
where, and hence the plan could not
be made universal. Where similar
conditions do exist the plan will be
found to work admirably."
The Church of God is a very old
organization in the United State?. It
was founded in lfiiJH in Lower l'axton
township. Dauphin county, Pennsyl
vania. There are over ."SOU ministers
and between forty and fifty thousand
members in the Unite I States. The
church at Anderson, Ind., \\<i« estab
lished in August, 1880.
A»» I'npopula- (Jmno.
A game that was iut oduced among
town boys a ; )out a week ago has al
ready become unpopular, despite its
uniqueness. The boys place a com
rade in a large bag, and when a man
comes along two of the lads are tug
ging at the bag as if in efforts to lift
it and carry it away, wliile the other
youngsters are out of ; ighi, but on
the watch. The two boys at the bag,
panting as if out of breath, appeal to
the passing man for hel|>, and nine
cases out of ten the lequett is com
plied with. In his • anxiety to give
the boys a lift the man plunges right
in and raises the "boy in the bag" oil
the ground. Immediately ho is
startled by cries of "murder" and
"help," which come from tho I ag and
inform him that he has been made tho
victi.n of a boyish prank. I" most
cases the victim joins in the laugh,but
a few nights ag<> a fatherly-looking
individual upon whom tho oka was
played got his dander up and seized
the kid in the bag,roughly pulled him
forth and then, turning the much
frightened lad across his knee, admiu
istered an old-fashioned spanking.
In that neighborhood the game has
become unpopular because of the
difficulty of getting a bor togo into
the bajr.—Philadelohia Pe:ord
TEE GREAT DESTKOYEE.
SOME STARTLINC FACTS ABOUT
THE VICE OF INTEMPERANCE.
The Man nn.liHl tin liar—Amnricitii
Workmen Are Better Artisans Than
tlie Knjfllull Because of Their Coinpar*
•tlvely Abstemious Htlilti.
They talk of the man behind the sun,
And the deadly work that he h«9 done;
But muoh more deadly work, by fur.
Is done by the fellow behind the bar.
They talk of the man behind the sun-
Yet only In battle his work Is done;
But never ceases, tn peace or war.
The work of the man behind the bar.
—Sacred Heart llevlew.
Sober Workmen.
The fact that the Industries of tills coun
try are making Inroads upon territory
hitherto controlled by British manufac
turers and have obtained a large trade In
the British homo markot Itself, has Riven
rise to muoh study nnd Investigation of the
causes which produced this reiuarkuble re
sult.
The New York Commercial publishers an
Interesting letter from London on this sub
ject. The writer la an Englishman, but in
reply to a question as t«i why It Is that so
many orders are coming to tho United
States from England he answers that it Is
because the Amorloan workmen are better
artlsnns than the English. The main rea
son assigned by this writer for the superi
ority of the Amcrldan nrtlsnn Is that ha
spends more money on nourishing food and
less on Intoxicating liquors than tho Brit
ish worklngmau. Tltere nre about 40,000,-
000 people in Great Britain nnd Ireland. Ol
this number It Is estimated that 17,000.000
are abstainers from strong drink. Th«
•lrink bill for the nation was $772,504,000
in 1898, and the 23,000,000 people who did
the drinking paid an average of $3 3.60 n
year or sixty-Uve cents a woek for th at In
dulgence.
The average rate or wages In the blgbet
lines of manufacture Is about the same In
this country nnd In England, but the
American worklngman spends an average
of only thirty-live cents a week on drink
as against sixty-five ceuls by the British
worklngmnn.
The former is, presumably, therefore,
more energetic and In better possession of
tho faculties whloh his work requires.
There may be something in tho theory
which the Loudon correspondent of the
New York Commercial puts forward, but
lie does not give due consideration to one
of the malu reasons, lu fact tho principal
reason why so many orders are being re
ceived from England by tho great In
dustrial establishments of this country. It
is that the British have found that thoy
could get their orders filled so much more
readily here.
The British Government Itself has borne
testimony to this fact. When It wanted
great quantities of steel for the railroads
and bridges which It is to build la the
Soudan the contracts were captured by
American manufacturers simply because
they could 1111 them In so much shorter
time than tholr British competitors. 'lhe
groat number of American locomotives
whiuU the English railroads have bought
and ordered is due to the same cause.
The American workman produces more in
a given time than any other and does his
work quite us well. But the London writer
may claim that this extra speed without
the (acrlflce of efllcftncy Is largely at
trlbutablo to the ■comparatively ab
stemious habits of ■: artisans.—Atlanta
Journal. m
Tlie Driiiblug ISjlt Disreputable.
In view of tho lmiWiuse amount of liquor
consumed in the United States, It is diffi
cult to believe that the temperance cause
is making uiuch progress, but it Is a fact
that excessive drinking was never so dis
reputable as It Is to-day. Self-respecting
men shun tlie society of tho immoderate
drinker more thau" ever before. Thoy
don't like to be seen In his company. A
young mail who is known to drink oven
moderately is dlntruste I by Ills employers
and his standing In society suffers a de
cline. Society frowns more and more upon
the drinking habit, and tippling as a fash
ionable accomplishment is on the decline.
Liquor Is not as openly presented to guests
at private houses as it was twenty-live
years ago. An invitation from your enter
tainer to "take suthiu"' is apt to b9 com
municated by a whisper nnd a wink, nnd ha
Iliads you to some secluded oupboard. Ho
is ashamed io mention whisky In the
presance of the ladles and children. Theri
Is much talk outside of olubs about the
dissipation indulged in thoro, but it is
jreatly exaggerated. Excesses are frowned
upon in all reputable clubs. When drunk
enness becomes thoroughly unpopular it
will becoullned to the dissolute alone.—
Texas Sittings.
A Touching Scene.
Accompany me, please, and I will show
/ou u scene that will touch u heart of
stone. We will enter n miserably furnished
tioiuo where want and misery relgu su
preme. There, before a dimly flickering
9ro. sits a mother clnsplng to her bosoin a
shild of live yenrs, and from its white lips
come these "words, "Mamma, I am so
hungry and cold! Why does not the Are
burn better? It used to burn brightly
when papa was here." Tho mother's face
Is drawn with pain and her eves are filled
with tears as she replies, "Yes, dear, but
papa is a drunkard now. 1. What punish
ment can be muted out that will seom suf
llclmit for a man who causes such misery?
Qod pity the man who can hear the cry,
"Mother, give mo broad," nnd not raise his
h.ml te avert its cause.—Mabel Storer, tn
Baptist Argus.
Abalnthe In the Tropic*.
The use of absinthe under the equatorinl
euu of Africa would accouut for the'sud
don freak of Insanity which led tho officers
at the Voulet-Chuuoiuo expedition to lira
on a columu under their own flag. Ab
sinthe in any climate is a dangerous drink,
but In the tropics it saps the intellectual
forces faster than opium. That it has
turned French odfloovs Into madmen and
set them runniug amuck in the African
bush is not at all surprising, but as it will
probably kill them before long it must be
credited with a certain amount of com
pensatory good in tho way of warning tc
others.
Temperance l'nys.
Young men and women may still believe
that, with trusts or without them, with
combinat ion or cc in petition, with depart
ment stores or Individual enterprises, busi
ness cannot go ou without worker- who
are accurate, bonost and oapablo. In
business these gifts are indispensable; anil
those who need them must pay those wild
havo then, whether they will or not.
Morn and more, also, they may tee sure
that steady nerves and unclouded brains
are the most valuable commodities in th«
market. Temperance pays now as it nevej
paid boforo.
The Crusade in Ht'ief.
The man who "can ilrluk or let it alone"
Is.generally one who does not lot it alone.
Health is tho worklngman's capital. In
dulgence in strong drink destroys this
capital.
To-day It Is the rarest thing in tho world
that u member of Congress is seen In a
state of Intoxication.
The spirit of this age is against overin
dulgence in strong drink. Slowly but
surely drunkenness and lewdness are be
coming things of tho past.
Nineteen thousand one hundred and sev
enty-live men and women voted this yeaj
lu favor of the prohibition of the llqucf
Vafflo In Christiana, Norway.