| NATIVE LIFE IN MANILA, j pi Some of the Peculiarities of Dress and Queer Cus- p| toms of the Filipinos. <s| || ODD WAY OK DOING HOUSEWORK There is not a great deal of fun in the Philippines, but one occasionally encounters a sight or an incident which brings a smile. Usually, these are of a type which must bo seen to be appreciated. In wandering about Ma nila, particularly the new city, which is the centre of material life as the old city is of spiritual life, one should either have his nose ut home or plug it up. The wear and tear exercised by the highways and byways upon the olfactory organs are quite severe. There is a fair measure of offense to the eye as well, but that instrument possesses a wider adaptability than does the nose. It resents less keenly. The novelty is ephemeral, but there is novelty for the outsider in the life of the chief city of the Philippines. The novelty gone, one rather shrinks from it all. It gets almost to border on the repulsive, so greatly is it lacking in inherent attractiveness. A HIGH-BORN FILIPINA WEARING UPPER GARMENT OF COSTLY PINA A TEXTURE OF PINEAPPLE LEAF, AS CHOICE AS THE FINEST LACE. The native woman's shoe consists, usually, of a flat sole with a toe-cap. Sometimes the cap has room for all the toes, sometimes not. Often the sole is raised from the ground by wooden heels and sole—blocks like, but lower than those used by the Japauese. Stocking are not usually worn. The gait of the Filipina is a little outward curving swing from the knee, with a resultaut side swing of the hip. There is, perhaps, a certain grace in the movement, but there is also a good deal of "scuffling," and a general appearance of being slipshod. In fact, one gets an idea that the average Filipino, male or female, is only about half-dressed anyway, from our standpoint. The customary male body-covering is only an undershirt. Those of higher social rank and greater wealth wear also a cotton shirt, or a garment of gauzy texture of some lo cally made material. But the garment will be worn, like a coat, in the full measure of its beauty, outside the trousers. A higher step in the social scale brings the substitution of the coat for the shirt. A Filipino dude with a cane and a little "billy-cock" hat, a pair of black trousers, and a gauze shirt, worn outside of them, is a resplendent spectacle, and he has the air of being entirely conscious of it. From our standpoint, there is the same half-dressed look about the women of the poorer classes. The Negrito woman of the mountains may use only a cloth extending from waist to knee. The Mangyan woman of Mindoro may wear a contrivance of braided rattan, which is even more ab breviated. These garments do not sug gest the half-dressed. They are dis tinct. There is no suggestion of Eu ropean costume. It is not so with the Filipino woman at Manila. Her gar ments are neither dress nor native costume. Pieces of cloth cover her from the waist downward. The shoul der and body covering varies in the number of articles and detail of con (A Flllpliio criminal and bin jailer ID a Manila house of correction.) struotion. All are cut somewhat low in the neck, and on a plan which give them a "list to port or to starboard," which leaves a shoulder and an upper arm wholly bare. In the upper cir cles, there is exercised a greater care in adjustment, and a handkerchief, folded diagonally, is laid across the shoulders and pinned in front. This tends to steady the outfit and keep it in place. The sleeves are gathered at the shoulder and fiare outward, broad ly hell-mouthed to a little below the elbow. The Filipino may be said to work in driblets. Concentration for any length of time is not a national charac teristic, there must be plenty of in termissions, and the work must never be of such a character as to preclude tJ.L.IPINO WOMEN BOWING BEFORE THE CATACOMBS. the smoking of the favorite cigarette. In house work it takes one native ser vant to accomplish each task of a dif ferent character. For instance, in a large house there is a "floor boy," whose duty it is to keep all the beau tiful hardwood floors in a clean and shiny condition, and this is the way he does it: The dust is first carefully brushed up with a hemp arrangement which in its effects is a cross between a feather duster and a health brush. This is merely a preliminary to the act of polishing, a work of art which has been developed on original lines. Two large, soft cloths are laid on the floor, and the "boy," who may be a grandparent, firmly plants a foot on each. He next glides slowly back and forth on the floor, more like a man on snowshoes than anything else. Waddling along in his flimsy white clothes, casting an occasional look behind at his trail to see if it is suf ficiently shiny, he presents a picture which is so amusing that you cannot help bursting into laughter when you see it for the first time. The native is often barefooted; if not, he almost invariably wears the native slippers which are called MOVING IN MANILA ALL HOUSEHOLD GOODS ARE HANDLED IN THIS WAY. "chinelas" or "zapatitos,"'and which consist of a sole and a toe. Many keep these on without fastening ap parently by suction; others stick the little toe outside and hold the shoe on by this method. From long practice in this the little toe is bent in the form of a crescent, but the natives seem to have few ideas of physical perfection and do not objeot to suoh a trifle as a crooked toe. Filipinos at times seem much like monkeys. If they wish to pick anything up from the floor they do not find it necessary to stoop as we do; they grab it with their toes and convey it to their hand in that method. In sitting they are just as happy squatting on the floo? or on the ground as on a chair. Besides the natives in Manila, there is a large population of "Mestizos" and "Chinos." The former is the name for half-castes, the latter for Chinese. After being in Manila a week or two most foreigners find it more natural to use these native terms than the ones that they have been ac oustomed to. The "Chinos" are many of them 'well-to-do, ' being merchants or having some trade, such as tailor ing. A great number of them, how ever, are ooolies, and form a large ele ment of the picturesque in Manila. If the Filipinos are satisfied with a few clothes, the ooolies are quite content to wear almost none, and nobody thinks anything of it. They are to be seen on the street at any hour of the day, even at noontime, when the poorest native prefers a siesta to the most lucrative employment. No "American" or "United States" express vans are to be seen rattling about the streets of Manila; the coolie in bulk represents the only express company there. Trunks, boxes and all sorts of merchandise, furniture from easy chairs and refrigerators to pianos are carried by the capable coolie by means of poles which he rests on his bony shoulders, and the tough bark of some uative tree. If the burden is heavy it is carried by two or four men, being swung between A FILIPINO COCKFIGHT. them on the poles; if it is light and capable of division he places it in two pails or basket panniers which he bal ances at each end of his pole. When heavily loaded the coolie goes at a peculiar sort of dog trot, which con sists of short stealthy steps and a move ment of each shoulder with it. The coolie, like all his celestial brethren, cultivates the growth of his raven locks, though they seriously interfere with business. At home they never seem to adopt any kind of coiffure ex cept the pigtail, but in Manila indi vidual taste comes into play in this matter and the results are varied and interesting. Sometimes their tresses stream freely down their backs and no attempt is made to confine them in any style whatever. One feature of the houses in Manila which is rather hard for the foreigner to get accustomed to is the presence of tne great number of lizards which crawl around the ceilings and walls of the rooms at night. They are harm less, but the thought that they may occasionally lose their grip and drop down in one's face is not calculated to make them welcome members of the household. There are many scorpions about, but they keep exclusively in the dark corners of the house and yard and otherwise behave themselves well. The Frilled Sheep of Africa. The sheep that inhabit the moun tainous regions of Northern Africa up to Nubia is a kind of wild sheep which has received its specific name from the long mane which covers the fore part of the body. Captured young, it can easily be tamed and trained. The old bucks, howevor, are very vicious. These animals attain an average height of thirty-seven aud a half inches, and the length of the body is from sixty to sixty-live inches, without measuring the tail. The illustration represents a specimen of these sheep liviug at the zoological garden in Berlin, Germany. It is not known whether the frilled sheep had any relation with the domestic ani mals of Africa. Skeletons of these sheep are found iu the Egyptian museums, and these quadrupeds are AN ALBICAN PRILLED SHEEP. represented in different old Egyptian designs. It seems that these animals have to be considered as tamed, bnt not as domesticated. DRAINACE OF ROADS. Til sir Durability Depends on the Speed] ltemoval of Water. In road building the chief effor' should bo toward securing the besl drainage, as water and dirt are bonne to make mud. A dry road is usually MACHINE FOR LOOSENING MACADAM. a good road or will become a good road in time by constant usage. The ex ception which proves the rule is the sandy road. A sandy road is a dry road, but not a good road. To assist the drainage the road should be first crowned and then about four to six inches of crushed stone, depending upon the amount of travel, put on, gradually decreasing a little in thickness as it approaches the gutters; then a heavy steam roller passed over it two or three times to set it; upou this about three or four inches of finer crushed stone should be placed and a steam roller passed over it again, A great deal of care should be taken not to have the road flat on top. This hard stone dressing forms almost a waterproof covering that will last for years if properly taken care of each spring by putting on some flue crushed stone. This covering will let the water drain freely to the gutters and leave a com partively dry road in a few minutes after a heavy rain. This is very im portant in another way, as it keeps the ground underneath the road free from saturation and thereby makes a strong foundation. It is the natural earth underneatn the covering that must bear the weight of the road. It really sus tains in addition the weight of stone, etc., as well. If this natural soil, or foundation of the road, is permitted to become satu rated with water, either by water per colating down into it from the surface or from water rising into it from be low, it has not strength to resist the wheels which at once sink into it, and ruts are formed. But if this soil foun dation is kept dry or nearly so it is strong and will support any load likely to pass over it. If the water is shed from the road to the gutters and there remains, the water works its way into the earth at the foundation of the road and causes the injury above spoken ef. Speaking of the great importance of keeping a road in repair, let a wagon track, scarcely perceptible at first, af ter a shower stand full of water and soften the road at that spot, another wagon passing along later sinks fur ther into the softened track, here is a deeper hole to hold water, soon it be comes a rut, then the rut develops in to a pitch hole. The soil underneath i3 brought up and mixed with surface covering, the surface covering is broken down and forced into the soil. Minister* Are Lone Lived. Clergymen have long been regarded by insurance men as much more de sirable "risks" than are members of sther professions. In the accompany (oo A Xi U /teacICRS ICO Vyyjyjr IS® Ij. -,s It U DIAGRAMS ILLUSTRATING THE COMPARA TIVE LONGEVITY OF MINISTERS. ing 'diagrams comparison has been made of the average age at the time of death of clergymen, farmers, teach ers and physicians. Out of the hundred in these classes it is shown that forty-two clergymen, forty farmers, thirty-four teachers and twenty-four doctors live the"three score and ten years" prescribed by the psalmist. Several reasons for the longevity of clergymen are poteut. As a class such men are likely to be tem perate in their habits, and to have something like a system for the man agement of their work. Most of them are able to get more or less outdoor exercise and the large majority have vacations ranging from a month to six weeks, during which period they do practically nothing in the way of work. The reasons for the long life of the farmer are equally obvious. Nature will do a great deal toward lengthen ing a man's days if he will only so live that he may see more of her. Teach ers, as a class, on the other hand, are not likeiy to take much exercise, and do a good deal of their work under ciroumstances which make severe drains on their nervous strength. And, of course, the work and worry of the xonscientious doctor is never at an end. ARM AND GARDEN.] '•wwwwwww-- Packing Rxgi In Onts. Eggs have keen packed in oats for years, but the practice has gradually fallen off, as eggs stored in cases from the best storage houses have been im proved in quality from year to year. Cats, it' dry, will absorb moisture from the egg quite rapidly and are ob jectionable on this score. If the oats are not dry, the germs of mold are developed rapidly, and us the moisture is given off by the e<jgs the mold will grow, causing the eg«s to become musty. In using oats they should be at the correct degree of dryness. Growth on Newly Cleared Land. The growth of young trees and weeds on laud newly cleared is not readily explained, but the United States division of forestry offers the following: Suultglit is necessary in order that most plfc»t» germinate and grow. Plants like the poplar and the Canada thistle seed profusely and the floor of forests, in regions where these plants grow, is annually covered with countless numbers of seeds, largely brought there by the wind. The dense growth of the for est prevents the seed from growing. When the trees are cut down, the sun light euables the seeds on the ground to germinate and grow into thrifty plants. The ripe fruits of cherry and older are eaten by birds, and the hard seeds are scattered over large arrears. As the young plants are unable to grow in dense shade, they do not ap pear until after the forest has been cut down or otherwise destroyed. Cultivation of Corn. A Tennessee farmer asks when should one stop cultivating corn. If the cultivator teeth are uot allowed to go more than about two inches deep, and as the corn gets large they do not go too close to the stalks, cultivation may be continued to advantage as long as a horse can get through the crop without doing material injury. Of course, this is on the supposition that the crop is cultivated regularly about once a week, when the laud is dry enough. .If one should fail to stir the ground for two or three weeks, and then should go in and cultivate, some damage might be done to roots that had grown up near the surface. But a regular, freqifeut shallow stirring of the surface cau do no harm, no matter how long coutinued, and much good may result. Weeds are kept down, much water is saved from evaporation, the air can get iuto the soil better and thus help the growth of the crop, and some plant food may be made available for that and the following crop that would not l>e of use if cultivation was stopped earlier in the season. There aie tons of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and pot ash in an acre of almost any soil that you cultivate. But nature has locked up these elements for plants to feed on, and each year only makes a small amonut available. If you want more you have only to work for it under staudiugly, and you can get a reason able amouut. And you can pet it usually for much less than it would cost in purchased fertilizers. It is only within a few years that learned professors have begun to un derstand how much plant food, in an unavailable form, there was in the soil, and to advise farmers to manage so as to get more of it. Short rota tion, with its frequent plowing of the soil, and then long continued cul tivation of the corn, potatoes, etc., will help about making plant food ava lable for wheat, rve, crimson clover,or whatever crop may follow to occupy the ground as soon as corn, etc., die.—T. B. Terry in Practical Farmer. The Caiueji of thicken Disease*. Nearly all of the diseases of chick ens, summer or winter, cau be put under one or two classes: inherited or caused by unnatural conditions of food. If we classify them thus broadly it may simplify matters for some so they cau more intelligently stamp them out. The first class some time in the re mote past must have been under the second class; that is, all of the dis eases that could be traced back to un natural or unfavorable conditions of food. But that was so long ago that vo must take cognizance of the in herited diseases. These are quite numerous, and it is difficult to stamp them out. The only sure way to do it is to breed from chickens that have no taint of inherited disease about them. The time must SOJU come when poultry raisers will pay more atten tion to this sub ect. At preseut we raise chickens with little regard to the health of their ancestors. Often the eggs are obtained from sources that are not well known. That is, the chickens will be cracked up as being first class so far as pedigree and breed go, but little is said about the dis eases that have been acquired and are now hereditary. We must inquire into this quest : ou in purchasing breed ing hens or eggs. A disease that is transmitted down through one generation to another of chickens is just as apt to become epi demic as any which attack cattle or human beings. The best and about the only way to stamp out contagions or inherited disease is to destroy all the creatures that show symptoms of it,aud then breed carefully from those that do uot have it. Tho other wide class of clii<-keu dis eases, which includes many of tho in herited and opidemic ones, conies from causes that can generally bo I icmedied. Filth, dirt, unnatural ' food aud surroundings j.'ont»ia!ly, cs peiiilly in win tor, arc the prit.mry I causes of thebe diseased. lioap i..ay often be inherited, but it is also ac quired by exposure to dampness aud unsanitary pens. Leg weakness is characteristic of some breeds of fowls, but it is ulso due to overfeeding aud a lack of liuie forming food. Bowel trouble comes from improper food, al though this may iu time be trans mitted by inheritance. Lice come from poor winter quarters, aud they may in time start up numerous dis eases that will greatly increase the mortality of the chickens. f-o it is possible togo through the whole list and show that all of them are due to one or tba other of thee two causes. —Anne C. Webster in American Culti vator. Form nnd Construction of Silo. The round silo seems to be tbe ideal form. In this the entire absence o) corners reduces the waste very ma terially, and tbe space contained in the silo is most economically used. Alter the round, the square silo is the nest most desirable form, while tbe rectangular is the least desirable. The uearer tbe rectangular silo ap proaches tbe square, the better it will be. The smaller the proportion of si lage exposed to the outside walls, the smaller will be tbe loss, hence large silos are more desirable than small ones. It has been found that the loss of food constituents is much greater near the exterior of the muss, while at considerable distance from the out side walls, tbe loss is greatly reduced. In all cases the silo should be deep iu order that the pressure caused by the weight of the silage may be heavy, an important condition to aid in the ex clusion of the air. Thfe first silos constructed in this country were made almost tntirely of masonry. It was thought that solidly bnilt aud cemented walis of stone ot brick were essential to the preserva tion of tbe fodder. It soon became evident, however, that wood silos when carefully constructed would make as perfect a silo, as far as the preservatiou of tbe fodder was con cerned, as those made of masonry. There is one very material advantage fouud in the more solid form of silo. A well made silo of stone or brick is practically indestructible. On the other baud, the wood silo is more or less attacked by the acids of the si lage, and this, together with the ex treme changes of moisture between the empty and filled condition of the silo, causes a somewhat rapid decay. In all cases the silo should be firmly aud substantially constructed. The pressure on ihe walls is so great that much care needs to be exercised in having the studdiug sufficiently heavy and close to preveut any tendency toward bulging. When building of wood, the interior should be covered with at least two thicknesses of boards, with one or two coverings of tarred paper between. A wood pre servative made from gas tar, applied while hot, has been very successfully used. The more completely all of the woodwork is protected by some preservative the more will it resist de cay. A round silo made of staves is a new form which has come into use within a few years, aud seems to have many desirable features. It is built on the same plan as tbe large water tanks commonly seeu along railroads. The staves can be bought all cut and sawed to the proper leugtli and bevel, aud by tbe use of heavy hoops cau be easily and firmly put together. Com mon steam piping, which has been drawn down aud threaded to take a nut, may be used in place of the strap hoops. By passing the threaded hoops or steam pipes through a solid piece of oak about four inches square on opposite sides, aud by using heavy uuts and washers, the structure may be quite easily and firmly bound to gether. If it is fouud that shortly after filling, the pressure is becoming ■very great upon the sides of tl e silo, the nuts tnay be unscrewed, aud the whole structure slightly looseued. The staves will frequently so shrink as to leave air spaces between them, while the silo is empty, but there is no great disadvantage if a ready means for tightening and looseniugthe hoops is provided. With this form of silo there is some danger of the silage freezing iu a cold climate, unless a cheap covering with a lining of leaves or sawdust is added. In tbe construction of the silo one of the most important parts to be es pecially well made is the bottom. This should in all cases be first well stoned, then grouted with a mixture of coarse gravel and cement, aud fin ally covered with a smooth covering of Portland cement. The esseutiul points in the construction of tbe bot tom of the s-ilo are to provide thorough d aiuage aud to make it a proof against rats. —C. S. Phelps of th_-Connecticut Experiment fetation. Stable Hint*. Have the stable well drained and suffiiieutly lighted. A wet and foul stable predisposes to grease aud cracked heels. Dampuess is very pernicious to horses, aud induces rheumatism, coughs aud colds. Never have your horse's heels close ly trimmed, nor the hair cut from the inside of his eai s. >'o more nails than are absolutely necessary should be employed to at tach the shoe. Nails weakeu tbe hoot by breaking and splitting its fibres. Horses should not be fed directly they leave work. Then the stomach is latigued with exercise, and they cau not relish or digest their food till re covered. Every stall should be at least six feet wide aud niue feet long. This will enable the horse to turn arouu&' without bruising himself aud to lia Mown aud stretch himself with com ; 'iort.
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